宁夏粉蚧科昆虫研究（半翅目：蚧总科）

记述宁夏同族自治区粉蚧科Pseudococcidae昆虫24属41种,其中包括2新种:宁夏草粉蚧Fonscolombia ningxiana,sp.nov.和冰草长粉蚧Longicoccus agropyri.sp.nov.;2中国新记录种:多管刺粉蚧spinococcus multitubulatus(Danzig,1980)和孤独条粉蚧Trionymus singularis Schmutterer,1952:1新组合:赖草长粉蚧Longicoccus leymicola(Tang,1992),comb.n.(移自少粉蚧属Mirococcus Borchsenius);Puto jarudensis Tang(1992)为Ceroputopilosellae Sulc.1898的新异名.模式标本保存在山西农业大学蚧虫研究中心.     

中国大陆一种新害虫:马缨丹绵粉蚧

原产于南美的马缨丹绵粉蚧Phenacoccus parvus Morrison是一种广布热带的多食性害虫,在我国以前仅记录于香港和台湾。2008年4月发现该虫在云南景洪危害小米辣(Capsicum frutescens),2013年又在云南蒙自马缨丹(Lantana camara)上采到该虫,这是该虫在我国大陆的首次报道。文章介绍了马缨丹绵粉蚧的鉴别特征、寄主、分布、生物学和经济重要性等。     

热带平刺粉蚧的检疫鉴定

【目的】明确热带平刺粉蚧Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams的鉴别特征,建立平刺粉蚧属种类检索表。【方法】随机抽样、形态学观察和测量。【结果】从进口越南龙眼鲜果中截获热带平刺粉蚧,头胸部腹面多格腺以单排排列,体背面大五格腺少是其识别的主要形态学特征;编制了平刺粉蚧属16种检索表。【结论】热带平刺粉蚧为我国口岸首次检出,研究结果为进口水果中该类粉蚧的检疫鉴定提供了重要的参考资料。     

扶桑绵粉蚧生物学特性研究

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫, 特别是对我国棉花生产具有潜在的巨大威胁,本文研究了实验室条件下（27±1℃, RH 70%±5%）该虫在棉花上的发育历期、 繁殖能力及各虫态的形态特征。结果表明：扶桑绵粉蚧雌虫生活史包括卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫和雌成虫;雄虫生活史包括卵、1龄若虫、 2龄若虫、预蛹、 蛹和雄成虫。卵期很短,雌虫若虫期15~20 d,总历期约为47~59 d;雄虫若虫和蛹期17~22 d,总历期约为20~26 d;雌虫寿命明显长于雄虫。该蚧虫繁殖能力强,雌成虫产卵量200~862粒/头,平均产卵458粒/头。各虫态主要形态特征为：卵呈长椭圆形,橙黄色, 略微透明; 1龄若虫,淡黄绿色,行动活泼;2龄若虫体缘突起显现, 尾瓣突出,至末期可根据体表黑斑的可见程度区分雌、 雄虫;3龄雌若虫, 体表有薄层蜡粉, 在前、中胸背面亚中区和腹部1~4节背面亚中区可见清晰斑点, 形成纵向黑色条斑, 外表形似雌成虫。雌成虫呈卵圆形,体表蜡粉厚实,胸、腹背面的黑色条斑在蜡粉覆盖下呈成对黑色斑点状,体缘蜡突明显,共18对,其中腹部末端2~3对较长; 雄虫蛹包裹于松软的白色丝茧中;雄成虫,虫体较小,黑褐色;触角细长,具一对发达透明前翅,后翅退化为平衡棒,腹部末端具2对白色长蜡丝。本文通过对扶桑绵粉蚧的基本生物学特性和各个龄期发育的形态特征的研究, 为该虫的进一步研究和科学防控提供了基本资料,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

热胁迫下棉花粉蚧内参基因的筛选

【目的】筛选出热胁迫下棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis的实时定量PCR最适内参基因。【方法】 本研究应用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了棉花粉蚧2龄若虫、3龄若虫和雌成虫α-tub, β-tub, rpl32, GAPDH, SDHA和TBP共6个候选内参基因在7个不同温度处理（恒温18℃和 32℃, 以及37℃, 39℃, 41℃, 43℃和45℃热激处理1 h并在26℃恢复1 h）下mRNA表达水平的稳定性;应用geNorm, Bestkeeper, Normfinder和RefFinder软件分析6个基因表达的稳定性。【结果】 在不同高温胁迫下2龄若虫6个候选内参基因的稳定值M由小到大依次为α-tub（0.579）< GAPDH（0.654)< TBP（0.663）<β-tub（0.668）< rpl32（0.675）相似文献   

New records of some potential pest mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in Japan

Four species of mealybugs, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Phenacoccus defectus, Ph. parvus, and Ph. solenopsis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) are recorded for the first time from Japan in the Ry?ky? (Ryukyu) Archipelago, with brief biological notes. We discuss some features of these species compared with those of related species, D. brevipes and Ph. solani, and we consider their potential risks to Japanese agriculture and/or horticulture.     

利用种特异性COI引物（SS-COI）鉴别扶桑绵粉蚧

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是我国近年新发现的一种严重威胁农林业生产的重要外来入侵害虫。针对扶桑绵粉蚧与其他粉蚧类昆虫难以准确快速识别且适生区广泛的问题, 以扶桑绵粉蚧为靶标, 以我国常见的其他7种粉蚧为参照, 采用基于线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtDNA COI) 基因序列的种特异性(species-specific COI, SS-COI) PCR方法, 研究其快速分子检测技术。通过已知粉蚧的COI基因序列设计通用型引物1对, 获得扶桑绵粉蚧及其他7种粉蚧包括康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana、 南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacius Cockerell、 木槿曼粉蚧Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)、 甘蔗红粉蚧Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)、 新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley、 番石榴粉蚧Planococcus minor Maskel和石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani Ferris的COI基因序列, 根据测序结果及数据库中已知粉蚧的COI基因序列设计SS COI引物1对(PSZTF1/PSZTR1), 其扩增片段大小为546 bp。种特异性检验结果表明, 该引物只对扶桑绵粉蚧的COI基因具有扩增能力, 对其他7种粉蚧不具有扩增效果; 该引物不仅对成虫具有良好的扩增能力, 对不同虫态的扶桑绵粉蚧以及来自我国不同省市的14个地理种群和口岸截获的来自巴基斯坦的扶桑绵粉蚧亦具有同样的扩增效能。这些结果表明, 该技术体系完全可用于扶桑绵粉蚧的准确识别及其检测监测, 对有效阻截其进一步扩张蔓延意义重大。     

A cladistic analysis of wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae)

Seven genera of wax scales (Ceroplastinae) have been accepted as valid by some or all coecidologists: Ceroplastes Gray, Ceroplastidia Cockerell, Cerostegia De Lotto, Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti, Paracerostegia Tang, Vinsonia Signoret and Waxiella De Lotto. The status of most these genera is controversial. The present study reviews the taxonomic history of wax scales and presents a new classification based on cladistic analysis of morphological data from the adult females of eighty-three species. The analysis indicates that the wax scales form a monophyletic group, that Waxiella is monophyletic but that Ceroplastidia, Gascardia and Vinsonia are not, and fails to support the generic status of Cerostegia and Paracerostegia. Apart from the type species of Vinsonia , which was placed as a sister to the rest of wax scales, the only other species assigned to Vinsonia and most species of all other genera fall within Ceroplastes in the cladogram. Recognition of any of these genera renders Ceroplastes paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Thus, cladistically, the wax scales should be classified into one genus, Ceroplastes.     

温度对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响

【目的】扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫,对我国棉花生产具有潜在的巨大威胁。本研究以棉花作为寄主,探索恒温及变温条件对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响。【方法】在光周期为12L∶12D,RH 70%±5％,在系列恒温及变温（温度波动范围为±1℃）条件下,用棉花饲养扶桑绵粉蚧,观察和分析了不同温度下各龄虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力及发育起点温度、有效积温、最适发育温度、极限高温等。【结果】在恒温17~32℃范围内,扶桑绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,当温度达到27℃时发育速率值增幅最大,其中在恒温22~32℃范围内,该虫具有较高的生长发育速率和存活率,且繁殖能力较强,而在恒温37℃条件下,该虫不能完成整个生活史而死亡。在循环变温条件（25~40℃）下,该虫表现出更好的适应性：发育历期更短,速率更快,存活率更高,繁殖力也达到了恒温条件下的平均水平。雌雄虫的发育起点温度分别为9.0℃和8.1℃,而达到成虫时所需有效积温分别为322.6日度和344.8日度。通过拟合发育速率与温度之间的非线性回归关系求出雌雄虫最适发育温度分别为30.5℃和29.9℃,而极限高温分别为36.6℃和35.8℃。【结论】扶桑绵粉蚧适温范围广泛,特别是在变温条件下的适应性非常强。这些结果为预测扶桑绵粉蚧在我国主要棉区的分布提供了依据。     

Lethal and sublethal effect of heat shock on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Temperature is an important abiotic environmental factor, and is responsible for various kinds of behavioral and physiological changes in living organisms. Induced heat shock is associated with feeding behaviour, reproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that causes oxidative damage. In this experiment, we examined the lethal and sublethal effects of heat shock on reproduction, feeding behaviour and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) in P. solenopsis. Results showed that males were highly susceptible to heat shock treatments than females, as LTemp₅₀ values were 43.8 °C for males and 45.11 °C for females. Heat shock events non-significantly affected the fecundity in female only treated adults and significantly affected the both sexes heat treated adults, it increased the xylem feeding duration, percentage of xylem feeding adults and reduce the phloem feeding duration and percentage of phloem feeding adults. Similarly it alter the antioxidant enzymes activities, an increase of CAT, SOD and POD activities were noticed in response to highest intensity of heat shock while a reduction of CAT and SOD activity were noticed in response to lowest intensity of heat shock compared to control (30 °C). These results suggest that heat shock may result in loss of body water and induce oxidative stress in P. solenopsis. However, antioxidant enzymes play a significant role in overcoming the oxidative damage.     

Ultrastructural and phylogenetic assessment of wax glands in pit scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea)

TEM/SEM and computerized images of 5 wax glands for 3 type species of Coccoidea (Homoptera): Asterodiaspis variolosa (Asterolecaniidae), Cerococcus quercus (Cerococcidae) and Lecanodiaspis sardoa (Lecanodiaspididae) were studied. Their cuticular structures were compared with 142, 56, and 61 species in their respective families to determine relationships among pit scale taxa. Significant differences include: the morphology of the outer and inner ductule of the tubular duct gland, structure of the pores (8-shaped, multilocular and quinquelocular), and the absence or presence of cribriform plates and their structural variations. Three distinctive tubular duct shapes (asterform, ceroform and lecanoform) are common in pit scale species. Apomorphic characteristics of the asterform tubular ducts include an absence of the inner ductule and the progressive reduction of the outer ductule's diameter from the pore to its inner end. These characters easily separate asterolecaniids from the cerococcid-lecanodiaspidid lineage. The constricted lecanoform tubular ducts and the curved teeth on the rim at the inner end of the outer ductule in the ceroform tubular ducts are regarded as autapomorphic. The presence of 8-shaped pores is considered a plesiomorphic condition. Specific cuticular variations of the 8-shaped pores, characterizing familial taxa, include pores even with the surface in asterolecaniids, pores with raised walls in cerococcids, and bent pores in lecanodiaspidids. The dominant 8-shaped pore patterns in pit scales are those arranged in a marginal band in lecanodiaspidids, in a swirl-like pore pattern in the cerococcids, and in a marginal row in asterolecaniids. A divergent evolutionary trend is noted for the structure of the cribriform plate; they are with micro-orifices in cerococcids, but without micro-orifices in lecanodiaspidids. The former state is considered apomorphic. Cribriform plates arranged in clusters characterize the cerococcids, while plates in longitudinal rows characterize the lecanodiaspidids. These data confirm the concept that the pit scales constitute a paraphyletic group and the Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae and Lecanodiaspididae are monophyletic.     

中国星粉蚧属一新纪录种（半翅目，蚧总科，粉蚧科）

群管星粉蚧Heliococcus dorsiporosus Danzig为中国新纪录种。本文重描了雌成虫的形态特征,首次记述了一龄若虫的形态特征,绘制了形态特征图。此外,还编制了星粉蚧属中国已知种类检索表。     

中国拂粉蚧属一新记录种（半翅目，蚧总科，粉蚧科）

热带拂粉蚧Ferrisia malvastra(McDaniel),是一种分布广泛的多食性害虫,可取食30科58种植物,分布29个国家和地区.2014年6月于云南省大理市一未知植物上发现该虫,这是该虫在我国的首次报道.本文重新描述了热带拂粉蚧雌成虫形态特征并附特征图,并介绍其寄主植物、地理分布、生物学及经济意义.     

共生菌Tremblaya princeps在扶桑绵粉蚧个体发育中的动态变化

【目的】通过研究共生菌Tremblaya princeps的形态、分布及动态变化,明确该菌在宿主扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis体内的基本生物学特性。【方法】通过透射电镜技术观察T.princeps的超微结构;利用实时定量PCR明确T.princeps的分布和数量变化。【结果】扶桑绵粉蚧体内T.princeps的分布因性别而异。在雌虫中,T.princeps集中分布于含菌体,在其他组织器官中无分布;含菌体的大小与雌虫各个阶段的个体大小呈显著线性相关,且临近成虫期,含菌体的膨大速率加快。在雄虫中,T.princeps在个体发育的不同阶段,数量变化明显,在蛹期数量急剧增加,之后相对减少;含菌体结构在预蛹期消解。【结论】共生菌T.princeps的变化因宿主性别而异,且与宿主个体发育存在明显的相关性。     

班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生功能反应

为评估班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat对其寄主扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的控制作用, 在实验室条件下（温度25±1℃, 相对湿度70%±5%, 光周期14L∶10D）, 研究了班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫、 雌成虫的寄生功能反应及其自身密度效应。结果表明: 寄生功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程, 且受寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响。当扶桑绵粉蚧 3龄若虫和雌成虫的密度分别大于15头/容器和10头/容器时, 班氏跳小蜂的寄生量增加幅度开始减小; 以瞬间攻击率/处理时间（α/Th)为评价指标, 班氏跳小蜂雌蜂寄生扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫时, α/Th为21.1307, 且大于雌蜂寄生雌成虫的情况（α/Th为6.2506）; 班氏跳小蜂寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用, 随着自身密度的增加, 寄生效能逐渐降低; 通过方程E=QP^-m能很好地模拟班氏跳小蜂的寻找效应（E）与其自身密度（P）之间的关系, 对于3龄若虫和雌成虫的模拟结果分别为E=0.2931P^-0.6240和E=0.0944P^-0.4840。本研究为利用班氏跳小蜂开展扶桑绵粉蚧生物防治提供了基础数据和方法。     

温度胁迫下棉花粉蚧热激蛋白基因的表达分析

【目的】为了研究热激蛋白 Hsp70, Hsp70-4和Hsp90在棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis抵抗逆温中的作用。【方法】在测序棉花粉蚧转录组的基础上,分析了该虫热激蛋白Hsp70基因家族的2个序列［Pshsp70（GenBank登录号为KJ909505）和Pshsp70-4（GenBank登录号为KJ909506）］和Hsp90基因家族的1个序列,［Pshsp90(GenBank登录号为KJ909507)］,采用实时荧光定量 PCR（RT-qPCR）检测了在不同温度（18和32℃恒温, 37, 39, 41, 43和45℃热激1 h 后26℃恢复1 h)下棉花粉蚧不同发育阶段（2龄若虫、3龄若虫、雌成虫）3种热激蛋白基因的表达量。【结果】Pshsp70 cDNA序列包含1 923 bp的开放阅读框,编码641个氨基酸,理论分子量和等电点分别为70.9 kDa和5.65; Pshsp70-4 cDNA序列包含1 962 bp的开放阅读框,编码654个氨基酸,理论分子量和等电点分别为71.8 kDa和5.38;Pshsp90 cDNA序列包含2 172 bp的开放阅读框,编码724个氨基酸,理论分子量和等电点分别为83.5 kDa和4.93。Pshsp70 和Pshsp70-4均含有Hsp70基因家族高度保守的基序,Pshsp70编码的氨基酸序列与烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和家蚕Bombyx mori等昆虫的Hsp70 的氨基酸序列一致性为 85%;Pshsp70-4编码的氨基酸序列与白蜡蚧Ericerus pela和点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris等昆虫的Hsp70的氨基酸序列一致性高达95%;Pshsp90也含有Hsp90基因家族高度保守的基序,Pshsp90编码的氨基酸序列与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等昆虫的Hsp90 的氨基酸序列一致性为 87%。热激蛋白基因表达量分析结果表明,在18℃恒温条件下,粉蚧2龄若虫的3个PsHsps基因的mRNA相对表达量均比对照(26℃)低,在32℃恒温条件下,各龄期的Hsp70基因的相对表达量均显著高于对照。在37~45℃下热激1 h并在26℃下恢复1 h,棉花粉蚧3个龄期的3个热激蛋白PsHsps基因的相对表达量随温度的升高总体呈增加趋势,相关性分析表明,除Pshsp70-4在雌成虫中的表达量与热胁迫温度的相关系数为0.225外,各龄期中3个基因的表达量与温度的相关系数均大于0.6,显著相关;43℃和45℃胁迫下,各龄期的3个热激蛋白基因相对表达量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。【结论】棉花粉蚧热激蛋白基因的表达与温度呈正相关,在该虫应对高温中起着重要作用。     

班氏跳小蜂对寄主龄期选择的研究

班氏跳小蜂Aenasiusbam bawalei Hayat是扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了在限制选择和自由选择的条件下,扶桑绵粉蚧的2龄若虫、3龄若虫和雌成虫对该蜂的寄生率、发育历期、子代性比和个体大小的影响。结果表明:在两种选择条件下,班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫的寄生率显著高于对雌成虫和2龄若虫的寄生率,但寄生粉蚧雌成虫的子代雌雄性比显著高于寄生3龄若虫或2龄若虫的性比;在两种选择条件下,雌蜂在寄主三种虫龄(态)上的发育历期差异不显著,但是雄蜂在粉蚧雌成虫中的发育历期显著长于寄生2龄若虫或3龄若虫的发育历期;在两种选择条件下,寄生于粉蚧雌成虫的子代雌蜂和雄蜂的个体都是最大,其后足胫节长度显著长于寄生于2龄若虫或3龄若虫的子代胫节的长度。     

A new species and a new record of the genus Balanococcus Williams(Hemiptera:Coccoidea:Pseudococcidae) from China

A new species and a new record of the genus Balanococcus Williams are described from China.They are B.zhejiangensis sp.nov.and B.kwoni Pellizzari Danzig,2007.The new species,collected from Zhejiang,China under leaf sheath of Phyllostachys praecox,is similar to B.kwoni Pellizzari Danzig,but can be distinguished by its hind coxa inflated,and only small type of oral collar tubular ducts present on dorsal surface.A key to Chinese species of Balanococcus is given.All specimens examined are deposited in the Insect Collection of Beijing Forestry University.     

Comparison of Phenacoccus solenopsis specimens from different regions of Pakistan using COI molecular barcoding (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Because correct identification of insects is crucial for pest management involving chemical or biological control agents, we have used a molecular approach to identify and characterize specimens of the cotton pest Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) present in different regions of Pakistan. The specimens were analyzed through DNA sequence analysis of their mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) gene using an improved procedure that could distinguish between the pest and its associated parasitoid. Our analysis showed no variation among the mealybug specimens from different geographical locations of Pakistan and confirmed that this is the same species and haplotype that is infesting cotton plants in other parts of Asia. This information will assist in the development of biological control programs against P. solenopsis in Pakistan and other Asian countries.