SNP‐based susceptibility–resistance association and mRNA expression regulation analyses of tlr7 to grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella reovirus

Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in Ctenopharyngodon idella toll‐like receptor 7 (citlr7) gene, containing two in the 5′‐flanking region, three within the single intron and six distributed in the coding sequence (CDS), were identified. A case–control study of 73 susceptible individuals and 67 resistant individuals was conducted to test the SNPs‐based susceptibility–resistance association and mRNA expression of citlr7 to grass carp reovirus (GCRV), showing that both 820 A/G and 1726 A/G were significantly correlative sites in genotype (P < 0·05). Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis suggested the exertion of antiviral effects of 820 A/G might rely on SNPs interactions of citlr7 and C. idella toll‐like receptor 8 (citlr8). Combining the mortality rate and citlr7 mRNA expression, it was suggested that 1726 GG‐genotyped individuals might be more resistant than 1726 A/G genotyped individuals, indicating the selection on synonymous mutations in 1726 A/G might be susceptibility–resistance‐type specific. In addition, haplotype analysis uncovered no significantly correlative haplotypes in citlr7. These findings may provide an in‐depth insight for the further functional research of citlr7. The potential genetic markers identified may contribute to the molecular and transgenic breeding of C. idella.     

饲料氧化鱼油对草鱼肝胰脏结构和功能的损伤

为了探讨饲料氧化鱼油对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏组织结构及其功能的影响, 研究以豆油、鱼油及氧化鱼油作为饲料脂肪源, 分别设计鱼油组(6F)、豆油组(6S)、2%氧化鱼油(4S2OF)、4%氧化鱼油(2S4OF)及6%氧化鱼油(6OF)5组等氮、等能的半纯化饲料, 在池塘网箱中养殖72d。结果显示: 氧化鱼油显著增加草鱼血清ALB、GLB、MDA和GSH含量(P0.05), 显著降低肝胰脏GSH和SOD含量(P0.05); 氧化鱼油会显著增加草鱼肝胰脏指数及肝胰脏脂肪含量(P0.05), 且草鱼血清TG含量显著上升(P0.05), HDL/LDL显著下降(P0.05); 氧化鱼油使血清及肝胰脏TC含量显著增加(P0.05), 血清TBA显著下降(P0.05), 肝胰脏TBA显著上升(P0.05); 氧化鱼油会引起草鱼脂肪肝, 损伤肝胰脏细胞线粒体, 并导致肝胰脏细胞纤维化和组织萎缩。结果表明: 饲料添加氧化鱼油会引起草鱼氧化应激, 并降低草鱼肝胰脏抗氧化能力; 扰乱草鱼肝胰脏脂肪代谢, 引起脂肪肝; 影响胆汁酸肝肠循环, 使胆汁酸在肝胰脏中堆积, 并损伤肝胰脏细胞线粒体, 最终增加草鱼肝胰脏脂肪性肝炎发生率。     

草鱼感染GCRV后血液中淋巴细胞变化及BCL10表达分析

为了研究草鱼BCL10基因在草鱼出血病中的应答机制, 文章克隆了BCL10基因, 并利用生物信息学、荧光定量和血涂片等技术对其进行了分析。生物信息学结果显示, BCL10基因开放阅读框为738 bp, 编码245个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示, 感染病毒后草鱼体内BCL10表达量持续上调, 在肝胰腺和中肾中第4天达到峰值, 第7天表达量开始下调。血涂片显微镜观察发现了血液中淋巴细胞在感染病毒后第1到第4天下降, 第7天时上升。肾脏的组织病理学观察也发现中肾中肾小管上皮细胞第1到第7天逐渐空泡化, 脱落坏死。以上结果表明, BCL10基因参与了草鱼应对草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)入侵的免疫应答。     

一株草鱼呼肠孤病毒弱毒株的分离、鉴定及免疫原性初步分析

从江西南昌患出血病草鱼体内分离出的草鱼病毒(暂命名为JX09-01)能使草鱼肾脏细胞(CIK)、草鱼肝细胞(L8824)、草鱼吻端成纤维细胞(PSF)产生明显的细胞病变效应(CPE)。感染CIK 细胞固定后经电镜观察,发现细胞质内有大量病毒聚集, 形态和排列方式与已报道的草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus, GCRV)相似。针对GCRV 873 株S6 基因设计的简并引物可以从病料组织和感染细胞中扩增出目的条带, 而针对GCRVHZ08 株S6 基因设计特异性引物未能扩增出目的条带。对JX09-01 株的S6 全基因进行序列分析表明, 其核苷酸序列同GCRV 873 株和HZ08 株的同源性分别是99.3%和30.4%, 推导出的氨基酸序列同源性分别是98.6%和30%, 说明草鱼病毒JX09-01 株为草鱼呼肠孤病毒。用JX09-01 株接种当年8-10 cm左右的草鱼, 没有明显的临床症状, 不能致草鱼死亡。用传代至15 代的CIK 细胞病毒液进行免疫保护试验, 结果显示其对强毒株的免疫保护率达到86.7%。实验结果初步显示, 新分离到的JX09-01 为草鱼呼肠孤病毒弱毒株, 可作为弱毒疫苗的候选毒株。       

高效氯氰菊酯对草鱼肝胰脏和肾脏溶菌酶活性的影响

研究了暴露在不同高效氯氰菊酯浓度下的草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella肝胰脏和肾脏溶菌酶(LSZ)的活性变化.实验中高效氯氰菊酯浓度设5组,分别为0 μg/L、0.5μg/L、1.0 μg/L、3.0μg/L和5.0 μg/L,每组分别于1d、5d和12 d取样,测定肝胰脏和肾脏溶菌酶活性.结果显示,肝胰脏LSZ活性在暴露1d、5d、12 d时,各处理组均显著下降(P ＜0.05,P ＜0.01).肾脏LSZ活性在暴露1d、5d时,0.5μg/L、1.0 μg/L和3.0 μg/L组显著上升(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),5.0 μg/L组显著下降(P＜0.01);暴露12d时,0.5μg/L、1.0 μg/L组显著上升(P＜0.05),3.0μg/L和5.0 μg/L组显著下降(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).表明高效氯氰菊酯对草鱼肝胰脏和肾脏具有明显的毒害作用.     

草鱼两个细胞因子信号抑制因子3基因序列及表达分析

细胞因子信号抑制因子3 (SOCS3)是一类调节免疫反应的蛋白, 为研究其在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)中的功能, 文章克隆了草鱼SOCS3b基因, 分析了SOCS3s基因在成鱼组织中的表达情况。序列分析结果显示, 草鱼SOCS3b基因全长2126 bp, 编码216个氨基酸。qRT-PCR结果显示, 草鱼SOCS3a和SOCS3b在成鱼11个组织中均有表达, 但表达略有差异。注射嗜水气单胞菌(Aerononas hydrophila)后, 草鱼SOCS3a和SOCS3b在肝、脾、肠、肾中的表达均有明显上升。以上结果表明SOCS3s基因在草鱼的组织生长调控中发挥着重要的作用, 且SOCS3s可以调节细菌诱导的免疫应答。研究将为后续草鱼SOCS3s基因的功能研究提供参考依据。     

The relationship between feeding preferences and consumption rates in grass carp and grass carp × bighead carp hybrids

The relationship between food preference hierarchy and consumption rate was examined for the grass carp, Ctenopharygodon idella , and its Fl hybrid (grass carp × bighead carp). Preferences of both types of fish were similar, although hybrids consumed vegetation at a much lower rate. For both, relative preference in feeding trials with mixed plant species was significantly correlated with consumption rate in monospecific feeding experiments. No correlations were found between preference and caloric content, protein content or relative water content. The hypothesis is proposed that preference hierarchies reflect relative handling times of different food types and that these fish maximize 'through-put' by preferentially consuming plant species which can be most rapidly ingested.     

Growth and food habits of hybrid carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella×Aristichthys nobilis, from aerated and non- aerated ponds

Hybrid grass carp fry ( Ctenopharyngodon idella × Aristichthys nobilis ) were stocked into 0·04 ha ponds with and without paddlewheel aeration. Fish in the paddlewheel and non-paddlewheel pond, preyed upon identical organisms, but in different proportions. Fish in the paddlewheel ponds grew at significantly greater rates.     

Relationship between the chemical composition of aquatic macrophytes and their consumption by grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella

The rate at which triploid grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella , consumed two plant species from different locations was measured and compared to the chemical composition of the plants. Grass carp fed on Elodea canadensis from three lakes at significantly different rates ( P > 0.001), but did not eat Elodea densa from two of the sites at different rates. Feeding rate of the grass carp was positively correlated to the concentration of calcium ( r = 0.976) and lignin ( r = 0.946), but negatively correlated to the content of iron ( r =−0.808), silica (r=-0.934) and cellulose ( r =−0.922). Multiple regression analysis revealed that calcium and cellulose content were the most important predictors of consumption rate. These experiments demonstrate that water chemistry may affect palatability and could in part be responsible for some of the discrepancies in grass carp consumption rate and preference studies.     

草鱼生肌因子5基因的克隆及其组织表达谱分析

目的:获得草鱼生肌因子5(Myf-5)基因序列,分析其在草鱼不同组织和不同发育阶段中的表达规律。方法:根据鲤鱼Myf-5基因序列设计引物,用草鱼肌肉组织总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增其Myf-5基因序列;利用半定量RT-PCR分析草鱼Myf-5基因在草鱼不同组织和不同发育阶段的mRNA表达特性。结果:获得了草鱼Myf-5基因开放读框序列723 bp,GenBank登录号为GU290227;该基因编码由240个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,具有MyoD家族基因的典型性碱性螺旋-环-螺旋(bHLH)结构,其氨基酸序列与斑马鱼、鲤鱼、虹鳟、大西洋鲑等的同源性较高(74%~97%),与哺乳动物和禽类如人、小鼠、大鼠、猪、牛和鸡的同源性较低(56%~60%);在草鱼红肌、白肌、肝胰脏、肾脏、脑和肠中均检测到Myf-5基因的表达,红肌、白肌和脑组织中Myf-5基因mRNA的表达量显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);草鱼Myf-5基因的表达随着其生长发育呈下降趋势,在较大规格试验鱼(500 g)中的表达显著低于其他2种规格(50~60 g、120~130 g)的试验鱼(P<0.05)。结论:获得了草鱼Myf-5基因序列,其在红肌、白肌和脑组织中的表达量显著高于其他组织,并随生长发育呈下降趋势,为研究Myf-5在草鱼肌肉发育过程中的作用提供了基础资料。     

抗草鱼出血病病毒转基因稀有鮈鲫的初步研究

研究采用草鱼H1基因启动子,以草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus,GCRV)外衣壳蛋白VP7基因为靶基因,以增强型绿色荧光蛋白(eGFP)为报告基因,构建了3个小发卡RNA(shRNA)表达载体pH1siGCRV(x)-CMVeGFP。CIK细胞感染实验表明,pH1siGCRV2-CMVeGFP具有较高的病毒抑制作用。通过显微注射将pH1siGCRV2-CMVeGFP导入稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)受精卵,获得转基因稀有鮈鲫P0代群体。转基因稀有鮈鲫攻毒实验显示,转基因稀有鮈鲫死亡率为30%,抗草鱼出血病能力显著提高。进一步的实时荧光定量PCR检测证实,转基因稀有鮈鲫脾脏、后肠和肝脏中GCRV的含量显著低于对照鱼,并随着时间的延续逐渐减少,转基因稀有鮈鲫体内GCRV的复制受到有效抑制。研究为抗草鱼出血病转基因鱼育种奠定重要基础。       

草鱼胶原凝集素基因的克隆及其功能分析

从草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella肝肾cDNA文库中克隆得到胶原凝集素基因。草鱼胶原凝集素全长cDNA为1128bp,其中5′非编码区229bp,3′非翻译区104bp,最大开放阅读框为795bp,编码264个氨基酸。系统进化分析表明草鱼胶原凝集素与斑马鱼的亲缘关系最近。根据草鱼胶原凝集素序列特征,克隆了包含糖基识别域(CRD)的cDNA,并进行原核表达、纯化获得其重组蛋白PCRD。进行PCRD与6种细菌的凝集和糖抑制实验,结果表明半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和麦芽糖4种糖都会使PCRD与嗜水气单胞菌的凝集明显下降甚至极大地干扰凝集;麦芽糖使金黄色葡萄球菌的凝集明显下降,而肽聚糖和甘露糖会使凝集受到抑制;此外,PCRD的凝集反应不依赖Ca2+。     

草鱼鳃介导草鱼呼肠孤病毒免疫应答

采用草鱼呼肠孤病毒腹腔注射草鱼, 通过定量RT-PCR检测了12个抗病毒免疫相关基因在鳃中不同时间点的表达模式, 以了解鳃对内源性病毒的免疫应答。模式识别受体基因CiTLR3、CiTLR7、CiTLR22、CiRIG-I、CiMDA5、CiLGP2、CiNOD1和CiNOD2, 以及干扰素基因CiIFN-I的表达在注射病毒后12h、24h、48h及72h基本都上调。IgM基因的表达仅在72h上调。接头分子CiMyD88和CiIPS-1基因的表达在早期下调（6h）, 然后逐渐上升。为了证实病毒感染的可靠性, 通过RT-PCR检测了病毒VP4基因。结果表明草鱼鳃在抗病毒免疫方面发挥着重要作用。