^H磁共振波谱在脑胶质瘤的应用进展

磁共振波谱（magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS）技术的出现使活体检测组织的代谢和生化信息成为可能,随着其技术的不断成熟,其在临床的应用范围日益扩大。脑胶质瘤具有与正常脑组织不同的代谢特征,借助MRS技术一方面可以反映其代谢特征,另外可将其与正常脑组织区分,因此MRS技术特别是^1H-MRS在脑胶质瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断、分级及预后评估中应用日益广泛。本文就相关进展进行综述。     

1H磁共振波谱在脑胶质瘤的应用进展

磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)技术的出现使活体检测组织的代谢和生化信息成为可能,随着其技术的不断成熟,其在临床的应用范围日益扩大.脑胶质瘤具有与正常脑组织不同的代谢特征,借助MRS技术一方面可以反映其代谢特征,另外可将其与正常脑组织区分,因此MRS技术特别是1H-MRS在脑胶质瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断、分级及预后评估中应用日益广泛.本文就相关进展进行综述.     

SD大鼠与Wistar大鼠脑胶质瘤动物模型的建立及比较

目的比较利用SD大鼠、Wistar大鼠建立脑胶质瘤动物模型的不同,为研究脑胶质瘤的发病机制及治疗方法提供操作平台。方法利用立体定向仪建立SD大鼠、Wistar大鼠大脑皮层接种C6细胞（2.5×105个细胞/只）,建立脑胶质瘤动物模型,利用组织病理学、免疫组织化学以及核磁共振成像等技术,比较两种动物模型在成瘤率、肿瘤生长状况、死亡率以及动物一般情况等方面的异同。结果SD大鼠组、Wistar大鼠组的成瘤率均为100%,两组均未见转移;但SD大鼠组肿瘤成瘤时间较长,且部分肿瘤有自愈倾向,而Wistar大鼠组则未出现类似情况。结论Wistar大鼠大脑皮层脑胶质瘤动物模型的肿瘤性状更接近于人的脑胶质瘤,因此更适合探索和研究脑胶质瘤的发病机制和治疗方法;而SD大鼠的肿瘤由于性状类似转移瘤,且有自愈倾向,不适合作为上述相关研究的动物模型。     

立体定向建立大鼠C6脑胶质瘤模型

目的应用不同C6细胞数量接种大鼠脑内建立大鼠脑胶质瘤模型,观察其生长特性,比较各种接种量的优劣。方法分别取1·0×105个/10μl,1·0×106个/10μl,1·0×107个/10μl体外培养的大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞单细胞悬液,立体定向接种于Wistar大鼠脑右侧尾状核区,在整体、组织、细胞、蛋白4个水平对各种接种量进行比较。结果各种接种量的实验组成瘤率均为100%,未见颅外转移病灶,在组织病理学上接近人脑胶质瘤,瘤细胞病理性核分裂像多见,C-erbB1和S-100B等神经胶质瘤常见蛋白强阳性表达,瘤组织内有丰富的微血管以及出血和坏死。结论C6细胞接种Wistar大鼠建立脑胶质瘤动物模型,成瘤率高,颅内生长稳定,肿瘤组织病理学及形态学特性与人脑胶质瘤相似。可作为临床胶质瘤基础研究的理想模型。实验过程部分时段各种接种剂量肿瘤生长速度差异有显著性,可根据病因学、实验治疗或药效学等不同研究需要选择不同接种量。     

蚯蚓提取物对小鼠肿瘤动物模型的研究

目的 :研究蚯蚓提取物 (EFE)的免疫活性及抗肿瘤作用。方法 :采用小鼠移植性肿瘤S1 80 肉瘤及Heps肝癌的动物模型观察其肿瘤抑制作用。结果 :EFE对S1 80 肉瘤和Heps肝癌细胞的抑制率分别为 36 97%和 4 8 55% ;结论 :它对小鼠实体瘤细胞有明显的抑制作用 (P <0 0 1 )并提示对小鼠的细胞和体液免疫功能有显著增强作用。     

射频热疗技术在脑胶质瘤治疗中的应用进展

近几年,射频(radio frequency,RF)热疗技术以其靶向、微创、效果好,副作用少等特点,在临床治疗中,尤其是恶性肿瘤的治疗方面,取得了巨大的发展。随着研究的逐步深入,射频热疗技术越来越受到人们的重视,其应用范围也逐渐宽泛。脑胶质瘤呈广泛侵袭性生长,尤其是Ⅲ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤,具有高度间变的生长特点,术后复发快,手术加放化疗的平均生存期仅为8～11个月,严重威胁人类健康,是神经外科治疗领域中最难治疗的肿瘤。因而有关恶性脑胶质细胞瘤发生、发展及治疗的研究一直是神经外科领域的热点之一。本文就射频热疗技术的基本原理、脑胶质瘤治疗现状、射频热疗技术在脑胶质瘤治疗方面的应用,最新研究方向及进展做一综述。     

脑型肌酸激酶促进胶质瘤干细胞增殖

目的 探讨脑型肌酸激酶（brain-type creatine kinase, CKB）对胶质瘤干细胞（glioma stem cells, GSCs）代谢和增殖能力的影响。方法 应用代谢组学数据分析CKB的代谢底物肌酸在胶质瘤静脉与足背静脉血液样本中的含量差异;结合胶质母细胞瘤单细胞转录组测序数据分析、Western blot、qRT-PCR和免疫荧光染色等技术检测CKB在GSCs与非干性肿瘤细胞（non-stem tumor cells, NSTCs）中的表达差异;通过CCK-8实验检测敲低CKB或抑制剂环肌酸处理后GSCs和NSTCs的细胞增殖能力及磷酸肌酸对CKB敲低GSCs的细胞活力挽救能力。结果 肌酸在胶质瘤静脉较足背静脉血液样本中的含量上升;在GSCs中CKB表达显著高于NSTCs;CKB敲低或环肌酸处理显著抑制GSCs的增殖能力,而对NSTCs影响较小;磷酸肌酸能在一定程度上挽救CKB敲低导致的GSCs活力下降。结论 CKB在GSCs中表达上调,通过肌酸激酶/磷酸肌酸系统促进GSCs的增殖。     

脑胶质瘤神经干细胞治疗研究进展

脑胶质瘤是神经外科最常见的恶性肿瘤,发病率约占全身肿瘤的5%,占儿童肿瘤的70%,且呈逐年上升的趋势。脑胶质瘤恶性程度高,生长迅速,5年生存率很低,其中高级别胶质瘤具有极强的侵袭能力,目前尚缺乏很有效的根治方法。手术切除肿瘤的难度很大,术后极易复发,预后比较差,对人类健康乃至生命的危害极大。随着分子生物学的发展以及相关生物技术的应用,从基因水平揭示脑胶质瘤的发生发展机制,并寻求有效的基因治疗方法成为人类研究肿瘤治疗新的研究方向。Reynolds和Richards等先后从成年小鼠的纹状体中分离出能够不断增殖且具有多向分化潜能的细胞群,并提出了神经干细胞(neural stem cell,NSC)的概念。NSC具有高度增殖和自我更新的能力,且有迁移功能以及与正常脑组织良好融合的特性,这为基因治疗胶质瘤提供了良好的基础。     

脑胶质瘤神经干细胞治疗研究进展

脑胶质瘤是神经外科最常见的恶性肿瘤, 发病率约占全身肿瘤的5％,占儿童肿瘤的70％,且呈逐年上升的趋势。脑胶质瘤恶性程度高,生长迅速,５ 年生存率很低,其中高级别胶质瘤具有极强的侵袭能力,目前尚缺乏很有效的根治方法。手术切除肿瘤的难度很大,术后极易复发,预后比较差,对人类健康乃至生命的危害极大。随着分子生物学的发展以及相关生物技术的应用,从基因水平揭示脑胶质瘤的发生发展机制,并寻求有效的基因治疗方法成为人类研究肿瘤治疗新的研究方向。Reynolds 和Richards等先后从成年小鼠的纹状体中分离出能够不断增殖且具有多向分化潜能的细胞群,并提出了神经干细胞（neural stem cell, NSC）的概念。NSC具有高度增殖和自我更新的能力,且有迁移功能以及与正常脑组织良好融合的特性,这为基因治疗胶质瘤提供了良好的基础。     

3.0T 1H-MRS对脑胶质瘤及脑转移瘤的鉴别诊断

目的：利用3.0T氢质子磁共振波谱对胶质瘤和转移瘤的肿瘤组织区、瘤周水肿区进行细胞代谢物水平的检测,试图找出胶质瘤和脑转移瘤的鉴别诊断的依据,以及胶质瘤高、低级别组间的差别。方法：对经病理证实的20例高级别胶质瘤组、16例低级别胶质瘤组和19例脑转移瘤组患者,先行MRI平扫及增强扫描,波谱均在增强扫描的基础上获得,使用MR点分辨波谱序列,检测肿瘤组织区、瘤周水肿组织区NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr、NAA/Cho、NAA、Cho、Cr、Lip/Lac等值,进行比较。结果：（1）高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤在肿瘤组织区NAA/Cr代谢物浓度的比值有统计学意义。（2）高、低级别胶质瘤肿瘤组织内Cho/Cr比值有统计学意义。（3）转移瘤与高、低级别胶质瘤在瘤周水肿区NAA/Cr,以及低级别胶质瘤与转移瘤Cho/Cr代谢物浓度的比值有统计学意义;高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤瘤周区NAA代谢物浓度有明显差异。（4）胶质瘤高、低级别组间在肿瘤周围区NAA峰、Cho峰及NAA/Cho Cho/Cr代谢物浓度比值有统计学意义。（5）高级别胶质瘤和转移瘤分别与低级别胶质瘤在肿瘤组织区及瘤周水肿区Lip/Lac有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：利用氢质子波谱可对胶质瘤和转移瘤进行鉴别诊断;Cho/Cr及NAA/Cho比值可对胶质瘤进行分级;Lip/Lac峰的出现与肿瘤的恶性度呈正相关,但不特异。     

Animal models of human pneumonia

Pneumonia is a medical and public health priority, and advances against this disease will require improved knowledge of biological mechanisms. Human pneumonia is modeled with experimental infections of animals, most frequently mice. Mouse models are leading to important discoveries relevant to pneumonia, but their limitations must be carefully considered. Several approaches to establishing pneumonia in mice have been developed, and each has specific strengths and weaknesses. Similarly, procedures for characterizing microbial and host responses to infection have unique advantages and disadvantages. Mice are not small humans, and the applicability of results from murine models to human disease depends on understanding the similarities and differences between species. Additional considerations such as mouse strain, microbe strain, and prior mouse-microbe interactions also influence the design and interpretation of experiments. Results from studies of pneumonia in animals, combined with complementary basic and translational studies, are elucidating mechanisms responsible for susceptibility to and pathophysiology of lung infection.     

Animal models of human tissue expansion

Although tissue expansion is being used extensively in humans, many fundamental scientific questions remain to be addressed which can best be answered using an animal model. Presently, no single animal has been identified for research of this kind which is comparable both subjectively and objectively to humans. This study evaluates the skin of the rat, guinea pig, pig, and dog and identifies the dog as the best model based on biomechanical and practical considerations.     

Animal models of human disease: zebrafish swim into view

Despite the pre-eminence of the mouse in modelling human disease, several aspects of murine biology limit its routine use in large-scale genetic and therapeutic screening. Many researchers who are interested in an embryologically and genetically tractable disease model have now turned to zebrafish. Zebrafish biology allows ready access to all developmental stages, and the optical clarity of embryos and larvae allow real-time imaging of developing pathologies. Sophisticated mutagenesis and screening strategies on a large scale, and with an economy that is not possible in other vertebrate systems, have generated zebrafish models of a wide variety of human diseases. This Review surveys the achievements and potential of zebrafish for modelling human diseases and for drug discovery and development.     

Animal models of human anthrax: The Quest for the Holy Grail

Anthrax is rare among humans, few data can be collected from infected individuals and they provide a fragmentary view of the dynamics of infection and human host–pathogen interactions. Therefore, the development of animal models is necessary. Anthrax has the particularity of being a toxi-infection, a combination of infection and toxemia. The ideal animal model would explore these two different facets and mimic human disease as much as possible. In the past decades, the main effort has been focused on modelling of inhalational anthrax and the perception of specific aspects of the infection has evolved in recent years. In this review, we consider criteria which can lead to the most appropriate choice of a given animal species for modelling human anthrax. We will highlight the positive input and limitations of different models and show that they are not mutually exclusive. On the contrary, their contribution to anthrax research can be more rewarding when taken in synergy. We will also present a reappraisal of inhalational anthrax and propose reflections on key points, such as portal of entry, connections between mediastinal lymph nodes, pleura and lymphatic drainage.     

Endolymphatic infusion: human surgical investigation and application

The ability to influence changes within the lymphatic system, and to exert a therapeutic influence on the composition and quality of the lymph, may have a substantial impact on the therapeutic outcome in disease interventions. This report concerns our experience with endolymphatic infusion (ELI) of drugs, an approach that we have utilized in a surgical context to destroy bacteria within lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Experimentally, we have demonstrated that a variety of antibiotics will temporarily decrease the contractile activity of the lymphatic vessels and reduce the volume of lymph flow. Based on our initial observations, we have applied endolymphatic infusion to clinical care. ELI was evaluated in the treatment of 330 patients, utilizing protocols to alter the characteristics of lymph flow.     

Animal models for human craniofacial malformations.

Holoprosencephaly malformations, of which the fetal alcohol syndrome appears to be a mild form, can result from medial anterior neural plate deficiencies as demonstrated in an ethanol treated animal model. These malformations are associated with more medial positioning of the nasal placodes and resulting underdevelopment or absence of the medial nasal prominences (MNPs) and their derivatives. Malformations seen in the human retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) can be produced by administration of the drug 13-cis-retinoic acid in animals. Primary effects on neural crest cells account for most of these RAS malformations. Many of the malformations seen in the RAS are similar to those of hemifacial microsomia, suggesting similar neural crest involvement. Excessive cell death, apparently limited to trigeminal ganglion neuroblasts of placodal origin, follows 13-cis retinoic acid administration at the time of ganglion formation and leads to malformations virtually identical to those of the Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS). Secondary effects on neural crest cells in the area of the ganglion appear to be responsible for the TCS malformations. Malformations of the DiGeorge Syndrome are similar to those of the RAS and can be produced in mice by ethanol administration or by "knocking out" a homeobox gene (box 1.5). Human and animal studies indicate that cleft lips of multifactorial etiology may be generically susceptible because of small MNP)s or other MNP developmental alterations, such as those found in A/J mice, that make prominence contact more difficult. Experimental maternal hypoxia in mice indicates that cigarette smoking may increase the incidence of cleft lip by interfering with morphogenetic movements. Other human cleft lips may result from the action of a single major gene coding for TGF-alpha variants. A study with mouse palatal shelves in culture and other information suggest that a fusion problem may be involved.