不同农事操作技术对稻田害虫和天敌种群动态的影响

【目的】通过分析常规稻作田、稻虾共作田和香根草Vetiveria zizanioides诱集田3种农事操作技术对水稻害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响,为湖北地区新型绿色农事操作技术防控田间害虫、天敌保育和稻田有害生物可持续治理策略提供重要依据。【方法】在水稻抽穗期,采用目测法、扫网法、盆拍法、剥查法对3种农事操作稻田(常规稻作田、稻虾共作田和香根草)内害虫(稻飞虱、稻叶蝉、稻螟虫)和天敌进行搜集和统计。【结果】香根草诱集田内稻飞虱种群数量显著低于稻虾共作田(P0.05),常规稻作田间稻叶蝉、稻螟虫种群数量显著高于稻虾共作田和香根草诱集田数量(P0.05);3种农事操作技术下稻田间天敌种类主要以捕食性天敌蜘蛛类、草蛉类、黑肩绿盲蝽Crytorrhinuslividipennis和青翅隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes为主。其中,稻虾共作田和香根草诱集田拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata、拟水狼蛛Piratasubpiraticus和黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis种群数量显著高于常规稻作田(P0.05)。【结论】香根草稻作田间稻叶蝉、稻螟虫种群数量显著低于常规稻作田,稻虾共作田间稻叶蝉、稻飞虱种群数量显著低于常规稻作田;3种农事操作技术下稻田间天敌种类主要以捕食性天敌蜘蛛类、草蛉类、黑肩绿盲蝽为主。     

滇中菜区小菜蛾种群消长动态及其影响因子

【目的】掌握区域小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群发生消长规律及温度、降雨和种植制度模式对种群的影响。【方法】2009—2014年,采用性诱剂监测和田间系统调查方法连续6年对滇中菜区——通海县小菜蛾田间种群数量开展成虫和幼虫田间种群数量的研究,分析当地月平均气温、月降雨量和种植模式因素对小菜蛾种群数量的相关性。【结果】(1)通海小菜蛾成虫种群消长年度间波动差异明显,全年呈现1个大的虫峰期为2—11月份,年度间出现小的2~3个虫峰。2012年种群数量较高,高峰期提前到4月份,与2013年高峰期的7—8月份差异明显,2010年和2011年田间种群数量是历年较少年份,种群高峰期的虫量少于百头/盆(卡)/月;(2)小菜蛾幼虫种群全年有2~3个危害峰期,3—6月是发生主峰期,9—11月是弱峰期;与成虫高峰期比较,幼虫田间种群,高峰期推迟20~30 d左右,全年的波动消长情况基本一致;(3)小菜蛾成虫与温度显著相关r=0.442,与降雨量成正相关r=0.283,但相关程度弱;幼虫种群与温度显著相关r=0.530,相关程度显著,与降雨没有相关性r=0.125,相关程度微弱;幼虫种群与成虫有相关性r=0.253,但相关程度微弱。【结论】滇中菜区常年成片种植十字花科蔬菜,一年4造、周年复种的种植制度对小菜蛾的种群发生有促进作用,区域模式相对稳定是造成小菜蛾种群周年活动频繁危害严重的主要原因之一。     

麦秸秆还田和翻耕深度对稻飞虱和蜘蛛群落数量影响

【目的】探讨麦秸秆还田和翻耕深度控制稻飞虱效果及对蜘蛛群落数量的影响。【方法】以"麦秸秆返还稻田+稻田深翻耕20 cm"、"麦秸秆返还稻田+稻田浅翻耕10 cm"、"麦秸秆不返还稻田+稻田深翻耕20 cm"为处理,以种植者常规种植模式"麦秸秆不返还稻田+浅翻耕10 cm"为对照,对各处理区和对照区稻田稻飞虱成若虫、蜘蛛数量进行系统调查和分析。【结果】在调查期内(7—10月),上述3个处理区稻田百丛稻株稻飞虱数量分别为(17.7±3.5)头、(18.1±3.7)头、(21.0±4.0)头,较对照区分别减少25.6%、24.0%、11.8%;无论麦秸秆是否还田,翻耕深度对稻田蜘蛛及稻飞虱数量均无显著影响;"翻耕20 cm+麦秸秆还田"和"翻耕10 cm+麦秸秆还田"处理区稻田蜘蛛数量及其蜘蛛与稻飞虱数量比值均显著高于麦秸秆不还田区。【结论】本文揭示了麦秸秆还田能显著增强蜘蛛控制稻飞虱能力,可为秸秆还田的生态学效应研究提供理论依据。     

新疆荒漠绿洲稻区稻水象甲危害损失及防治阈值研究

【目的】稻水象甲是水稻的一种毁灭性害虫,也是我国重要的对外检疫性对象之一。该虫自2010年传入新疆后,其发生面积和危害呈不断加重趋势,已对新疆水稻尤其是绿色有机水稻的生产构成了严重威胁。稻水象甲危害造成的产量损失及防治阈值的确定对其准确预测预报及化学防治都具有重要的指导意义。然而,目前尚未见新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的相关报道。【方法】通过田间罩笼试验比较研究了不同虫口密度下的水稻有效穗数、单穗粒数、结实粒及产量等指标,计算得出稻水象甲在新疆的产量允许损失率及防治阈值。【结果】田间稻水象甲成虫数量与水稻有效穗、单穗粒数、结实率存在显著负相关性,但与千粒重关系不显著;逐步线性回归模型分析表明,水稻产量与虫口密度、每公顷穗数、单穗粒数和结实率相关性显著,它们是影响水稻产量的主要因子。此外,新疆荒漠绿洲稻区稻水象甲的产量允许损失率为1.1756%,其防治阈值为5.82头·m~(-2)。【结论】新疆荒漠绿洲稻区允许的稻水象甲越冬代虫口密度最大临界值为5.82头·m~(-2),高于此值应及时进行防治。     

云南稻区稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel种群发生特征

【背景】2007年6月,云南省首次在嵩明县发现稻水象甲,为掌握其年发生世代、成虫和幼虫种群消长动态及其越冬特点开展此项研究。【方法】2008—2010年,采用田间系统调查法对云南省昆明市嵩明县大桥村稻区稻水象甲的种群发生规律进行了研究。【结果】每年4月初气温回升(4月气温9.0~24.1℃,均温16.1℃),稻水象甲越冬成虫开始出土活动,从稻田周边越冬场所迁移至稻埂或秧田取食杂草和秧苗。5月中旬,随水稻的移栽,迁移至大田为害并产卵,孵化后的幼虫取食水稻根系。6月中旬水稻分蘖期,幼虫发生量达到高峰,虫量为3.17~11.33头·丛-1;7月中下旬水稻孕穗期,也是形成土茧的高峰期,土茧量5.90~9.00头·丛-1;7月下旬—8月中旬水稻抽穗和扬花期,成虫大量出现,数量达0.21~4.85头·网-1;8月中旬水稻乳熟期,成虫逐渐迁移至稻田附近向阳坡面的田埂和沟埂上,主要集中在0~3 cm有杂草覆盖的浅土层越冬,直至翌年的4月底,最大越冬虫量98.33~266.00头·m-2。【结论与意义】稻水象甲在云南省嵩明县水稻区年发生1~1.5代;种群发生动态与水稻的生育期紧密相关,4月初越冬成虫为害秧苗,7月份是防治成虫的关键时期。     

云南稻区白背飞虱越冬种群发生及其与田间种群的相关性

【目的】掌握云南稻区白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera,越冬虫源特征及其与田间种群大发生的相关性。【方法】2010-2015年,对云南省主要稻区白背飞虱的越冬虫情进行田间调查;2013年南京农业大学与云南省农科院的科研人员行程6 000 km联合对滇西、滇西南、滇南和滇东南等10县20个稻区进行了实地越冬调研。【结果】云南省各稻区白背飞虱越冬种群主要集中在23?57?N以南,海拔高度为1 608 m以下的稻区。同一稻区白背飞虱越冬虫口密度波动较大,一般在1 200头/667 m2之内,以若虫和成虫越冬,且若虫占总越冬虫量的97.33%,主要聚集在有水源的再生稻、稻桩、落粒苗和早稻秧苗上。本地越冬种群密度(越冬虫量)与秧田虫量、移栽期虫量、孕穗期虫量、大田总虫量的相关性并不显著(P0.05)。【结论】云南稻区本地越冬虫源数量对白背飞虱种群大发生的形成贡献十分有限。     

白纹伊蚊抗溴氰菊酯品系的筛选及其对登革病毒的易感性

【目的】建立白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus抗溴氰菊酯的蚊虫品系,对比白纹伊蚊敏感株和抗性株对登革病毒的易感性差异。【方法】采用浸渍法测定溴氰菊酯对白纹伊蚊幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC_(50));再以LC_(50)水平的溴氰菊酯对白纹伊蚊幼虫进行群体筛选至第11代,并通过接触筒法检测各代成蚊抗性。以白纹伊蚊敏感株和获得的抗性株(第9代)雌蚊吸食含2型登革病毒(DENV-2)的血餐,于感染后0,4,7和10 d解剖蚊虫,收集中肠、卵巢和唾液腺,通过RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR分别检测各组织的DENV-2病毒感染率和感染量。【结果】白纹伊蚊经溴氰菊酯筛选至第9代后抗性趋于稳定。第9代抗性株幼虫的LC_(50)为0.053 mg/L,抗性倍数为10.58,成蚊生测的蚊虫死亡率为80%,已达到中度抗性。感染后0 d,所有蚊虫的中肠均可测得DENV-2,而且抗性株的平均病毒感染量高于敏感株;后续时间点敏感株与抗性株蚊虫中肠均保持92.75%~97.18%的病毒感染率,且二株之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。感染后4 d,两株蚊虫的卵巢中均可检测到DENV-2,感染后7 d和10 d的卵巢病毒感染率均显著高于4 d时(P0.05),但在7 d和10 d两个时间点,敏感株和抗性株之间均无统计学差异(P0.05),然而抗性株平均病毒感染量在每一个时间点都显著高于敏感株(P0.05)。蚊虫唾液腺于感染后7 d检测到DENV-2,10 d时唾液腺的病毒感染率无明显升高且两株蚊虫之间病毒感染率和感染量均无统计学差异(P0.05)。【结论】经溴氰菊酯的筛选使白纹伊蚊幼虫及成蚊抗性水平逐渐升高,建立了白纹伊蚊抗溴氰菊酯的实验室品系。DENV-2对白纹伊蚊抗性株和敏感株各个组织的感染率相近,但感染量有所不同,说明对溴氰菊酯有中度抗性的白蚊伊蚊对登革病毒的易感性在一定程度上发生了改变。     

湖北稻区褐飞虱田间种群对常用杀虫剂抗药性监测

【目的】明确目前褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens田间种群对常用防治药剂的抗性现状,为制定褐飞虱的科学用药策略提供科学依据。【方法】于2009-2014年采用稻茎浸渍法监测了湖北褐飞虱武穴梅川、枣阳十里铺、孝感陈店、鄂州长港和武汉江夏稻田的褐飞虱田间种群对11种杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】湖北稻区褐飞虱田间种群已对吡虫啉(抗性倍数RR=101.8~1 239.4)、噻嗪酮(RR=15.9~1 326.3)产生高水平抗性;对噻虫嗪(RR=24.9~146.5)产生中等水平至高水平抗性;对噻虫胺(RR=9.9~16.5)、呋虫胺(RR=13.5~15.9)、乙虫腈(RR=18.3~60.4)、毒死蜱(RR=17.4~29.8)、异丙威(RR=13.9~46.0)产生中等水平抗性;对啶虫脒(RR=5.1~9.9)产生低水平抗性;对噻虫啉(RR=3.9~7.1)处于敏感至低水平抗性水平;对醚菊酯(RR=1.3~4.9)处于敏感水平。此外,褐飞虱对噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮抗性上升明显,同时褐飞虱对吡虫啉抗性也有上升的趋势。【结论】仍需暂停吡虫啉、噻嗪酮在水稻上防治稻飞虱,严格限制吡蚜酮在水稻上的使用次数;醚菊酯可作为吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和吡蚜酮的替代药剂或轮换药剂。     

武汉地区蚊类群落结构、时空动态及多样性研究

【目的】掌握武汉地区蚊类群落结构、时空动态及多样性特征,为蚊媒防治提供科学依据。【方法】2007-2016年每月采用灯诱法调查该地区5种生境蚊类群落结构和密度的时空动态,测定群落物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数。【结果】2007-2016年武汉市蚊平均密度为58.54只/(灯·夜),隶属2亚科5属8种,优势蚊种为致倦库蚊Culexpipienspallens和三带喙库蚊Culex tritaeniorhynchus。季节消长呈单峰,高峰出现在6月。牲畜棚、农户生境与居民区、公园、医院生境在蚊类丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数方面均有差异。【结论】武汉地区不同季节和不同生境蚊虫种类、数量和多样性有差异,应根据具体情况采取有针对性的蚊媒防治措施。     

云南白背飞虱的发生与种群消长特点

【目的】研究白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)在云南的发生与种群消长特点,为全省制定防治策略提供技术依据。【方法】2010—2011年,我们采用田间系统调查和测报灯监测方法对云南主要稻区的滇西、滇西南、滇南、滇东南、滇东和滇东北白背飞虱的发生和田间种群消长开展了系统研究。【结果】云南稻区白背飞虱的总体越冬虫量少且分布不均,主要集中在N23°55′164″以南,海拔高度为1 369 m以下有水源的稻桩、再生稻和落粒苗上,其中滇南和滇东南越冬虫量高于滇西和滇西南;灯下虫源始见期从3月初到5月下旬,滇西和滇西南最早在3月初,滇东北最晚在5月中下旬,全省有从滇西、滇西南向滇南、滇东南、滇东和滇东北逐渐延后的趋势;灯下诱集虫量表现为西南部低于东南部,全省迁入峰次数和灯下总虫量的高峰期集中在5月、6月和7月,9月下旬至10月中旬出现1次回迁高峰期;滇西南和滇南田间种群活动高峰在4月下旬至6月,滇东南和滇东在5月下旬至7月上旬,滇东北的主要在6月下旬至7月。【结论】云南省白背飞虱主害代在5月、6月和7月,重点发生在滇南、滇东南和滇西南稻区。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.