微重力通过m6A修饰影响骨骼肌糖原代谢初探

长期航天飞行会导致骨骼肌萎缩,糖代谢紊乱可能是重要原因之一。N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)是真核生物最常见和最保守的信使核糖核酸(messenger RNA,mRNA)修饰,通常参与关键基因表达的调控。本研究主要探究微重力对肌细胞糖原代谢的影响及微重力引起的m6A修饰改变与糖原代谢相关酶表达改变的相关性。通过蒽酮法检测骨骼肌细胞糖原含量,通过流式法检测荧光-D-葡萄糖类似物2-(N-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并恶二唑-4-氨基)-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖[2-N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino-2-deoxyglucose,2-NBDG]标记骨骼肌细胞的葡萄糖摄取,利用点杂交检测信使RNA m6A修饰的变化情况以及通过qPCR、Western blot检测糖原代谢相关酶和m6A修饰相关酶的表达,通过RNA甲基化免疫共沉淀(methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation,meRIP)检测肌细胞糖原代谢相关酶m6A修饰水平,同时通过GEO数据库分析临床及动物实验中糖原代谢相关酶和m6A修饰相...     

m6A修饰在女性生殖系统疾病中的作用

表观转录组学是近年来一个较为新兴的生物学研究领域。表观转录组学主要研究的是RNA携带的化学修饰对于基因表达的影响。其中,RNA甲基化修饰为真核生物中常见的一种修饰方式。同时,m6A是真核生物RNA最常见的甲基化修饰方式之一。本文就近些年来m6A甲基化修饰与妇科疾病发生发展的关系进行阐述,为深入了解妇科疾病与m6A甲基化修饰提供相应的参考资料,也为保障女性健康提供新的思路。     

N6-甲基腺苷修饰(m6A)在乳腺癌中的研究进展

乳腺癌是女性最常见的癌症之一,也是导致女性癌症死亡的最主要原因.尽管早期乳腺癌的治疗已经取得了极大进展,但晚期伴转移乳腺癌治疗效果较差,具有高复发率和高死亡率.因此,鉴定新的用于诊断和预测乳腺癌转移的分子标记、开发新的治疗策略成为迫切需要.近年来,mRNA的异常N⁶-甲基腺苷修饰(N⁶-methyladenosine,m⁶A)对癌基因功能和表达水平的表观遗传学调控逐渐成为恶性乳腺癌研究的焦点.本文分析和总结了m⁶A甲基化修饰及其调节蛋白参与调控乳腺癌发生发展的最新研究进展,以期为乳腺癌中m⁶A甲基化修饰研究提供新的思路和参考,进一步为乳腺癌的诊断、治疗、预后及监测提供新的有效策略.     

m6A修饰及其在胚胎发育过程中的生物学功能

N⁶-腺苷酸甲基化(N⁶-methyladenosine,m6A)是RNA腺嘌呤第6位氮原子上的甲基化修饰,它是真核细胞信使RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)中最常见的内部修饰之一,也是RNA修饰中研究最为透彻的一种。m6A修饰可以被甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶动态可逆修饰,也可以被阅读蛋白识别进而发挥特定生物学效应。随着研究m6A修饰技术的不断丰富与完善,其在真核生物中的生物学功能将被逐步阐明。已有研究表明m6A修饰在哺乳动物胚胎发育过程中发挥着重要的作用,其修饰异常会导致一系列疾病的发生。本文主要综述了调控m6A修饰的蛋白因子、m6A修饰的分析检测技术及其异常修饰对胚胎发育的影响,为胚胎发育异常的预防和诊疗提供新的研究方向。     

RNA的m6A修饰与心血管疾病

N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m~6A)是存在于多种RNA中的化学修饰方式,最常见于mRNA。RNA的m~6A含量和效应受到甲基转移酶(Writers)、去甲基酶(Erasers)和甲基化阅读蛋白(Readers)的动态调控。与DNA甲基化修饰和组蛋白修饰相似,它们都参与了多种生物学过程,并与多种疾病的发生发展相关。本文先简要综述m~6A修饰的动态过程及生物学功能,然后重点介绍m~6A修饰与心血管疾病关系的研究进展。     

RNA表观遗传修饰:N~6-甲基腺嘌呤

N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)是真核生物信使RNA(Messenger RNA,m RNA)上含量最多的化学修饰之一。类似于DNA和组蛋白化学修饰,m6A修饰也同样是动态可逆的,可在时间和空间上被甲基转移酶和去甲基酶调控。哺乳动物体内m6A甲基转移酶复合物中有一部分成分已被解析,主要有METTL3(Methyltransferase-like protein 3)、METTL14(Methyltransferase-like protein 14)和WTAP(Wilms tumor 1-associating protein)。m6A去甲基酶肥胖蛋白FTO(Fat mass and obesity associated protein)和ALKBH5(Alk B homolog 5)依赖α-酮戊二酸(α-Ketoglutaric acid,α-KG)和Fe(Ⅱ)对m6A进行氧化去甲基化反应。m6A在生物体内由m6A结合蛋白识别,并介导其行使功能。目前发现的m6A结合蛋白有YTH结构域蛋白YTHDF1(YTH domain-containing family protein 1)、YTHDF2(YTH domain-containing family protein 2)、YTHDC1(YTH domain-containing protein1)和核内HNRNPA2B1(Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2B1)。本文综述了m6A的分布和相关蛋白介导的m6A功能研究,以期全面理解m6A这一RNA表观遗传新修饰在生命进程中的重要调控作用。     

m6A修饰在肝纤维化中的研究进展

N⁶-甲基腺苷(N⁶-methyladenosine,m⁶A)作为真核生物中最丰富的RNA内部修饰,影响RNA的加工,调节mRNA翻译效率,并与多种表观遗传学机制发生交互作用,进而在多种生理过程中调控基因的表达。肝纤维化是细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)蛋白(主要是Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白)积累形成的纤维瘢痕取代正常组织的过程,是肝脏对慢性损伤的病理性修复反应。m⁶A修饰直接参与肝细胞损伤、炎症细胞募集和肝星状细胞激活等肝纤维化过程,并通过降低HBV蛋白的表达、与微RNA (microRNA)和肠道菌群相互作用等途径间接影响肝纤维化的发生发展。由于肝脏的再生能力较强,当慢性炎症或肝损伤的主要病因去除后,早期已经发生纤维化的肝脏可逆转为正常肝脏。m⁶A修饰在肝纤维化中的双重作用可为平衡机体纤维化过程提供思路。该文综述了m⁶A修饰在肝纤维化中的功能和作用机制,以期为相关疾病的诊疗提供新的思路。     

The functional roles,cross-talk and clinical implications of m6A modification and circRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. HCC has high rates of death and recurrence, as well as very low survival rates. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic RNAs, and circRNAs are a class of circular noncoding RNAs that are generated by back-splicing and they modulate multiple functions in a variety of cellular processes. Although the carcinogenesis of HCC is complex, emerging evidence has indicated that m6A modification and circRNA play vital roles in HCC development and progression. However, the underlying mechanisms governing HCC, their cross-talk, and clinical implications have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this paper, we elucidated the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of m6A modification in the carcinogenesis of HCC by illustrating three different regulatory factors ("writer", "eraser", and "reader") of the m6A modification process. Additionally, we dissected the functional roles of circRNAs in various malignant behaviors of HCC, thereby contributing to HCC initiation, progression and relapse. Furthermore, we demonstrated the cross-talk and interplay between m6A modification and circRNA by revealing the effects of the collaboration of circRNA and m6A modification on HCC progression. Finally, we proposed the clinical potential and implications of m6A modifiers and circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation.     

The interplay between m6A modification and non-coding RNA in cancer stemness modulation: mechanisms,signaling pathways,and clinical implications

Cancer stemness, mainly consisting of chemo-resistance, radio-resistance, tumorigenesis, metastasis, tumor self-renewal, cancer metabolism reprogramming, and tumor immuno-microenvironment remodeling, play crucial roles in the cancer progression process and has become the hotspot of cancer research field in recent years. Nowadays, the exact molecular mechanisms of cancer stemness have not been fully understood. Extensive studies have recently implicated that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) plays vital roles in modulating cancer stemness. Notably, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is of crucial importance for RNAs to exert their biological functions, including RNA splicing, stability, translation, degradation, and export. Emerging evidence has revealed that m6A modification can govern the expressions and functions of ncRNAs, consequently controlling cancer stemness properties. However, the interaction mechanisms between ncRNAs and m6A modification in cancer stemness modulation are rarely investigated. In this review, we elucidate the recent findings on the relationships of m6A modification, ncRNAs, and cancer stemness. We also focus on some key signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, MAPK signaling, Hippo signaling, and JAK/STAT3 signaling to illustrate the underlying interplay mechanisms between m6A modification and ncRNAs in cancer stemness. In particular, we briefly highlight the clinical potential of ncRNAs and m6A modifiers as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for indicating cancer stemness properties and improving the diagnostic precision for a wide variety of cancers.     

Regulation of Virus Replication and T Cell Homeostasis by N~6-Methyladenosine

RNA modifications are abundant in eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. N~6-methyladenosine(m~6A), a type of RNA modification mainly found in messenger RNA(mRNA), has significant effects on the metabolism and function of m RNAs. This modification is governed by three types of proteins, namely methyltransferases as ‘‘writers' ', demethylases as ‘‘erasers' ',and specific m~6A-binding proteins(YTHDF1-3) as ‘‘readers' '. Further, it is important for the regulation of cell fate and has a critical function in many biological processes including virus replication, stem cell differentiation, and cancer development, and exerts its effect by controlling gene expression. Herein, we summarize recent advances in research on m~6A in virus replication and T cell regulation, which is a rapidly emerging field that will facilitate the development of antiviral therapies and the study of innate immunity.     

Exclusion of m6A from splice-site proximal regions by the exon junction complex dictates m6A topologies and mRNA stability

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Role of m6A modification in female infertility and reproductive system diseases

Gamete abnormalities and reproductive system tumors have become a dominant cause of infertility, troubling people globally. In recent years, increasing evidence emerged and found that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) played a leading role in reproduction. The biological effects of m6A modification are dynamically and reversibly regulated by methyltransferases (writers), WTAP, METTL3, METTL14 and KIAA1429, demethylases (erasers), FTO and ALKBH5, and m6A binding proteins (readers), including YTH domain. In this review, we highlight the change of m6A modification in abnormal oogenesis, female reproductive system diseases including reproductive system tumors, adenomyosis, endometriosis, premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. Moreover, we review some of the mechanisms and the specific modified genes that have been identified. Especially, with the underlying mechanisms being uncovered, m6A and its protein machineries are expected to be the markers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive dysfunction.     

m6A RNA甲基化修饰在心血管疾病中的作用

N6-甲基腺嘌呤（N6-methyladenosine, m6A）是发生在腺嘌呤N6位的甲基化修饰,它是真核生物信使RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)中最丰富的转录后修饰。m6A修饰是由甲基化酶、去甲基化酶以及结合蛋白质共同调控的动态可逆的过程,并且影响mRNA的生命周期各个阶段,包括稳定性、剪接、核输出、翻译和降解。近年来,有研究报道m6A连续动态调节在心血管疾病中发挥着重要的作用,包括动脉粥样硬化、心肌缺血再灌注损伤、心肌肥厚、心力衰竭、高血压以及腹主动脉瘤等。本文主要对m6A RNA甲基化修饰的作用机制及其在心血管疾病中的最新研究进展进行概述,此外,同时介绍了m6A 单核苷酸多态性（m6A-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, m6A-SNPs）在心血管疾病中的应用,以期为心血管疾病的预防及治疗提供新的思路和途径。     

Human METTL16 is a N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase that targets pre‐mRNAs and various non‐coding RNAs

N⁶‐methyladenosine (m⁶A) is a highly dynamic RNA modification that has recently emerged as a key regulator of gene expression. While many m⁶A modifications are installed by the METTL3–METTL14 complex, others appear to be introduced independently, implying that additional human m⁶A methyltransferases remain to be identified. Using crosslinking and analysis of cDNA (CRAC), we reveal that the putative human m⁶A “writer” protein METTL16 binds to the U6 snRNA and other ncRNAs as well as numerous lncRNAs and pre‐mRNAs. We demonstrate that METTL16 is responsible for N⁶‐methylation of A43 of the U6 snRNA and identify the early U6 biogenesis factors La, LARP7 and the methylphosphate capping enzyme MEPCE as METTL16 interaction partners. Interestingly, A43 lies within an essential ACAGAGA box of U6 that base pairs with 5′ splice sites of pre‐mRNAs during splicing, suggesting that METTL16‐mediated modification of this site plays an important role in splicing regulation. The identification of METTL16 as an active m⁶A methyltransferase in human cells expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which the m⁶A landscape is installed on cellular RNAs.