枯草芽孢杆菌生物茵剂对五味子白粉病防效及生长的影响

通过对不同年生五味子进行叶面喷施和根部灌施枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂进行田间试验,结果表明:(1)枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子白粉病有很好的抑制作用,喷施加灌施处理的发病率为13.0％,喷施的发病率为22.5％,清水对照的发病率为37.5％.对二年生、三年生、四年生五味子的防治效果分别为78.9％、77.8％、75.0％,这表明喷施加灌施枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子白粉病的防治效果最好.(2)枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子生长有明显的促进作用,对二年生、三年生、四年生五味子植株喷施加灌施的处理与清水对照相比叶面积总平均值分别增加了6.7％、42.4％、27.6％;单独喷施处理和喷施加灌施处理分别比清水对照处理的百果重增加了21.33％、28.79％;喷施加灌施处理的五味子醇甲含量最高达到0.74％.     

枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂不同施用方式对甜瓜土壤微生物多样性及生长的影响

甜瓜连作种植和化学肥料过量施用造成了土壤微生态环境失衡、病害严重和产量降低等问题。施用枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂是改善土壤微生态环境、防治土传病害、促进植物生长的一项重要措施。文中以枯草芽孢杆菌为试验菌剂,分析菌剂不同施用方式对设施甜瓜土壤微生物多样性及生长的影响,采用稀释涂布平板方法测定土壤中可培养微生物的数量,采用Illumina Miseq测序技术测定土壤未培养微生物多样性,采用称重法测定甜瓜产量。结果表明,不同甜瓜生育时期,灌根、穴施和蘸根3种菌剂施用方式处理土壤可培养细菌的数量均显著高于对照,灌根、穴施和蘸根处理之间不存在显著差异;3个菌剂施用方式处理开花期土壤真菌数量显著低于对照,但是拉秧期土壤真菌数量差异不显著。比较3种菌剂施用处理中未培养微生物的多样性发现,细菌Shannon指数均高于常规施肥对照,Simpson指数低于对照;蘸根处理的真菌Shannon指数最低,Simpson指数最高。NMDS和聚类分析发现枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂蘸根施用处理对土壤中细菌和真菌菌群影响较大,均独立于一个分枝。微生物菌剂的施用使拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) 的丰度显著降低,放线菌门 (Actinobacteria) 和酸杆菌门 (Acidobacteria) 的丰度显著升高,其中以蘸根处理变化最大。菌剂处理对真菌菌群的多样性影响较小,仅对壶菌门 (Chytridiomycota) 的丰度有显著影响。施用枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂可增加甜瓜的株高、茎粗、叶面积,蘸根处理的促长、增产效果最为显著。枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂作为一种新型环保肥料,具有增加土壤可培养微生物数量、提高土壤微生物多样性、促长增产的作用,该研究为枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂的合理施用提供了科学依据。     

固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果研究

为解决中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)养殖所造成的水环境污染问题,研究利用海藻酸钠、沸石对复合光合菌剂和枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂分别进行固定化,并研究了不同固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果。结果表明:净化处理15d后,利用固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜共同处理组对中华鳖养殖污水的净化处理效果最好,养殖污水的CODMn、NH 4+-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、PO34的去除率分别为88.7%、87.3%、90.8%、98.3%、74.9%。蕹菜处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化复合光合菌剂处理组和固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组。固定化复合光合菌剂处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂处理组,但固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组对于污水的CODMn的去除率最高,可达90.6%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌水剂防治黄瓜枯萎病田间防效研究

通过35亿活芽孢/ml枯草芽孢杆菌水剂以浸种、灌根并用的方式防治黄瓜枯萎病,田间试验结果表明：枯草芽孢杆菌水剂10倍液、50倍液、100倍液对黄瓜枯萎病具有明显的防治效果,同时对黄瓜秧苗正常生长无任何不良影响。此外,枯草芽孢杆菌水剂还对黄瓜植株具有一定的促进生长作用。     

一种快速分离检测产脂肽类生物表面活性剂枯草芽孢杆菌的方法

脂肽(Lipopeptide)是由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等微生物产生的一类具有较强表面活性的生物表面活性剂.枯革杆菌磷酸泛酰巯基转移酶基因(afp)是枯草芽孢杆菌中参与脂肽代谢的功能性基因.采用sfp基因PCR对从环境中得到的一组产生表面活性剂的微生物进行筛选,结合Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳对PCR结果呈阳性的菌蛛的代谢粗初提物进行检测,初步鉴定得到两株枯草芽孢杆菌.进一步利用16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定这两种菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌,并利用TLC、HPLC鉴定其产物为脂肽类表面活性剂,从而建立了一套快速分离检测产生脂肽类生物表面活性剂的枯草芽孢杆菌方法.     

基于全基因组序列比对的枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体侵染能力分析

目前,在美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库中已报道数量众多的枯草芽孢杆菌及其噬菌体的全基因组序列,这为我们利用全基因组比对手段研究枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的侵染能力提供了数据基础。本研究从NCBI基因组数据库中下载具有完整序列的枯草芽孢杆菌及噬菌体的基因组及相应的蛋白质序列,利用BLAST软件进行基因组序列比对,得出枯草芽孢杆菌与噬菌体之间的关系。通过利用R语言等软件对噬菌体侵染枯草芽孢杆菌的能力进行分析。然后利用Clustalx和Treeview软件构建进化树,得出枯草芽孢杆菌之间的亲缘性关系,最后对枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白质进行COG注释。结果表明:在65株枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体中,Bacillus_phage_SPBc2和Bacillus_phage_ph IS3501的侵染能力最强,而Bacillus_phage_phi AGATE等3株噬菌体的侵染能力较弱。在37株枯草芽孢杆菌中Bacillus subtilis ATCC 49760的易感性较强,Bacillus subtilis RO-NN-1等8株对枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的抗性较强。本研究利用基因组比对的方法对枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体侵染宿主的能力以及枯草芽孢杆的蛋白质功能进行了分析,为后续进一步研究枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体侵染能力及其蛋白质功能提供参考。     

枯草芽孢杆菌形成生物被膜的研究进展

生物被膜是菌体在自然界中一种常见的生存状态,直接影响着人类生产和生活的各个方面。枯草芽孢杆菌是重要的工业菌株,同时也是研究生物被膜的模式菌株。本文结合作者目前的研究,综述了目前对枯草芽孢杆菌形成生物被膜研究所取得的重要进展,包括枯草芽孢杆菌形成生物被膜的主要过程、特征、研究模型及分子调控机制,并提出了今后研究的热点问题。     

枯草芽孢杆菌群β-甘露聚糖酶基因克隆及同源性分析

本文对33株枯草芽孢杆菌群菌株进行β-甘露聚糖酶活性筛选,其中的32株具有β-甘露聚糖酶活性,只有1株无β-甘露聚糖酶活性.通过基因克隆测序的方法获得33株枯草芽孢杆菌群菌株β-甘露聚糖酶基因编码区全序列,对酶基因进行同源性分析并构建系统发育树;在β-甘露聚糖酶基因系统发育树中,33株枯草芽孢杆菌群菌株聚为3个分支,分别是枯草芽孢杆菌分支、地衣芽孢杆菌分支和解淀粉芽孢杆菌分支;枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因种内同源性大于91%,而种间同源性为60%69%.     

枯草芽孢杆菌无标记遗传操作技术研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌是革兰氏阳性菌的模式生物,长期以来在代谢工程和工业微生物领域扮演重要角色。枯草芽孢杆菌无标记遗传操作技术对后基因组时代的基因功能研究和菌株生理特性的改造起着关键作用。综述枯草芽孢杆菌无标记遗传操作所使用的负筛选标记基因,总结目前主流的无标记遗传操作的策略,并提出枯草芽孢杆菌无标记遗传操作技术面临的主要问题和发展方向。     

枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂对玉米病害的田间防效研究

目的：明确枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂对玉米病虫害的防病和增产效果,为推广应用提供科学依据。方法：将2种杀虫剂分别加入枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂中充分摇匀后,按肥种比1∶50比例均匀混拌玉米种子,阴干后播种。结果：枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂对玉米根腐病防效达80.1%-96.7%,对玉米黑穗病的防效达74.6%-83.3%,对地下害虫防效达66.7%-77.8%,增产率达8.7%-15.7%。结论：该生物拌种剂可以大面积示范推广使用。     

芽胞杆菌Q13和Q14在猕猴桃叶面的定殖及其对叶面菌群的影响

为了进一步明确芽胞杆菌Q13、Q14菌株对猕猴桃叶枯病的生防作用,分别对芽胞杆菌Q13、Q14菌株在猕猴桃叶面上的定殖作用及其对叶面其他微生物种类和数量的影响进行了考察。结果表明,在田间条件下,芽胞杆菌Q13、Q14能在猕猴桃叶面定殖,但随时间的变化呈下降趋势;在无降雨等恶劣天气影响的情况下,该菌能在猕猴桃叶面有效定殖8 d左右,8 d后叶面检测到的Q13、Q14菌株的菌量为4.5×106cfu/g成熟叶。与未喷施菌剂的猕猴桃叶面菌群对比,喷施菌剂后的猕猴桃叶面细菌种类多了芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus subtilis),少了条件致病菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter soli);真菌在数量上癣囊腔菌(Plectosphaerellacucumerina)、Pseudozyma flocculosa和米曲霉菌(Aspergillus oryzae)增加了,泡状莫氏黑粉菌(Moesziomyces bullatus)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)减少了。     

植物多糖类复合制剂对大豆光合性能和干物质的影响

大田栽培条件下,在大豆始花期叶面喷施以植物多糖(P1)、植物多糖和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(P2)以及植物多糖、5-氨基乙酰丙酸和缩节胺(P3)为有效成分复配的3种制剂,研究不同植物多糖类复合制剂对大豆叶绿素含量、光合蒸腾特性、干物质积累与分配以及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:喷施3种制剂35 d内,大豆叶片叶绿素含量与对照相比明显增加,且随生育进程下降的趋势有所延缓;喷施P1和P3使大豆叶片光合速率和水分利用效率分别提高13.2％和10.3％以上.与对照相比,喷施3种制剂促进了大豆地上部于物质积累量的增加、提高了叶片干物质向荚的分配比例,花后干物质同化量对籽粒的贡献率增加17.1％以上;喷施P1和P3后,大豆单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重显著增加,喷施P2后变化不显著;喷施3种制剂使大豆增产5.9％以上.3种植物多糖类复合制剂可促进大豆叶绿素合成、延缓叶片衰老、改善叶片光合潜能和水分状况,有效调控大豆干物质积累和花后同化物分配,进而实现增产.     

双茎西洋参的植物形态

经多年选育, 从双茎西洋参个体群中选出具有对称双芽苞特征较稳定个体。一、二年生少有双芽苞, 三、四年生在茎基部出现;果实较多;主根短粗, 单株重量高于单茎。     

不同灌溉方式对水稻生物学特性与水分利用效率的影响

以杂交水稻两优培九为试验材料,利用测坑栽培条件,比较了4种灌溉方式下的水稻生物学特性与水分利用效率.结果表明,与淹水灌溉相比,间歇灌溉叶面积指数大,叶片光合速率高,蒸腾速率较低,叶片水分利用效率高;半干旱栽培叶片水分利用效率相对较高;干旱栽培叶面积指数小,叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低,且后期叶片早衰.间歇灌溉、半干旱栽培和干旱栽培比淹水灌溉分别节水8.75%、17.96%和29.69%;产量分别增产24.02%、减产5.07%和减产38.93%;水分利用效率以间歇灌溉最高,半干旱栽培次之,淹水灌溉和干旱栽培较低.间歇灌溉下稻粒的整精米率、精米率、粒长均高于其它处理,但垩白粒率和垩白度低于其它处理;随着稻田耗水量的减少,水稻的直链淀粉含量降低,而胶稠度和蛋白质含量提高.试验结果表明间歇灌溉为南方稻区较适宜的灌溉方式.     

Evaluation of biological seed treatments in combination with management practices for the control of Fusarium dry rot of potato

Seed-borne diseases of potato represent a significant constraint to potato production in the US. The use of an effective fungicide in combination with good management practices during cutting and storage, prior to planting, is essential to reducing disease. The efficacy of two biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum), and a commercially formulated mixture of the chemicals fludioxonil plus mancozeb, applied as seed treatments in combination with different management practices, were evaluated over two years for the control of seed piece decay and sprout rot caused by Fusarium sambucinum. Treatments were made 10 days prior to planting and at planting, and tubers were re-stored at either 18 °C and 95% RH with forced air ventilation at 5950 l min⁻¹ (optimal conditions), at 25 °C in the dark without ventilation (sub-optimal), or not stored at all prior to planting. Seed piece and sprout health were evaluated in vitro and agronomic impacts evaluated in field experiments. Results showed that the biological control agents B. subtilis and T. harzianum provided good control of sprout rot and seed piece decay caused by F. sambucinum, when seed was re-stored under optimal conditions or not re-stored at all. Under optimal conditions, treatment with B. subtilis reduced sprout rot and seed piece decay on average by 66% and 84%, respectively. Treatment with T. harzianum reduced sprout rot and seed piece decay on average by 70% and 81%, respectively. Treatment with fludioxonil + mancozeb reduced sprout rot and seed piece decay under both re-storage regimes. Under optimal conditions, disease incidence and severity was reduced on average by 81% and 97%, respectively. Neither biological control agent reduced seed piece decay incidence under either re-storage regime compared to the untreated controls.     

中华芦荟叶的解剖学、组织化学和植物化学研究

用解剖学,组织化学和植物化学方法研究了中华芦荟（Aloe vera L.var.chinensis(Haw.)Berg.)叶的结构,芦荟素的含量及其可能的储藏和合成场所,解剖学研究结果表明,中华芦荟叶的结构由表皮,同化薄壁组织,维管束和储水组织组成,其旱生结构特征比较明显,表皮具厚的角质层,外切向壁次生加厚,气孔下陷,中央储水组织发达,绿色组织没有明显的分化,其中,5个细胞环绕的气孔器和叶基出现的第二轮维管束在芦荟属中首次报道,具有种的特征,中华芦荟叶中所含的蒽醌类次生代谢物主要是芦荟素（barbaloin or aloin),其含量和叶位及同一叶的不同部位有关,植株上剖嫩叶及每一叶的上部含量高于下部老叶和叶的中部,叶基部含量最低,比较被测的解剖学指标和植物化学分析的结果发现,叶中维管束的密度和芦荟素的含量呈明显的正相关,用5％Pb(CH3COOH)2沉淀处理及5％NaOHR颜色反应检测芦荟素的储藏物合成部位,初步结果表明,位于韧皮部端的数个发达大型薄壁细胞是芦荟素的储藏场所,而绿色组织和维管束鞘是可能的合成场所。     

Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. for effective management of Poria hypolateritia causing red root-rot disease in tea plants

A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of indigenous biocontrol agents such as Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces lydicus along with Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum for controlling red root rot disease of tea plants. In response to biological treatments, disease incidence, green leaf yield, biometric and physiological parameters and organoleptic characters of made tea were assessed. Among the thirteen treatments tested, soil drenching of carbendazim was superior in terms of reducing red root rot incidence followed by combination of S. griseus and T. harzianum recorded in two consecutive field experiments. In contrast, the maximum green leaf yield and plant growth was achieved in soil application of these biocontrol agents. However, the performance of this dual combination of biocontrol agents was on par with systemic fungicide in terms of disease control. Correspondingly, the biometric, physiological and biochemical parameters were also considerably increased in biologically treated plants when compared to untreated control. The disease increased from 38.7% to 47.6% in untreated control plots and those plants were unhealthy in terms of leaf yellowing, stunted growth with heavy flowering, drying of branches and sudden death of bushes. The tea quality parameters such as theaflavin and thearubigin contents were significantly increased in the range of 0.75–1.43% and 10.38–13.22% respectively in biocontrol treated plants. This was also reflected in tea liquor characteristics. Our results suggested that the combination of biocontrol agents represent a promising alternative for effective management of red root rot disease in tea plants.     

Control of foliar diseases of mustard by Bacillus from reclaimed soil

Bacillus subtilis strain UK-9, an isolate from reclaimed soils, was studied for its biological control activity against Alternaria leaf spot disease of mustard. In dual culture, production of antifungal metabolites by the bacteria caused morphological alterations of vegetative cells and spores, disruption and lysis of their cell wall. The antagonist reduced spore germination on leaves and disease incidence of the pathogen in plant trial as well as it also demonstrated plant-growth-promoting ability.     

Effect of heat and ultrasonic waves on the survival of two strains of Bacillus subtilis

The combined effect of ultrasonic (20 KHz, 150 W) and heat treatment on the survival of two strains of Bacillus subtilis in three suspending media (distilled water, glycerol and milk) has been studied. When spores suspended in water or milk were subjected to ultrasonic waves before heat treatments a little or no decrease of the heat resistance was observed. However, both sporicidal agents applied simultaneously (thermo-ultrasonication) decreased by 63% (B. subtilis, var. niger-40) and 74% (B. subtilis ATCC 6051) the decimal reduction times for the heat treatment when the spores were suspended in glycerol and by 79% and 40%, respectively when suspended in milk. The thermo-ultrasonication of spores in water markedly reduced the heat resistance of them (between 99.9% and 70%) in the range 70-95 degrees C but the effect of the thermo-ultrasonication significantly diminished as the temperature of the treatment was approached to the boiling point of the water.