软鳍新光唇鱼(Neolissochilus benasi)的人工繁殖与胚胎发育

2009—2011年,使用促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A2)及马来酸地欧酮(DOM)混合催产剂共催产软鳍新光唇鱼(Neolissochilus benasi)雌鱼60尾及雄鱼100尾,其中,雌鱼成功47尾(78.3%),雄鱼成功92尾(92.0%)。雌鱼产卵量为1 986~5 854粒/尾,卵径为2.2~2.8 mm,平均核偏位率为73.2%。精子密度为(16.32±2.89)×109个/ml,鲜精平均活力为(60.6±3.2)%,平均寿命为(70.2±5.3)s。胚胎发育过程需120 h,分为受精卵期、分裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、体节期和孵化期等6个阶段,平均孵化率为32.4%,45日龄仔鱼存活率为86.5%。胚胎发育过程中,畸形部位主要为口部、胸腔、脊索和眼部,且以脊索畸形较为常见,卵黄蘘吸收异常及双头亦为畸形表现形式。在上述数据的基础上,分析了软鳍新光唇鱼畸形的原因,并提出在亲鱼培育过程中应尽量提供适合的养殖条件,最大限度降低捕获诱发的压力,以提高繁殖效率。     

中国花鲈精子的超低温冷冻保存及酶活性检测

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氯化钠浓度对宽口光唇鱼精子活力的影响

本文观察了不同氯化钠浓度对宽口光唇鱼Ａｃｒｏｓｏｃｈｉｌｕｓｍｏｎｔｉｃｏｌａ精子活力的影响,并进一步建立数学模型进行分析论证,得出结论：在氯化钠浓度０—０５１％的范围内,精子快速运动时间和寿命相对延长,但在浓度超过０５１％,精子活动开始受到抑制,活动强度减弱,寿命缩短。     

黄鳝精液-80℃超低温冷冻保存试验

采用-80℃超低温冷冻方法对黄鳝精液冷冻保存技术进行了研究.获得如下结果:黄鳝精子在冻存前不需低温平衡过程;10%DMSO作为抗冻保护剂效果最好,以200 μL离心管为冻存容器,保存168 h,精子相对活力可达79%;以细管为冻存容器,精子相对活力可达88%.此结果为黄鳝精子冷冻保存库的建立提供了实验依据.     

乙二醇降低超低温冷冻黄姑鱼精子的DNA损伤

为了解乙二醇(EG)为抗冻剂超低温冻存黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)精子的活力及DNA损伤情况,本研究以Hank′s盐溶液(HBSS)为稀释液,5%~30%乙二醇(EG)为抗冻剂,0.5 ml麦细管为冻存管,两步降温法超低温冷冻保存黄姑鱼精子,用显微观察法测定精子活力,用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)检测精子的DNA损伤,用SPSS 11.5处理实验数据。黄姑鱼鲜精的激活率为85.67%±2.09%、运动时间为(318.67±6.11)s、寿命为(405.67±7.77)s。5%、10%、15%乙二醇(EG)组冻精的运动时间及寿命与鲜精相比差异不显著,其中10%乙二醇(EG)组冻精的激活率为84.67%±1.15%、运动时间为(319.00±12.12)s、寿命为(400.67±4.73)s;20%、25%、30%乙二醇(EG)组冻精的运动时间及寿命与鲜精相比差异显著。5%、10%、15%、20%乙二醇(EG)组冻精核DNA损伤状况与鲜精无显著差异,25%、30%乙二醇(EG)组冻精核DNA损伤状况与鲜精差异显著,且冻精核DNA的损伤程度与乙二醇(EG)浓度成正相关。分析认为,5%~15%乙二醇(EG)适宜作为黄姑鱼精子超低温冷冻保存用抗冻剂。     

鮸鱼精子的生理特性及超低温冻存

通过测定精子的激活率、运动时间及寿命,研究了鮸鱼精子的生理特性,以0.5mL麦细管为冻存管、两步降温法超低温冻存鮸鱼精子。结果表明,鮸鱼精子激活与运动的适宜盐度为20~30、适宜pH值为5.5~9.0,适宜的KCl、NaCl、CaCl2溶液浓度分别为（500~600）mmol/L、（400~500）mmol/L、（300~400）mmol/L,适宜的葡萄糖溶液浓度为（800~900）mmol/L。无Ca2＋、Mg2＋及HCO3-的人工海水均能使鮸鱼精子激活,但运动时间及寿命有所下降。以Cortland溶液为稀释液,10%Gly、15%Gly、5%DMSO、10%DMSO、15%DMSO、10%EG、10%PG、15%PG及20%PG为抗冻剂,超低温冻存鮸鱼精子15d后,冻精的活力与鲜精相比无显著差异,其中,以10%Gly为抗冻剂冻存精子的效果最好,冻精的激活率、运动时间及寿命分别达（86.38±1.63）%、（8.24±1.37）min及（10.21±0.42）min。     

动物种质细胞的超低温冷冻保存

目前不少种类的动物种质细胞都可在超低温条件下保存,随着低温生物学和生殖生物学的不断发展,超低温保存技术也在不断发展,可以保存的动物种质细胞范围也在不断扩大。但目前超低温保存技术面临的困难和需要解决的问题是如何提高种质细胞冷冻保存的效果,寻求最佳冷冻方案,降低种质细胞的冷冻损伤,进而运用超低温冷冻技术保护物种的多样性。从目前的研究情况来看,动物种质细胞超低温保存的常用方法有程序降温法和玻璃化法。防冻     

厚唇裸重唇鱼胚胎发育的形态学观察

采用体视显微镜对厚唇裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育过程进行连续观察和描述。结果表明,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径较大,吸水膨胀后为(4.41±0.13)mm。在水温为9℃条件下,授精后9h进入卵裂期,23h 30min进入囊胚期,33h进入原肠期,71h进入神经胚期,74h 30min进入器官分化期,210h开始破膜而出,初孵仔鱼全长9.35mm。破膜后16d仔鱼开始上浮。对厚唇裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育特点与其近缘种的差异进行了讨论。     

克氏光唇鱼线粒体基因组测定及光唇鱼属的系统发育分析

根据侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)线粒体基因(mt DNA)序列设计引物,采用引物步移和PCR扩增产物测序,获得了克氏光唇鱼(A.kreyenbergii)的mt DNA全序列。结构分析表明,克氏光唇鱼mt DNA为首尾闭合的环状基因,全长16 596 bp,编码37个基因,包括13个蛋白编码基因、22个t RNA基因、2个r RNA基因和两段非编码区(D-loop和轻链复制起点OL),碱基组成具有明显的A+T偏好和反G偏倚现象。13个蛋白编码基因中,除COⅠ的起始密码子是GTG,其余基因的起始密码子均为ATG;终止密码子包括完全的终止密码子TAA(38.46%)和TAG(7.69%),不完全的终止密码子TA(15.38%)和T(38.46%)。在D-loop区的811~837 bp区间发现了一段"TA"短串联重复序列。从蛋白编码基因所包含的信息量、变异位点和变异率看,ND5、ND4、COⅠ和ND2最适合作为光唇鱼属种间系统发育分析的分子标记。采用贝叶斯法利用13个蛋白编码基因所构建的系统发育树显示,光唇鱼属和白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)的24种鱼类各自没有聚为单系群,相互间不能明确区分。     

真鲷精子的超低温冻存及DNA损伤的检测

因名贵经济鱼类育种或种质资源保存的需要,精子超低温冻存及冻精质量评价的研究已越来越引起研究者的重视。在海产鱼类中,已见对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena       

Cryopreservation of sperm from the coral Acropora humilis

Corals are sensitive to minute changes in their environments, and their continued existence is substantially threatened by the increasing number of destructive anthropogenic activities and unprecedented rates of climate change. Although cryopreservation has been successfully to preserve mammalian gametes for decades, coral cryopreservation was attempted for the first time less than 15 years ago, and freezing protocols exist for only a handful of coral species. The present study developed a cryopreservation protocol for the sperm of the common Indo-Pacific reef-builder Acropora humilis. Colonies of reefs of Sattahip Bay, Chonburi Province, Thailand were collected from 3 m depth with a mesh net during a spawning event. Immediately after collection, the sperm were isolated and subjected to a two-step freezing method featuring DMSO, polyethylene glycol, or methanol as the cryoprotectant. Viability and motility were assessed via a bioluminescence technique and a “computer-assisted semen analysis, and it was found that a 15-min equilibration with 2 M DMSO followed by cooling at 41.7 °C was the optimum cryopreservation protocol for A. humilis sperm. The post-thaw sperm achieved 45% fertilization success, and 35% of the fertilized eggs developed into blastopore larvae. The present optimized protocol can therefore facilitate the preservation of sperm for future propagation efforts of this species and provide an experimental platform for optimizing cryopreservation protocols for gametes of other scleractinian coral species.     

Cryopreservation of sperm from the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis

Sperm from a marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis, were frozen to -196 degrees C using a variety of cooling rates and cryoprotectants. A cooling rate of 1 degree C/min resulted in minimal cell breakage. Sperm samples were frozen in solutions of known membrane stabilizers--trehalose, sucrose, proline, and glycerol. These compounds were somewhat effective but a dramatic increase in sperm viability was seen when DMSO was present in the freezing medium. Sperm viability was assessed using the in vitro acrosome reaction technique of Griffin et al. (1987). The highest sperm survival (56%) was obtained with samples frozen at 1 degrees C/min in a 5% (v/v) DMSO solution. No decrease in viability was seen in sperm samples stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) for 1 month.     

Cryopreservation of sperm from seven-band grouper,Epinephelus septemfasciatus

In the present study, we examined methods for the cryopreservation of Epinephelus septemfasciatus spermatozoa. The percent motility, average path velocity, and linearity of movement (LIN) of fresh and corresponding post-thaw sperm were evaluated. Sperm motility was investigated using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Five percent dimethyl sulphoxide (Me₂SO) with 95% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was the most successful cryoprotectant diluent with a comparative post-thaw motility of 77.6 ± 8.5%; 5% dimethyl formamide was also effective. Fetal bovine serum was significantly better as an extender when compared with artificial seminal plasma, glucose, and trehalose solution. Sperm tolerated a wide range of cooling rates (from 27.1 to 94.3 °C min^?1); however, the post-thaw motility of sperm cooled to ?30 °C was significantly lower than that of other cooled temperatures (?40 to ?70 °C). The velocity of post-thaw sperm was significantly lower than that of fresh sperm, although LIN remained the same. For effective cryopreservation of seven-band grouper sperm, samples should be diluted in 5% Me₂SO with 95% FBS and cooled to at least ?40 °C before immersion in liquid nitrogen.     

Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm obtained at necropsy from goats

In the field of transgenic production, the ability to carry a male's genetic contribution beyond its natural life span is remarkably important. The ability to successfully collect and cryopreserve sperm from the epididymis at necropsy may prove to be a useful technique for preserving valuable genes. Thirty-two bucks ranging in age from 13 days to 7 years were examined in this study and 25 had epididymal sperm extracted at necropsy. Seven bucks yielded clear fluid with no spermatozoa; all were under four months of age. Testes were removed from the scrotal sac, small lateral incisions made across the convoluted tubules, pressure applied to the tail of the epididymis and small droplets of sperm pipetted into equilibrated extender. The average initial analysis of wave motion (0 to 5, 5 being rapid wave motion), live/dead sperm percentage and acrosomal integrity of 25 fresh epididymal samples were 5.0, 92%, and 100%, respectively. By comparison, the same parameters obtained from 206 fresh ejaculated samples were 3.0, 86%, and 95%, respectively. After being cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen, one straw from each sample was thawed after 3 to 60 days of cryostorage. Results of post-thaw analysis of 25 cryopreserved epididymal sperm samples for live/dead percentage and acrosomal integrity were 82% and 84%, respectively. By comparison, results of post-thaw analysis of 206 cryopreserved ejaculated sperm samples for live/dead percentage and acrosomal integrity were 60% and 89%, respectively. To assess the competence of the frozen epididymal sperm, IVF and AI were performed. In parallel IVF experiments, 40% of the oocytes showed cleavage patterns, with 6% developing to the blastocyst stage using frozen epididymal sperm, while 37% of the oocytes showed cleavage patterns and 4% developed into blastocysts using frozen ejaculated sperm. One artificial insemination out of 20 resulted in a pregnancy using frozen epididymal sperm, while 7 of 18 artificial inseminations resulted in a pregnancy using frozen ejaculated sperm. This data documents the successful collection and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from the goat and its use for in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination.     

Cryopreservation of Plagiognathops microlepis sperm

Sperm was collected from cultured male fish and cryopreserved in 0.25 ml straws for the study of sperm cryopreservation. Different parameters were evaluated, including extender, dilution ratio, cryoprotectant type and concentration, equilibrium time, cooling height (in a two-step cooling protocol), and thawing temperature. The optimum result was obtained when the sperm was diluted at a 1:7 ratio in D-16 with 5% DMSO as a cryoprotectant, equilibrated for 20 min, held at 3 cm above liquid nitrogen for 10 min, and then stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing in a water bath at 40 °C, the percentage of motile cells and fertilization rates of frozen-thawed sperm were 35.33 ± 2.52% and 39.00 ± 4.58%, respectively, while the corresponding rates for fresh sperm were 87.67 ± 3.06% and 88.67 ± 4.62%. We also used a programmed cooling protocol in which temperature was decreased from 4 °C to −80 °C by a rate of 30 °C/min, and then straws (0.25 ml) were placed above the surface of liquid nitrogen for 2 min before being stored in liquid nitrogen. This protocol provided a post-thaw activation rate of 36.67 ± 4.77%. Further parametric optimization is required to improve the quality of frozen-thawed sperm.     

Cryopreservation of epididymal stallion sperm

Any event that makes semen collection or mating impossible, such as death, castration, or injury, may terminate a stallion’s breeding career. Fortunately, stallion sperm which are capable of fertilization can be harvested from the epididymis, and frozen for future use. However, the fertility of frozen–thawed epididymal sperm has been found to be lower than that of ejaculated sperm. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the fertility of frozen epididymal stallion sperm by investigating the effects of different cryoprotectants and freezing protocols on sperm quality. Dimethylformamide was tested alone or combination with pasteurized egg yolk as substitute of fresh egg yolk. In addition, the effect of the pre-freeze stabilization on sperm quality was analyzed. Heterospermic samples obtained from stallion epididymis were collected and cryopreserved in lactose–egg-yolk extender or in the same extender with varying content of cryoprotectant and content of egg yolk, stabilized and no-stabilized. Sperm motility, viability, hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) and acrosome integrity were evaluated post-thawing. No improvement was observed on the replacement of fresh yolk by pasteurized egg yolk, whereas the results suggest that dimethylformamide is a cryoprotectant suitable for cryopreservation of equine epididymal semen, even better than glycerol. In addition, we found that the stabilization before freezing on epididymal stallion sperm, can improve sperm quality parameters.     

Cryopreservation of microencapsulated canine sperm

The objective was to develop a method for cryopreserving microencapsulated canine sperm. Pooled ejaculates from three beagle dogs were extended in egg yolk tris extender and encapsulated using alginate and poly-L-lysine at room temperature. The microcapsules were cooled at 4 °C, immersed in pre-cooled extender (equivalent in volume to the microcapsules) to reach final concentration of 7% (v/v) glycerol and 0.75% (v/v) Equex STM paste, and equilibrated for 5, 30 and 60 min at 4 °C. Thereafter, microcapsules were loaded into 0.5 mL plastic straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen. In Experiment 1, characteristics of microencapsulated canine sperm were evaluated after glycerol addition at 4 °C. Glycerol exposure for 5, 30 and 60 min did not significantly affect progressive motility, viability, or acrosomal integrity of microencapsulated sperm compared with pre-cooled unencapsulated sperm (control). In Experiment 2, characteristics of frozen-thawed canine microencapsulated sperm were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h of culture at 38.5 °C. Pre-freeze glycerol exposure for 5, 30, and 60 min at 4 °C did not influence post-thaw quality in unencapsulated sperm. Post-thaw motility and acrosomal integrity of microencapsulated sperm decreased more than those of unencapsulated sperm (P < 0.05) following glycerol exposure for 5 min. However, motility, viability and acrosomal integrity of microencapsulated sperm after 30 and 60 min glycerol exposure were higher than unencapsulated sperm cultured for 6 or 9 h (P < 0.05). In conclusion, since microencapsulated canine sperm were successfully cryopreserved, this could be a viable alternative to convention sperm cryopreservation in this species.     

Cryopreservation of epididymal dog sperm.

A method of cryopreservation was developed for sperm salvaged from the cauda epididymis and vas deferens of domestic dog testes. Four modifications of the glycerol concentration of a buffer used for cryopreservation of dog ejaculates and two freezing rates were assessed for their effect upon post-thaw spermatozoal motility and morphology. There was no statistical difference between the four glycerol concentrations or the two freezing rates and the buffer containing 6% glycerol and the freezing rate provided by 0.5 ml straws was chosen for further study. This method resulted in a significant reduction in the percentage of live spermatozoa detected with Hoechst staining and a reduction in the percentage of capacitated spermatozoa after freeze-thawing. However, there was no difference in the ability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa to penetrate homologous oocytes.This study demonstrates that cryopreservation of epididymal canine sperm can be performed using methods similar to those established for ejaculates of the same species, and that despite some damage, spermatozoa retain their functional ability.