我国缅阴虫属的分布及眼斑缅阴虫的生物学特性

缅阴虫属(Burmoniscus)是我国长江以南热带和亚热带地区中重要的陆栖等足类。本文对我国该属的种类组成和分布做了总结和分析,并对该属的代表种类——眼斑缅阴虫(B.ocellatus)的栖息地、食性、食量及繁殖季节等生物学特性进行了研究和综述。     

交通工具中蠊的调查报告

关于(虫非)蠊分布的广泛性,早有资料证明,不论是城市和农村,不论是商店、工厂、机关、学校、居民住宅和交通工具等,都有它的存在。为了更彻底地消灭(虫非)蠊,防治(虫非)蠊受到交通工具的传带,作者着重对大型的交通工具——火车和输船进行了深入的调查,并探讨了(虫非)蠊的分布、危害,交通工具对(虫非)蠊的传布作用及如何防治等问题,提出如下报告。一、分布情况1.火车 我们曾对上海、广州、南昌铁路局的14列长途列车及1列短途列车进行了调查,包括餐车、卧车、硬、软席、邮政及行李货物等车廂,列车有南行及北行之分。调查结果表明,(虫非)蠊在火车内的分布,以餐车为多,检出率为42.9%,查获(虫非)蠊数:成虫183只,若虫50只,卵鞘39个,虫种鉴定均为德国小蠊(Blattellagermanica)。另抽查的23节硬软席车廂,仅发现一列有2个卵鞘,系凹绿大蠊(Perrplaneta emargmata)。而行李货物车廂9节及邮政车1节尚未发现(虫非)蠊(见表     

河北地区沿海盐场卤虫品系的组成

对河北地区海丰盐场和王凤玉盐场的卤虫品系组成情况进行了分析,结果显示,由于人为引种及在虾蟹育苗中不同品系卤虫卵的不当使用,使得该地区卤虫由原来单一的孤雌生殖品系组成变为目前的本地孤雌生殖卤虫、两性生殖的旧金山卤虫(Artemia franciscana)以及中华卤虫(A.sinica)混杂组成,其中外来种旧金山卤虫为优势种群,中华卤虫只是偶尔见到。由于竞争排斥效应,孤雌生殖和两性生殖卤虫产生了生态位的分化,孤雌生殖卤虫主要分布在低盐度的盐池,两性生殖卤虫主要分布在高盐度的盐池。     

中国竹节虫一新种及一新纪录种(竹节虫目:异(虫脩)科)

自从Redtenbacher 1908年建立瘤胸(虫脩)属Trachythorax以来,至今该属已记载了8个种,它们均分布在东洋区,其中六斑瘤胸(虫脩)T、sexpunctatus Shiraki分布于我国台湾(Shiraki, 1911、1935)。本文报道在四川省发现的一个新种和在云南省采得的一个国内新记录种。作者采用Bradley & Galil(1977)的竹节虫分类系统。新种模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。 长翅瘤胸(虫脩)Trachythorax longialatus新种 雌虫:体较粗壮。褐至暗褐色,头前部、前胸背板中域、中胸背板中央及各足为黄褐色;前胸背板前缘及后缘棕红色;眼间一模糊斑纹、触角基部背腹两面及前胸背板后缘中     

十四点负泥虫的发生与防治

<正> 十四点负泥虫Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata(scopoli)是天津地区为害芦笋的主要害虫,1986～1988年作者对该虫进行了调查研究,现将结果整理如下。 一、为害与分布 十四点负泥虫属鞘翅目,负泥虫科,负泥虫属叫,该虫主要为害芦笋,经喂养试验发现可食害小麦、文竹等。在天津芦笋种植地区均有发生,国内分布范围广,内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、山东、北京、河北、江苏、浙江、福建、广西等;     

蜻蜓

蜻蜓属昆虫纲(Insecta)、蜻蜓目(Odonata)。夏秋之际常见于各种水区附近。分布于世界各大区,温暖地带种类较多。全世界现已知有5000多种,我国现已知有400余种。蜻蜓目分三亚目,其中束翅亚目(Zygoptera)和差翅亚目(Anisoptera)均为常见,间翅亚目(Anisozygoptera)仅在印度及日本有分布。束翅亚目称为(虫怱)类,差翅亚目称为蜻蜓。(虫怱)类包括丝(虫怱)、扇(虫怱)(豆娘)与色(虫怱)(艳娘)等常见种;蜻蜓包括蜻:蜓和箭蜓等。     

小火蚁及其在中国的适生区预测

简要概述小火蚁Wasmannia auropunctata(Roger)的分布、生物生态学特性及危害等信息,采用GARP生态位模型分析预测该蚁在中国的潜在地理分布。结果表明,中国东南大部分地区和西北局部地区是该虫的适生区。建议加强检疫,防范其入侵。     

白蜡窄吉丁虫在中国的研究现状与分布调查

2002年在美国密执安州发现了一重大外来入侵害虫,白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 由于该虫新近在美国发现,危害白蜡树,故英文名称为Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)。初步分析显示,该虫至少在5年前就已传入美国,只是现在刚爆发被发现。目前该虫在美国密执安州和加拿大安大略省可致死各种大小的白蜡树。该虫在我国曾被定名为花曲柳窄吉丁Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger,为鞘翅目吉丁科。据资料报道分布于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、山东、内蒙古和台湾等地;在国外分布于朝鲜,日本,蒙古,俄罗斯远东地区。危害木樨科属树木。两年一代或一年一代,因地而已。在东北三省主要危害水曲柳和花曲柳等树木,但不是主要害虫。天津市1993年在引种白蜡树上发现了白蜡窄吉丁,1998年严重爆发造成大面积白蜡树死亡。在亚洲的其他分布区,该虫还危害另外一些阔叶树,如多种蜡树、榆树等。鉴于该虫的广泛分布和寄主树种多及毁灭性危害的特点,美国一些专家认为其潜在危害不亚于1996年在美国发现的光肩星天牛。因此,美国已全面开展对该虫的研究,包括资料收集,风险性评估,研究各种控制措施等。 本文是中美对此虫合作研究的一部分,旨在对该虫在我国的分布、 危害、 研究基础作一调查与回顾, 为下一步深入研究提供信息与参考资料。白蜡窄吉丁入侵北美再一次显示随着贸易的全球化发展, 外来入侵种问题也越来越严重。国际合作共同开展研究是控制入侵种的重要举措之一。     

斜体虫属国内一新纪录及八种稀见淡水原生动物新分布

本文记述分布于兰州地区不同性质淡水及工业废水中九种自由生活的原生动物,包括一种我国新纪录一蠕斜体虫(Enchelyomorpha vermicularis)及八种在我国新分布的稀见原生动物;神女新态虫、爬行鞭变形虫、三臂佛手虫、多态喇叭虫、短小齿口虫、钝舟形虫、冠帆口虫、伪怪游虫及袋形虫属的顽袋形虫.分别阐明每种的识别特点,发现水体及每种作为水质污染指示物的指示作用、分类位置等.       

中国大陆一种新害虫:马缨丹绵粉蚧

原产于南美的马缨丹绵粉蚧Phenacoccus parvus Morrison是一种广布热带的多食性害虫,在我国以前仅记录于香港和台湾。2008年4月发现该虫在云南景洪危害小米辣(Capsicum frutescens),2013年又在云南蒙自马缨丹(Lantana camara)上采到该虫,这是该虫在我国大陆的首次报道。文章介绍了马缨丹绵粉蚧的鉴别特征、寄主、分布、生物学和经济重要性等。     

山西静乐贺丰上新世的步氏羚羊

重新厘定后,步氏羚羊（Gazellablacki）的主要特征是个体中等大小,脑颅部宽而短,枕面向后突出不明显,枕髁与枕面处在同一平面中,基枕面平,呈方形,具宽浅而长的中纵沟;角心纤细,短而直,从角基向角项方向迅速变尖,基部横切面为次圆形;颊齿高冠,前臼齿列短和p4有封闭的前内谷等。它出现在我国山西上上新统的地层中。依据头骨和颊齿的性状,它可能是现生种G．picticaudata和G．gutturosa的祖先类型。     

Skepticism, Empathy, and Animal Suffering

The suffering of nonhuman animals has become a noted factor in deciding public policy and legislative change. Yet, despite this growing concern, skepticism toward such suffering is still surprisingly common. This paper analyzes the merits of the skeptical approach, both in its moderate and extreme forms. In the first part it is claimed that the type of criterion for verification concerning the mental states of other animals posed by skepticism is overly (and, in the case of extreme skepticism, illogically) demanding. Resting on Wittgenstein and Husserl, it is argued that skepticism relies on a misguided epistemology and, thus, that key questions posed by it face the risk of absurdity. In the second part of the paper it is suggested that, instead of skepticism, empathy together with intersubjectivity be adopted. Edith Stein’s take on empathy, along with contemporary findings, are explored, and the claim is made that it is only via these two methods of understanding that the suffering of nonhuman animals can be perceived.     

Effect of propranolol on ECG of Myna, Acridotheres tristis, and Goh, Varanus bengalensis

Effect of propranolol (1 and 3 mg/kg body wt), a sympathetic blocking agent, on ECG patterns was studied in Varanus and Acridotheres. ECG was recorded before and after 5 min (immediate), 15 min and in some cases 25 min of drug infusion. All animals responded to propranolol with bradycardia. The effectiveness is dose dependent and it is also associated with the high heart rate both in Acridotheres and in Varanus. The P-R or P-S interval increased in all cases of Varanus after infusion. In Acridotheres height and duration of P-wave were increased slightly with the lower dose and decreased with the higher dose. The Q-S shortened with the lower dose and widened late with the higher dose in Varanus whereas in Acridotheres it is widened with lower and higher doses of propranolol. The Q-T interval has been increased in both groups of animals. An increased amplitude of T-wave height was observed in Varanus after 5 and 15 min of drug infusion. But it was noted with decrease in amplitude under high dose after 15 min of drug infusion. In Acridotheres it was on increase with lower dose and decrease with higher dose. The delta-wave disappeared after the administration of propranolol in Acridotheres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Digital Sampling, Bits, and Psychophysiological Data: A Primer, with Cautions

The assumption that technical terms used in psychophysiology literature are somehow understood via previous explanations in the literature is tenuous at best. While improved software has made the use of encoders (the “black box”) more user friendly, it cannot replace a basic understanding as to how, what, when and why the encoder collects data. Further, with the improved software it is now easier to produce a column of data and make erroneous interpretations if one is not careful or does not have the requisite background knowledge. Once completed, it can be very difficult to go back and identify where the error(s) was made. In this primer, analog and digital processing, sampling, bandwidth, and bits are interpreted through every day events to illustrate the reasons for concern.     

The internodal species concept: a response to 'The tree, the network, and the species'

Samadi and Barberousse attempt to provide a precise, formal definition of the species category that is faithful to the internodal species concept (Samadi S, Barberousse A. 2006. The tree, the network, and the species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 509–521). Here, it is argued that their study is technically flawed. Most of the necessary corrections to their definitions are provided in order to accurately portray the internodal concept. It is then argued that the internodal concept is fundamentally flawed; it does not solve the 'classical problems' that Samadi and Barberousse claim it does. In particular, it does not allow for the possibility of interspecies hybridization. In addition, the proposal is unworkable in practice, and also theoretically problematic because it entails that, in many lineages, speciation events are taking place every few generations.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 865–869.     

Species, languages, and the horizontal/vertical distinction

In addition to the distinction between species as a category and speciesas a taxon, the word species is ambiguous in a very different butequally important way, namely the temporal distinction between horizontal andvertical species. Although often found in the relevant literature, thisdistinction has thus far remained vague and undefined. In this paper the use ofthe distinction is explored, an attempt is made to clarify and define it, andthen the relation between the two dimensions and the implications of thatrelation are examined. Using Darwin's analogy of language evolution forspeciesevolution, and by appealing to a major change in the conception of languagebetween 19th- and 20th-century linguistics, it is argued that the horizontaldimension has priority (pragmatic, epistemological, logical, and ontological)over the vertical dimension. This has immense ramifications for the modernspecies problem. Fundamentally, it favors horizontal species concepts oververtical ones. In so doing it places species realism on a much more securefoundation and largely undercuts species pluralism. In addition it raises aserious problem for the increasingly popular family of phylogenetic speciesconcepts, which generally suffer from a dimensionality confusion. However,thereis a recent trend within this family that attempts to restore the priority ofthe horizontal dimension. It is concluded that this trend should be affirmedandthat the species-as-individuals view should be abandoned.     

Proteins of the hard keratins of echidna, hedgehog, rabbit, ox and man

In the accompanying paper it has been shown that two major groups of proteins (low-sulphur and high-sulphur) of ovine wool, horn, and hoof contain similar components although the overall proportions of the groups of proteins and the relative proportions of components within the groups may show significant differences. In the present paper it has been shown for five other species (echidna, hedgehog, rabbit, ox and man) that the hard keratins produced by one animal contain the same groups of protein components but in different relative proportions. The wide apparent differences in the type and relative proportions of the the low-sulphur components which comprise the major constituent proteins of the microfibrils suggest that microfibrils can tolerate a considerable variation in the constituent proteins and still produce functional structures. The low-sulphur protein components are sufficiently well resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to make this procedure potentially useful for animal identification and classification.     

Quantification of lipids, liposomes, amino acids, and proteins by thermal ultramicrodigestion and an ultramicrocoulometric assay, based on the reaction of hypobromite with ammonia.

The quantification of nitrogen in organic material is described. It is based on a novel thermal ultramicrodigestion in combination with an ultramicrocoulometric quantification. The lower detection limit of the coulometric measurement is 0.5 microg nitrogen, which corresponds to 20 microg lipid, 3 microg glycine, or 4 microg protein. Therefore it is as sensitive as the frequently used Lowry method. In contrast to the Lowry protein determination it is not disturbed by detergents and most other interfering substances.     

Metailurus major Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora,Mammalia) from the classical locality of Pikermi (Attica,Greece)

The species of Metailurus major has a large geographical extension and is known from localities spread out from West Europe to China. In Greece it is known from the Late Miocene locality of Halmyropotamos in Euboea, while some authors mention it also in Pikermi and Samos in faunal lists only. Two specimens from Pikermi prove its existence in this classical locality.     

APPLICATION OF LAVSOE,AN EUTROPHICATION MODEL,TO BLOEMHOF DAM

SUMMARY

In 1985 the Department of Water Affairs introduced an effluent phosphate standard of 1 mg l^?1 (as P) in seven potentially sensitive catchments. Although this is an uniform standard, permits can be granted for effluents to exceed the standard in cases where it can be shown that the impact of the effluent on the water environment will be negligible. This policy requires the ability to predict the trophic response of waterbodies to different P loads. Two types of models were evaluated for this purpose; i.e., simple mass balance models and complex ecological models. This paper reports the results of a study undertaken to evaluate one of the complex ecological models.

The LAVSOE model, an eutrophication model for shallow lakes which was developed in Denmark, was evaluated as a management tool for the control of eutrophication at Bloemhof Dam.

To ensure that the basic underlying principles of LAVSOE were well understood and the assumptions not violated, the evaluation of LAVSOE followed the same procedure as model development; i.e., model construction check, a priori sensitivity analysis, calibration and verification.

The aim of the model construction check was to assure that the model did what it was designed to do after it was transferred onto the Water Affairs mainframe. During this phase two additional features were added to LAVSOE to accommodate South African conditions.

The aim of the a priori sensitivity analysis was to rank the parameters in order of sensitivity.

The model was calibrated by means of a trial-and-error procedure because it was simple and had heuristic value. LAVSOE could not be calibrated successfully for simulating the observed nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton growth In Bloemhof Dam.

In this paper, the main structure and the major processes of the LAVSOE model are introduced. The results of the sensitivity analysis and the reason for the unsuccessful calibration of LAVSOE on Bloemhof Dam are discussed. Modifications to LAVSOE to make it more applicable to turbid systems is proposed.