On anixiopsis stercoraria (hansen) hansen, 1897 and its imperfect stage: Keratinomyces ajelloi vanbreuseghem, 1952

Summary It is herein reported on the discovery of the imperfect stage of an ascomycete,Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen)Hansen, 1897, which is also the imperfect stage of another ascomycete,Arthroderma uncinatum,Dawson &Gentles, 1961:Keratinomyces ajelloi Vanbreuseghem, 1952. Thus, the same imperfect form belongs to two different perfect forms.The discovery was made onMicrosporon sp. infected hairs in a case of typical tinea microsporina. The present investigation encompasses 16 strains, all cultured from tinea microsporina. There were both single and double infections.Nine of the cases yieldedAnixiopsis stercoraria along with its imperfect form:Keratinomyces ajelloi Vanbreuseghem, 1952.Four cases revealed a double infection,Keratinomyces ajelloi on one hand and,Arthroderma uncinatum as well asAnixiopsis stercoraria, on the other.The three final cases yieldedM. audouinii andKeratinomyces ajelloi with its perfect form,Anixiopsis stercoraria. K. ajelloi produces only macroconidia, never microconidia. What was mistakenly construed as the microconidia ofK. ajelloi, belongs as microconidia toAnixiopsis stercoraria. Out of these microconidia the development of true macroconidia was observed.Both the relationship of the perfect and imperfect forms ofAnixiopsis stercoraria and cultural characteristics of the perfect form and its pathogenicity are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Entdeckung der Konidialform eines Ascomyceten berichtet,Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen)Hansen, 1897, die zugleich die Konidialform eines anderen Ascomyceten ist,Arthroderma uncinatum,Dawson undGentles, 1961:Keratinomyces ajelloi Vanbreuseghem, 1952. Demzufogle gehört dieselbe Konidialform zwei verschiedenen Ascomyceten an.Die Entdeckung erfolgte an durchMikrosporon infizierten Haaren eines Falles einer klassischen Tinea microsporina. Die gegenwärtige Untersuchung umfasst 16 Fälle, alle von Tinea microsporina der behaarten Kopfhaut herstammend. Die Tinea microsporina war durch einfache und doppelte Infektion verursacht.Neunmal lieferte die KulturAnixiopsis stercoraria zusammen mit der Konidialform:Keratinomyces ajelloi.Viermal lag eine Doppelinfektion vor:Keratinomyces ajelloi, einerseits, undArthroderma uncinatum sowieAnixiopsis stercoraria, andererseits.Endlich lieferten die Kulturen in drei FällenM. audouinii undK. ajelloi zusammen mitAnixiopsis stercoraria. K. ajelloi entwickelt nur Makrokonidia und niemals Mikrokonidia. Was irrtümlicherweise als Mikrokonidia vonK. ajelloi aufgefasst wurde, gehört als MikrokonidiaAnixiopsis stercoraria an. Die Entwicklung von Makrokonidien aus diesen Mikrokonidien wurde beobachtet.Die Wechselbeziehung der Konidial- und Perithecialformen vonAnixiopsis stercoraria, ihr kultureller Charakter und ihre Pathogenität sind einer Diskussion unterzogen.

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Résumé On s'y rapporte à la découverte de la forme conidiale d'un ascomycète,Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen)Hansen, 1897, laquelle est, en même temps, la forme conidiale d'un autre ascomycète,Arthroderma uncinatum,Dawson etGentles, 1961:Keratinomyces ajelloi Vanbreuseghem, 1952. Conséquemment, la même forme conidiale appartient aux deux ascomycètes différents.La découverte a été effectuée sur des poils infectés parMicrosporon sp. dans un cas d'une teigne microsporique typique. La présente investigation embrasse 16 cas, provenant tous des cas des teignes microsporiques du cuir chevelu. Des teignes microsporiques ont été causées ou par une simple ou par une double infection.Neuf fois on a obtenu des cultures deAnixiopsis stercoraria avec sa forme conidiale:Keratinomyces ajelloi.Quatre fois il y avait d'infection double:Keratinomyces ajelloi, d'une part, etArthroderma uncinatum etAnixiopsis stercoraria, d'autre part.En fin, les cultures ont démontré en trois cas,M. audouinii etK. ajelloi avecAnixiopsis stercoraria. K. ajelloi ne developpe que des macroconidies et jam ais des micronidies. Ce qu' on avait conçu par erreur comme microconidies deK. ajelloi, appartient comme microconidies à l'Anixiopsis stercoraria. Le développement des macroconidies à partir de ces microconidies a été observé.La relation des formes conidiale et périthéciale del'Anixiopsis stercoraria, son charactère culturel et sa pathogénie ont été discutés.

     

Studies on the neurosecretory system of Iphita limbata Stal.

Summary The present paper gives an account of some experiments upon the insect Iphita limbata Stal. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). The experiments were carried out in order to find out whether in the adult animal there is a relationship between the activity of the neurosecretory cells and the water balance. Under varying conditions one group of the neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis of the brain, the so called A-cells, show histological differences. It has been seen that under conditions stimulating hydration there is a marked retention of the stainable colloids in the cytoplasm of A cells. This retention probably indicates a relationship between the secretions of A cells and the water balance of the insect.The author is indebted to Mr. N. R. Prabhoo and Miss Maya Menon of this Department for a critical discussion of the paper.     

Exocellular β-mannanases from hemicellulolytic fungi

Production of exocellular -mannan- and xylan-degrading enzymes by eight wood rotting fungi was studied. Although all organisms excreted -mannanase, endoxyfanase and acetylxylan esterase, production ofl--arabinosidase and 4-O-methylglucuronidase was variable. -Mannanosidase was not detected in any culture filltrate. Righest -mannanase and endoxylanase activities were observed in cultures ofPolyporus versicolor andSchizophyllum commune grown in Avicel-supplemented media. While crude -mannanases fromLinzites saepiria andS. commune exhibited equivalent affinities for gluco- and galactomannan substrates,P. versicolor -mannanase preferred a glucomannan substrate and did not use galactomannan from guar sum as a substrate.

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Résumé On a étudié la production de -mannanases et de xylanases exo-cellulaires chez huit moisissures pourrissant le bois. Bien que tous les organismes excrètent la -mannanase, l'endoxylanase et l'esterase de l'acétylxylane, la production del--arabinosidase et de la 4-O-méthyl-glucuronisade a été variable. La -mannanoxidase n'a été détectée dans aucun filtrat de culture. Les activilés les plus élevées en -mannanase et en endoxylanase ont été observées dans des cultures dePolyporus varsicolor et deSchizaphyllum commune, développées en milleu supplémenté en Avicel. Alors que les -mannanases brutes deLinzites saepiria et deS. commune ont montré des affinités équivalentes pour les substrats gluco- et galacto-mannanes, la -mannanase deP. versicolor préfère un substrat gluco-mannane et n'a pas utillisé le galacto-mannane de la gomme guar comme substrat.

     

Lethal genes on the sex chromosomes concealed in a population of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L.

A population has been examined in which an overall parity between the sexes hides considerable between-family variation in sex ratio. A proportion of families show highly distorted sex ratios, with either an excess of females or an excess of males. Distorted sex ratios are invariably associated with mortality in the immature stages at a level appropriate to the action of recessive lethal genes. It has been shown that 26% of M-bearing (Y) chromosomes and at least 24% of m-bearing (X) chromosomes carry a recessive lethal gene.Two such genes have been investigated. l kills males and, in a cross between two heterozygotes, gives rise to a sex ratio close to 2:1 (excess families). k kills females and, in a cross between two heterozygotes, gives rise to a sex ratio close to 1:2 (excess families). Selection for excess or excess did not increase the level of sex ratio distortion.No crossing over occurs between k and the M/m locus whereas l shows 5–10% recombination with M/m. A test for allelism confirmed that l and k are not allelic. The penetrance of k is complete whereas l shows somewhat less than full penetrance. The penetrance of l has been improved by selection.The high frequency of lethals remained in the population during the two year period of study. There was evidence for heterosis preserving this frequency, the heterozygotes living longer and producing more progeny. However lethals were no longer to be found after four further years of laboratory culture.     

Variant forms ofα-2-l-fucosyltransferase in human submaxillary glands from blood group ABH “secretor” and “non-secretor” individuals

The properties of the -2-l-fucosyltransferases in submaxillary gland preparations from blood group ABH secrefors and non-secretors were compared. The level of activity in the non-secretor gland homogenates amounted to about 5% only of that found in the secretor gland preparations. The enzymes from the two sources differed in solubility properties, charge and affinities for donor and acceptor substrates. The enzyme from secretor glands showed a preference for acceptors with Type 1 [d-galactosyl(1–3)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine] structures whereas the enzyme from non-secretor glands had a preference for Type 2 [d-galactosyl(1–4)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine] structures.These results demonstrate that expression of the secretor gene (Se) is associated with a molecular form of the -2-l-fucosyltransferase that is different from the species present in the same tissue when theSe gene is not expressed.     

Enzymic synthesis of the trisaccharide core region of the carbohydrate chain ofN-glycoprotein

Transmannosylation from mannotriose (Man1-4Man1-4Man) to the 4-position at the nonreducing end N-acetylglucosaminyl residue ofN,N-diacetylchitobiose was regioselectively induced through the use of -d-mannanase fromAspergillus niger. The enzyme formed the trisaccharide Man1-4GlcNAc1-4GlcNAc (3.7% of the enzyme-catalysed net decrease ofN,N-diacetylchitobiose) from mannotriose as a donor andN,N-diacetylchitobiose as an acceptor. Mannobiose (Man1-4Man) was also shown to be useful as a donor substrate for the desired trisaccharide synthesis.Abbreviations Man d-mannose - (M _n) (n=1–5) -linkedn-mer of mannose - GlcNAc₂ 2-acetamido-2-deoxy--d-glucopyranosyl-(1–4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose     

Electrogenic properties of the sodium-alanine cotransporter in pancreatic acinar cells: II. Comparison with transport models

Summary In this paper, the results of the preceding electrophysiological study of sodium-alanine cotransport in pancreatic acinar cells are compared with kinetic models. Two different types of transport mechanisms are considered. In the simultaneous mechanism the cotransporterC forms a ternary complexNCS with Na⁺ and the substrateS; coupled transport of Na⁺ andS involves a conformational transition between statesNCS andNCS with inward- and outward-facing binding sites. In the consecutive (or ping-pong) mechanism, formation of a ternary complex is not required; coupled transport occurs by an alternating sequence of association-dissociation steps and conformational transitions. It is shown that the experimentally observed alanine- and sodium-concentration dependence of transport rates is consistent with the predictions of the simultaneous model, but incompatible with the consecutive mechanism. Assuming that the association-dissociation reactions are not rate-limiting, a number of kinetic parameters of the simultaneous model can be estimated from the experimental results. The equilibrium dissociation constants of Na⁺ and alanine at the extracellular side are determined to beK _N <-64mm andK _S <-18mm. Furthermore, the ratioK _N /K _N ^S of the dissociation constants of Na⁺ from the binary (NC) and the ternary complex (NCS) at the extracellular side is estimated to be <-6. This indicates that the binding sequence of Na⁺ andS to the transporter is not ordered. The current-voltage behavior of the transporter is analyzed in terms of charge translocations associated with the single-reaction steps. The observed voltage-dependence of the half-saturation concentration of sodium is consistent with the assumption that a Na⁺ ion that migrates from the extracellular medium to the binding site has to traverse part of the transmembrane voltage.     

Purification and characterization of flavone-specific β-glucuronidase from callus cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

-Glucuronidase from callus cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was purified to apparent homogeneity by fractionated ammonium-sulfate precipitation and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, hydroxylapatite and baicalin-conjugated Sepharose 6B. A 650-fold purification was obtained by this purification system. When subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the purified protein migrated as a single band with a molecular mass of 55 kDa. We determined that the native enzyme has a molecular mass of 230 kDa using gel-filtration chromatography. These results suggested that the enzyme exists as a homotetramer composed of four identical 55-kDa subunits. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum between 7.0 and 8.0. The K _m values were 9 M, 10 M, 30 M and 40 M for luteolin 3 -O--d-glucuronide, baicalin, wogonin 7-O--d-glucoronide and oroxlin 7-O--d-glucuronide, respectively. The enzyme was most active with flavone 7-O--d-glucuronides.Abbreviations BA N⁶-benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - pI isoelectric point - R _t retention time     

Die bursa- und schwanzstrukturen und ihre aberrationen bei den strongylina (Nematoda) morphologische studien zum problem der pluri-und paripotenzerscheinungen

Zusammenfassung In der Einleitung ist das Ziel der Arbeit in den wesentlichsten Punkten herausgestellt.Die Bursastrukturen (Bursavelum und Rippen bzw. Papillen) der parasitischen Strongylina lassen sich von den entsprechenden Bildungen der freilebenden Rhabditina, vor allem der Gattung Rhabditis, ableiten und in ihren Einzelgliedern homologisieren.Die im Laufe der Phylogenie bei den Strongylina auftretenden strukturellen Transformationen lassen sich auf einige wenige, relativ einfache morphogenetische Grundvorgänge zurückführen, die da sind: Wachstumsallometrien, Materialkompensationen, Organverschmelzungen und Spaltungen (Fissationen), Rudimentationen und ähnliche Vorgänge.Innerhalb der Strongylina Bursa ist ein Gefälle der Wachstumsgradienten feststellbar, das sich vom Zentrum der Bursa sowohl nach distal als auch proximalwärts abschwdcht. Zunehmende Förderung der zentral gelegenen Organe (Rippen) führt zu entsprechender Reduktion der peripheren Bursastrukturen, was vor allem im terminalen Schwanzabschnitt auffällt und zur Ausbildung des oft nur noch als Rudiment vorhandenen Dorsalrippenkomplexes führt. Letzterer entspricht in seiner Gesamtheit der Schwanzspitze der peloderen Rhabditiden mit den Papillen 9 und 10.Die bei Rhabditis moist getrennten Papillen 7 und 8 sind bei allen Strongylina zu einer Rippe (Externodorsal-Rippe) verschmolzen, die jedoch in manchen Aberrationen durch Abspaltung eines akzessorischen Astes ihre wahre Natur (als Verschmelzungsprodukt) zu erkennen gibt (Atavismus).Da dieselben Transformationsvorgänge innerhalb der Strongylina mehrfach unabhängig voneinander wirksam geworden sind, treten bestimmte Strukturformen als Parallelbildungen in verschiedenen phylogenetischen Union auf (polytope Entstehung).Zahlreich untersuchte Bildungsabweichungen (Aberrationen), deren Bedeutung für die Morphologie kurz umrissen wird, erschöpfen sich in den gleichen strukturellen Transformationstypen, die auch bei der Evolution der verschiedenen Union der Strongylina nachweisbar sind. Die Aberrationen führen daher häufig zu Atavismen oder zu Parallelvariationen (homologe Variationen").Die Zahl der Umwandlungsmbglichkeiten (Potenzen) der Bursastrukturen innerhalb der Strongylina ist beschränkt (Paripotenz im Sinne Haeckers). Bestimmte Arten (und Entwicklungshnien) haben jeweils nur bestimmte Potenzen realisiert. Andere können jedoch latent (virtuell) im Kryptotypus vorhanden sein, ohne normalerweise in Erscheinung. zu treten. In bestimmten Aberrationen können sie jedoch plötzlich realisiert werden, so ihr latentes Vorhandensein demonstrierend (Pluripotenz).Wie lange bestimmte Potenzen in einer Gruppe erhalten bleiben konnen, verdeutlichen auch die Schwanzhocker weiblicher Nematoden, als zum Bauplan der Nematoden gehbrende Bildungen. Die Potenz zur Ausbildung dieser Strukturen kommt offensichtlich sehr vielen Nematoden-Arten zu, wird jedoch nur in relativ wenigen Fällen, aber innerhalb der verschiedenen Gruppen bald hier, bald dort (disjunkte Verbreitung), realisiert. Es handelt sich bei den Schwanzhöckern um rudimentäre Organe, die bei keiner Nematoden-Art mehr voll ausgebildet erhalten sind. Ihre Rudimentation beruht zum Teil auf Materialentzug, als Folge von Unkonstruktionen der Schwanzregion, wobei die Adultstadien zuerst betroffen werden (Aphanisie nach Sewertzoff).Bei den in Chiropteren parasitierenden Strongylacanthinae haben sich Schwanzhöcker noch bei allen Arten erhalten, was ein offensichtlich archaisches Merkmal darstellt. Bei anderen Nematoden, denen sie nur im Larvalstadium zukommen, treten sie wohl durch Fötalisation in seltenen Fällen auch bei den adulten Stadien wieder auf.Alle speziellen Bursaformen der Strongylina lassen sich durch relativ wenige und einfache Transformationsvorgänge aus einem durch Abstraktion gewonnenen diagrammatischen Typus ableiten (Prinzip der variablen Proportionen" nach Troll).Die typisierten Umwandlungsvorgänge decken sich weitgehend mit den von Remane allgemein gefaßten strukturellen Typen der Realmutationen. Da sie bei den beobachteten Aberrationen, deren Entstehung auf dem Wege über Realmutationen sehr wahrscheinlich ist, in homologer Weise auftreten, kann das innerhalb der Strongylina zu beobachtende Evolutionsphänomen auf Realmutationen zurückgeführt warden.Obwohl sich die untersuchten strukturellen Transformationen in dem systematisch relativ wait gefaßten Rahmen einer Unterordnung abspielen (transspezifische Evolution nach Rensch), handelt es sich bei der von uns bevorzugten Terminologie (nach Woltereck und Remane), unter Berücksichtigung des Charakters der Umwandlungen, doch nur um Vorgänge, die in den Bereich der Mikroevolution fallen.     

Effect of cotton dust and 2,4-D on Host-parasite relationship. (I) cotton and Fusarium-wilt

Summary The pathogenFusarium solani sensuSnyder &Hansen, as identified byW. L. Gordon was recorded in the present work as a new species causing cotton wilt in Egypt. Cotton dust in varying concentrations does not significally alter the normal infection of both Menoufi and Giza 26 cotton varieties towardsFusarium. Similarly the potency ofFusarium filtrate to induce wilting did not appreciably change with previous treatment of cotton plants with cotton dust. On the other hand leaves treated with 2,4-D showed the maximal water loss. Percentage infected Giza 26 cotton seedlings were found to be comparatively less in soil infected with 2,4-D treatedFusarium mycelium than in that infected with untreated mycelium.     

Regulation of biosynthesis of aspartate family amino acids in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris

The four amino acids of the aspartate family (l-lysine, l-methionine, l-threonine, and l-isoleucine) are produced in bacteria by a branched biosynthetic pathway. Regulation of synthesis of early common intermediates and of carbon flow through distal branches of the pathway requires operation of a number of subtle feedback controls, which are integrated so as to ensure balanced synthesis of the several end products. Earlier studies with nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacteria were instrumental in revealing the existence of alternative regulatory schemes, and in this communication we report on the control pattern of a representative of this physiological group not previously investigated, Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The results obtained from study of the properties of four key regulatory enzymes of the aspartate family pathway (-aspartokinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase, and threonine deaminase) and of the effects of exogenous amino acids (i. e., the end products) on growth of the bacterium indicate that the control schema in Rps. palustris differs substantially from the schemes described for other Rhodopseudomonas species, but resembles the regulatory pattern observed in Rhodospirillum rubrum.Abbreviations A absorbancy - AK -aspartokinase - ASA aspartate -semialdehyde - DTT dithiothreitol - HS l-homoserine - HSDH homoserine dehydrogenase - HSK homoserine kinase - I l-isoleucine - KU Klett-Summerson photometer units - L l-lysine - M l-isoleucine - KU Klett-Summerson photometer units - L l-lysine - M l-methionine - ME -mercaptoethanol - PABA p-aminobenzoic acid - T l-threonine - TD threonine deaminase - RCV synthetic growth medium (see text) - YP agar medium containing 0.3% yeast extract, 0.3% peptone, and 1.5% agar - Y2T synthetic growth medium (see text)     

Ongoing ultradian activity rhythms in the common vole,Microtus arvalis,during deprivations of food,water and rest

Summary The timing mechanism underlying ultradian (2–3 h) activity patterns in the common vole, Microtus arvalis, was studied using behavioural deprivation experiments. These were aimed at distinguishing between a homeostatic control mechanism, in which the rhythmic behaviour itself is part of the causal loop, and a clock mechanism, independent of the behaviour.In 175 experiments, deprivation of food during 3 ultradian cycles in (subjective) daytime did not result in significant changes in the ultradian periodicity of attempts to obtain the food, compared with ad lib. access to food and water. A minor, but significant increase in ultradian activity time () occurred in the course of the deprivation, but this was compensated by a shorter ultradian rest (). These results were obtained both in intact animals (n = 24), which showed ultradian and circadian rhythmicity in behaviour, and in animals (n = 21) with electrolytic lesions aimed at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which lacked the circadian modulation of behaviour. Simultaneous deprivation of water and food in 8 voles without circadian rhythmicity during 40 experiments also did not lead to any change in the ultradian periodicity of feeding attempts.Rest deprivation was studied in 5 SCN lesioned voles, by forcing running wheel activity to continue following spontaneous running. Thus, the experimental activity bout was artificially lengthened to 2–9 h in 67 experiments. The onset of the subsequent rest episodes occurred independent of the duration of the preceding . The duration of was dependent on the preceding, experimental in a periodic fashion. The interval experimental (=lengthened +following ) was equal to one, two or three times the control (obtained on nonexperimental days). This result fits the prediction of a clock model and is in conflict with a monotonicincrease of with , as expected in a homeostatic, restorative process.It is concluded that the ultradian timing of activity in the common vole can be explained neither by homeostatic hunger or thirst mechanisms nor by homeostatic rest/activity regulation. The results strongly suggest an independent clock system generating ultradian feeding rhythms in the common vole.Abbreviations DD continuous darkness - LD light-dark regime - LL continuous light - RCA retrochiasmatic area - ARC arcuate nucleus - SCN suprachiasmatic nuclei - ultradian period - ultradian activity time - ultradian rest time     

The adaptive significance of cultural behavior: Comments and reply

Summary Fundamentally, theoretically, there is only one process underlying genetic and cultural evolution: natural selection. Organism fitness-enhancement (adaptive significance) is one of its practical mechanisms; group formation and maintenance is another, often but not always through fitness-enhancement; and need-fulfillment is still another. If Durham can accept that formulation, and switch from organism-thinking to instruction-thinking (Cloak, 1975: 178), he will free himself from two handicaps: First, he can forget his worries about reductionism and determinism (1976a: 100, 101). Under this general theory of natural selection, cultural evolutionis biological evolution, continued by other (nongenetic) means. Second, he will spare himself the appearance of anthropomorphism, mentalism, and wishy-washiness attendant on his discussion of kinds of significance, other than adaptive significance, of cultural behaviors (1976a: 102–106, 115).     

Synthesis of an H type 2 and a Y (Ley) glycoside from thioglycoside intermediates

The trisaccharide 2-(p-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)ethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-[2-O-(-l-fucopyranosyl)--d-galactopyranosyl]--d-glucopyranoside 1 and the tetrasaccharide 2-(p-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)ethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(-l-fucopyranosyl)-4-O-[2-O-(-l-fucopyranosyl)--d-galactopyranosyl]--d-glucopyranoside 2 were synthesized. Thioglycosides, suitably protected, activated directly with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate or dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate or activated after bromine treatment with halophilic reagents, were used as glycosyl donors in the construction of the glycosidic linkages.Abbreviations DMTSB dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate - Phth phthaloyl - MBn p-methoxybenzyl - ClBn p-chlorobenzyl     

Le collagène du byssus de Mytilus edulis L.

Résumé L'autoradiographie révèle, au niveau du pied, une incorporation massive et sélective de la ³H-Proline dans la glande blanche de Mytilus edulis. Cette étude a permis de suivre le processus qui mène de la synthèse de la sécrétion dans la partie basale des cellules jusqu'a son émission dans le sillon pédieux où elle participe à la formation du filament. La collagénase détruit la presque totalité du marquage, attestant ainsi la nature collagénique du produit sécrété. Les autres glandes pédieuses ainsi que la glande du byssus proprement dite, située à la base du pied, montrent une incorporation très faible, sans commune mesure avec celle de la glande blanche. Ceci démontre de façon définitive que le collagène présent dans le filament prend naissance dans cette glande et justifie la dénomination de glande du collagène. Des contrôles réalisés dans différentes régions (bords du manteau, manteau, branchies) montrent que l'injection du précurseur dans le bord palléal constitue une méthode satisfaisante pour marquer de façon relativement rapide et différentielle le collagène de la glande.

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The collagen of the byssus in Mytilus edulis L.II. Autoradiographic study on the incorporation of ³H-Proline

Summary Autoradiographic studies reveal a strong specific incorporation of ³H-Proline in the white gland in the foot of Mytilus edulis. The author could trace the radioactive secretory product from its synthesis in the basal part of the cells down to its outflow into the pedial groove where it takes part in the formation of the filament. Purified collagenase takes out radioactivity from the sections. This observation confirms the collagenous nature of the secretion.The other foot-glands as well as the main byssus gland located at the base of the foot show but a very weak labelling not comparable with that of the white gland. This clearly evidences that the collagen occuring in the filament originates from the latter. The white gland may be properly called: collagen gland.Control sections through different parts of the body (mantle-edge, mantle, gills) confirm that our injection technique of the precursor into the palleal margin is a suitable method for a rather quick and specific labelling of the glandular collagen.

Cette note fait partie d'un travail pour l'obtention d'une thèse de doctorat.     

A fluorometric assay of ceramide glycanase with 4-methylumbelliferyl β-d-lactoside derivatives

4-Methylumbelliferyl 6-O-benzyl--d-lactoside (6Bn-MU-Lac) and some related compounds were synthesizedvia different selective reactions including phase-transfer glycosylation. Their suitability as substrates for a fluorometric assay of ceramide glycanase (CGase) was evaluated. Among others, the 6Bn-MU-Lac, which is resistant to exogalactosidase, was found to be a suitable substrate for routine assay of the CGase activity. For American leech CGase, theK _m value is 0.232 mM at pH 5. Abbreviations: CGase, ceramide glycanase; Gal, galactose; Glc, Glucose; Lac, lactose; MU, 4-methylumbelliferone; MU-Lac, 4-methylumbelliferyl -d-lactoside; bBn-Lac, 6-O-benzyl-lactose; 6Bn-MU-Lac, 4-methylumbelliferyl 6-Obenzyl--d-lactoside; 46Bd-MU-Lac, 4-methylumbelliferyl 4,6-O-benzylidene--d-lactoside; MU-Cel, 4-methylumbellifery -d-cellobioside; 46Bd-MU-Cel, 4-methylumbelliferyl 4,6-O-benzylidene--d-cellobioside; TLC, thin layer chromatography;¹H-NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance; GSL, glycosphingolipids; CSA, 10-camphorsulfonic acid. See Scheme 1 for chemical structures.     

Localization of glycosidases with naphthyl substrates

Synopsis Unsubstituted naphthyl substrates were found to be superior to substituted naphthyl, indolyl and hydroxyquinoline substrates for the histochemical demonstration of -mannosidase, -galactosidase, hetero--glycosidase, glucoamylase and sucrase-isomaltase, equivalent for -N-acetylglucosaminidase and lactase--glucosidase, and inferior for -glucuronidase and acid -galactosidase. Aldehyde fixation is necessary for the localization of lysosomal glycosidases with naphthyl substrates.i-naphthyl substrates are suitable for the detection of acid glycosidases in lysosomes and hetero--glycosidase in the cytoplasm of animal cells, and 2-naphthyl substrates can be employed for the demonstration of microvillous glycosidases and for the evaluation of the total activity of soluble glycosidases with semipermeable membranes. When naphthyl substrates are used coupling should be carried out simultaneously and hexazotized pararosaniline is the coupling reagent of choice.     

Purine glucosylating activity in cell suspension cultures ofSolanum tuberosum L.

Cell suspension cultures ofSolanum tuberosum L. cv. Adretta were established from leaf-derived calluses. In the search for purine glucosylating activity, the metabolism of 6-benzylaminopurine was studied. The main metabolite of BA was isolated and identified as 6-benzylaminopurine 7--d-glucopyranoside indicating the occurrence of purine glucosylating activity.Abbreviations BA 6-Benzylaminopurine - [3G]BA BA 3--d-glucopyranoside - [7G]BA BA 7--d-glucopyranoside - [9G]BA BA 9--d-glucopyranoside - RA Radioactivity - R _T Retention Time     

Adoptions expérimentales de larves entre des fourmis de genres différents (II):Myrmica laevinodis Nylander etAnergates atratulus Schenck

Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

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Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.

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Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .

     

Über das Verhalten von Champignonstämmen in Mischkultur

Zusammenfassung Mischungen aus dem Mycel sweier weißer oder zweier brauner Stämme des Kulturchampignons hatten keinen Einfluß auf den Fruchtkörperetrag.Bei Mischungen aus einem weißen und einem braunen Stamm was dagegen der Ertrag immer niedriger als erwartet und das Mycel verschwand verhältnismäßig schnell. Der Ertragsausfall beruht in der Regel auf einer Unterdrückung des braunen Stammes.Herrn Prof. von Sengbusch zum 65. Geburtstag in Dankbarkeit und Verehrung gewidment.