细蛾科中国新记录属——翼细蛾属及其三新记录种记述

首次报道了翼细蛾属Micrurapteryx Spuler在中国的分布,同时记述了该属3新记录种:翘须翼细蛾M.fumosella Kuznetzov＆Tristan、白头翼细蛾M.gradatella(HerrichSch(a)ffer)和短须翼细蛾M.sophorivora Kuznetzov＆Tristan.文中...     

异瓣细蛾属在中国首次报道及一新种记述(鳞翅目,细蛾科,细蛾亚科)(英文)

异瓣细蛾属Dextellia Triberti建立于1986年,已知1种,即模式种.本文首次报道该属在中国的分布,并记述1新种和1新纪录种.模式标本保存在南开大学生命科学学院昆虫标本室.     

重要入侵害虫——椰子木蛾的分类地位和形态特征研究(鳞翅目,木蛾科)

为便于组织调查、鉴定和识别最近入侵我国海南省多个市县及广西壮族自治区防城港市的棕榈科严重害虫椰子木蛾Opisina arenosella Walker,1864,本文在野外观察、雌雄外生殖器解剖、翅脉制作等基础上对椰子木蛾的形态学特征进行了研究和描述,讨论和澄清了该种的分类地位,并给出了成虫、雌雄外生殖器、幼期以及被害状图片。     

我国中药材钩藤的新害虫——钩藤茜细蛾(鳞翅目:细蛾科)

本文首次报道一种危害我国重要出口中药材钩藤的潜叶新害虫——钩藤茜细蛾Corythoxestis sunosei (Kumata, 1998)及其生物学。通过野外采集、观察和标本解剖鉴定以及分子生物手段,对钩藤茜细蛾的分类学和生物学进行了研究。首次报道钩藤茜细蛾对我国钩藤主产区的为害,并对该害虫的外型、外生殖器和潜道等鉴别特征做了详细描述,公开了该种的DNA条形码序列（COI基因）。首次发现钩藤茜细蛾在我国潜叶为害钩藤,获取了钩藤茜细蛾的分类学和生物学信息,初步报道了害虫的田间为害情况,将为钩藤潜叶害虫的检疫和防控奠定分类学和生物学基础。     

忍冬细蛾——危害金银花的中国昆虫新记录

记述中国河南封丘县金银花上的细蛾科1新记录种：忍冬细蛾Phyllonorycter lonicerae（Kumata)。给出了两性外生殖器特征图。     

中国细蛾科一新记录属及新记录种记述(鳞翅目:细蛾科)

记述中国细蛾科Gmcillariidae 1新记录属及新记录种:基及细蛾Dialectica geometra(Meyrick,1916);并提供了成虫及雌雄的外生殖器图片和DNA条形码序列.所有标本均由潜叶危害基及树Carmona microphylla的幼虫饲养所得.研究标本保存于湖南农业大学和珠海出入境检验检疫局植物检疫实验室.     

中国新发现外来入侵害虫——南美番茄潜叶蛾(鳞翅目:麦蛾科)

2017年8月,在新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州露地鲜食番茄上发现一种鳞翅目害虫,以幼虫潜食叶肉、蛀食果实,经鉴定为南美番茄潜叶蛾。该害虫原产南美洲的秘鲁,2006年入侵欧洲的西班牙,截至2017年5月,已在南美洲、欧洲、非洲、中美洲和亚洲的80多个国家和地区发生,严重危害鲜食番茄、加工番茄和樱桃番茄/圣女果,产量损失最高可达80%～100%。本文提供了南美番茄潜叶蛾的危害情况及主要形态鉴定特征,提出了防范其进一步扩散危害的措施建议以及今后应开展的主要研究方向,包括植物检疫、发生分布调查、生物学生态学特性研究、天敌资源挖掘利用等,以为积极应对南美番茄潜叶蛾对我国农业生产安全的威胁提供参考。     

木兰突细蛾生物学特性及其防治

木兰突细蛾Gibbovalvaurbana(Meyrick)为木兰科植物叶部的重要害虫之一。在广州年发生 8代 ,世代重叠 ,以蛹越冬。翌年 2月下旬、3月上旬成虫羽化、交配、产卵。幼虫孵化后潜入叶表皮取食叶肉组织造成叶枯黄凋落。用 5 0 %久效磷乳油、5 0 %甲胺磷乳油、40 %氧化乐果乳油常规喷雾有良好防治效果。幼虫期、蛹期主要天敌有姬小蜂科 2种。蛹期还有一种病菌感染。     

我国新发现一种重要外来入侵害虫——刺槐叶瘿蚊

在我国首次发现了一种新的重要外来入侵害虫——刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldemann)。该害虫原产北美洲东部,危害刺槐叶片。其危害特征十分明显：一般是3～8头幼虫群集危害,在刺槐叶片背面沿叶缘形成纵向卷曲的虫瘿,隐藏其中取食。在我国河北省秦皇岛市、辽宁省一些地区刺槐树的受害率近100％,严重影响刺槐的健康生长,进而引起次期性害虫的发生和危害,造成刺槐死亡。因此,该害虫对我国大面积栽培的刺槐林的生态、经济以及社会效益的发挥造成重大威胁。必须提高警惕,加强检疫,防止其扩散蔓延,并开展防治研究。     

Canker and wilt of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) caused by Fusarium species

From the pathological material of black locust trees showing symptoms of wilting of the foliage or canker of the bark the following Fusarium species were isolated: Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., Fusarium lateritium Nees., Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav., Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Fusarium sulphureum Schlecht. (syn.: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel f. 6 Wollenw.) The results of the provocation infections of one-year-old black locust seedlings showed that all of the species--except Fusarium solani--are able to cause considerable necrosis in living bark and phloem. Fusarium sulphureum had by far the highest pathogenecity among the tested species. Fusarium semitectum isolated from withered black locust tree also caused necrosis on significant bark area. In the course of the penetration assay Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium avenaceum were the most successful, and these species can cause cankers on the stem and twigs of black locust without frost effect.     

Advances in somatic embryogenesis and plant production of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Summary Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) immature seeds of different developmental stages were tested for the ability to initiate embryogenic cultures. Best results (average of 12% embryogenic cultures) were obtained when seeds collected 2–3 weeks post-anthesis were cultured for 3 weeks on modified Finer and Nagasawa medium containing 2,4-D (45–90 M) and BA (2.2 M) and then transferred to the same medium without growth regulators. Embryo conversion was obtained from naked or encapsulated somatic embryos derived from a long-term embryogenic line. Without cold treatment, 71% of naked embryos and 41% of the encapsulated embryos converted into plants. Fifteen days of cold treatment increased conversion rates up to 95% for naked embryos and 80% for encapsulated embryos. Recovered plantlets were acclimatized and grown in the greenhouse.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - FM modified Finer & Nagasawa (1988) medium - MS modified Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium - PEM proembryogenic mass - SH modified Schenck & Hildebrandt (1972) medium     

Nitrogen stocks in a riparian area invaded by N-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Fixation of river flow passages and riverbed degradation may facilitate the development of higher floodplains with the establishment of exotic species such as black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). We quantitatively evaluated the relationship between nitrogen (N) levels in black locust trees and in sediments under different flood disturbance regimes in a riparian area of the Chikuma River. In this study, allometric equations were developed for relating leaf N content to diameter at breast height of black locust. The amount of leaf N in black locust increased with distance from the river, reaching 159 kg N ha⁻¹ at 180 m from the river. There was a small difference in N content between green and fallen leaves (0.2%), and so the leaf N was almost equivalent to N input to riparian sediments. Fine sediments accumulated on the riparian area, where the amount of sediments N increased with distance from the river, ranging from 1091 ± 767 to 4953 ± 2953 kg N ha⁻¹. The N accumulation rates also increased with distance from the river, corresponding with the amount of leaf N in black locust per unit area, but the former exceeded the latter. The sediment N accumulation might be accelerated by sediment trapping effect due to riparian vegetation itself. A large input of N provided by invaded black locust might alter nutrient dynamics and native plant community structure in the riparian area.     

Comparison of photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure on two black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Polyploidy is common in many plant species. Up to date, few studies were reported on photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), which has considerable value for agriculture and forest. This study compared photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure on two black locusts. The values of P_n and C_i in tetraploid were significantly higher than those in the corresponding diploids. Significantly lower stomata dimensions (6.0 μm in length and 2.4 μm in width) and tomatal density were observed in 4×. Leaf trichome density was statistically different between 2× and 4×. However, no substantial difference in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and mitochondria between diploid and tetraploid was observed under any stress. These ultrastructural characteristics may contribute to tetraploid a better protection mechanism than diploid.     

Mycorrhizae between black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Terfezia terfezioides

 In the present paper we report a mycorrhizal association between the hypogeous white truffle Terfezia terfezioides and the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) growing at various sites in Hungary. The mycorrhiza can be considered as being of the endo- or ectendo-type, since both mantle and Hartig net are absent. Morphological features of the septate hyphae colonizing cortical root cells were investigated by light microscopy on cryosections and on ultra-thin sections studied by transmission electron microscopy. Artificial infection of micropropagated black locust plantlets with the mycelium of the fungus was successful and had the same characteristics as naturally occurring associations. Accepted: 8 March 1996     

Differential responses to in vitro bud culture in mature Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust)

Buds excised from the stems of five dormant, mature (20- to 30-year old) black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) trees were placed on MS basal medium with various levels of 6-benzylaminopurine. In all treatments, bud explants from two of the trees produced shoots which could be subcultured. Whole plants were obtained from cultures of these two trees. Explants from two other trees became vitrified or produced callus, respectively, when cultured on medium containing between 0.032 and 1.0 M 6-benzylaminopurine; subculturable shoots were only obtained when the buds from these trees were cultured on medium containing 3.2 M 6-benzylaminopurine. No shoot cultures which could be subcultured were obtained from the fifth tree used in these experiments. The whole plants produced in these experiments were transferred to a greenhouse, and were phenotypically normal five months after culture initiation (three months after transfer to the greenhouse).Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - IBA indole-3-butyric acid Michigan Ag. Exp. Station Journal Article No. 12351     

Cambial tissue culture and subsequent shoot regeneration from mature black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Callus initiation and subsequent shoot regeneration were obtained from cambial tissue of mature black locust trees. Shoot regeneration was highly tree specific, and was only achieved when calli derived from a particular genotype (tree #1) were transferred to medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine. The studies described here show that the immediate use of a mature genotype as starting material for tissue cultural manipulation is possible by using cambial explants with the proper in vitro conditions. We also found that stems could be stored at 4°C for 8 months prior to culture initiation, with no decline in the viability of the cultures. Tissue sources can thus be continuously available.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - NAA 1-naphthyleneacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid     

Genetic structure of natural populations of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Coweeta, North Carolina

Natural population of black locust maintains very high levels of genetic diversity within populations without any noticeable geographic patterns. In order to assess the species' potential for manipulation through breeding programs, more detailed spatial pattern analyses of fine-scale population structure was attempted in the two study sites (watershed 2 and 21) in the Coweeta River Basin of southern Appalachian mountains using allozyme markers. Of the 200 and 420 plants examined in watershed 21 and 2 respectively, 13 and 15 major genotypes of clone were distinguished. Within watersheds 2 and 21, 60% of the pairwise clone combinations had three or four loci differences out of the 8 loci investigated. No correlation between distance between clones and the number of allele difference was found. The similarity values (16 highest and 0 lowest value) among clones for watershed 2 and 21 were 12.82 and 10.19 respectively. Typical distances between clones on both watershed 2 and 21 were from 90 and 190 m, but the range varied from several meters up to 300 m. An average distance among clones were 140.9±66.0 m and 239.4±108.6 m in watershed 2 and 21 respectively, whereas an average distance within clone was 38.7±36.2 m and 145.0±123.6 m in watershed 2 and 21. Genotype diversity indices (DG) for watershed 2 and 21 were 0.89 and 0.86 respectively. The largest clones on both watersheds covered more than 100 m×100 m. On the other hand, some clones on watershed 2, which had a few fallen trees with many young sprouts (up to 200 individuals), were 45 m×30 m in size under the open habitat. Although clonal substructure and limited seed dispersal may cause near neighbor mating interaction, significant genetic patchiness among clones of black locust was not evident. Although the first establishment of a black locust population would have relied on an off-site seed source, it is more likely that asexual reproduction has occurred for many generations in these black locust populations because of the presence of many different sizes of trees (or ages) in one clone despite widespread opportunities for sexual reproduction. Presence of three or four different sizes of trees within a clone implies that the trees has developed from a clone at each different time. The current study suggested that the amount of sexual reproduction and dispersal rate (especially seed dispersal) should be determined. It would be useful to examine whether or not clonal strategies and patterns of clonal growth of black locust are influenced by density dependent regulation of ramet recruitment and death.     

Specialization for ureide biogenesis in the root nodules of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), an amide exporter

Summary Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a member of the legume tribe Robinieae, has indeterminate root nodules and is primarily an amide exporter. However, in greenhouse-grown seedlings inoculated with rhizobia, ureide-N comprises approximately 8% of the total soluble-N in the xylem sap. Ultrastructurally, young interstitial cells (i.e., uninfected cells in the infected region near the nodule meristem) develop enlarged peroxisomes and abundant tubular ER, properties heretofore found to be characteristic only of members of the Phaseoleae, which have determinate nodules and are exporters principally of ureides. Many of the peroxisomes in the interstitial cells of black locust nodules react strongly for uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) activity in a cytochemical test employing diaminobenzidine, but some of the peroxisomes, particularly those farther back from the meristem, react weakly or not at all, even though enlarged. The ultrastructural specializations of the interstitial cells seem disproportionately large in comparison to the relatively low levels of ureides in the xylem transport stream. We suggest that similar specialization of some of the interstitial cells might be found in other legumes that export low amounts of ureides.Abbreviations DAB 3,3'diaminobenzidine - ER endoplasmic reticulum Dedicated to the memory of Professor Oswald Kiermayer     

Changes in phenology of the locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Hungary

 Intense research is being carried out on climate variability and change and the estimation and detection of anthropogenic effects. In addition to statistical methods, the use of plants, as biological indicators is becoming more popular as they are sensitive to environmental conditions. In this article we compare maps of the flowering dates of the locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) for three different time intervals between 1851 and 1994. The maps revealed noticeable shifts of dates, of approximately 3–8 days, towards earlier flowering. This change is related to the average temperature of spring (15 March–15 May), via a simple statistical model that is accurate enough to be able to quantify phenological changes and to calculate the corresponding warming. The model developed can estimate spring mean temperature using phenological data from R. pseudoacacia L. with an accuracy of 0.2° C. Estimates of mean temperature based on phenological changes are compared to climatic series. This comparison emphasizes the possibility of using R. pseudoacacia. L. as a bio-indicator. Estimates of temperature changes are also given. Received: 5 August 1996 / Revised: 14 April 1997 / Accepted: 11 November 1997