酚酸类物质对三七幼苗的化感影响

该文研究了不同浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸5种酚酸类物质对三七幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明:处理后,三七幼苗的苗高、根长、可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力、CAT以及POD活性均有所降低。其中,阿魏酸各处理组幼苗的苗高及POD活性均显著降低,50、100 mg·L~(-1)的对香豆酸以及100 mg·L~(-1)的香草酸处理组幼苗苗高也分别比对照显著降低16.19%、16.67%和29.29%;对香豆酸、丁香酸以及对羟基苯甲酸各处理组幼苗根长均显著低于对照;香草酸处理组幼苗的根系活力也显著低于对照,且幼苗的CAT活性在10、50、100 mg·L~(-1)丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及香草酸处理下也达到了显著降低水平。此外,1 mg·L~(-1)阿魏酸以及100 mg·L~(-1)香草酸处理组幼苗的叶绿素含量也均显著降低;中高浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸增加了三七幼苗的MDA含量,而香草酸在0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1)浓度下显著降低幼苗的MDA含量;丁香酸、香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及中高浓度的对香豆酸增加了三七幼苗的SOD活性,且香草酸各处理组均达到了显著性水平。综上结果表明,5种酚酸类物质对三七幼苗均具有一定的化感抑制作用,但各酚酸物质的作用方式及强度并不完全一致,阿魏酸的化感影响较大,这为进一步研究三七的化感自毒作用提供了一定的理论参考。     

秦岭南麓萱草属植物花蕾中酚类物质比较分析

目的：为了对秦岭南麓野生萱草资源进行保护和开发利用。方法：从已收集的野生萱草属植物中选取具有代表性的种质材料，以黄花菜栽培种‘沙苑花’为对照，利用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度计对萱草属植物花蕾中酚酸类和黄酮类化合物进行检测和分析。结果：对7种酚酸类物质检测表明，野生材料的绿原酸、丁香酸、香草酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸含量较栽培种低；但没食子酸和香豆酸的含量较栽培种高，其中野生‘萱草’的没食子酸和香豆酸含量分别是栽培种的1.57倍和1.59倍。在黄酮类物质中，野生材料的儿茶素含量低于栽培种；野生‘大苞萱草’的总黄酮和芦丁含量较栽培种低；但野生材料的槲皮素含量均高于栽培种，其中野生‘萱草’和‘大苞萱草’的平均含量分别是栽培种的1.99倍和2.56倍。结论：在秦岭南麓萱草属植物中，野生材料的没食子酸、香豆酸、总黄酮、槲皮素含量高于栽培种，且绿原酸、总黄酮和儿茶素含量明显高于其他地区的萱草材料，故应加强对该地区野生萱草属植物资源的调查收集和开发利用，这将对丰富萱草资源多样性和营养品质改良具有重要意义。     

有机酸类化感物质对甜瓜的化感效应

以甜瓜种质“新银辉”为材料,用苹果酸、柠檬酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸、水杨酸和香豆酸等7种有机酸类化感物质处理甜瓜种子和幼苗,探讨其对甜瓜的化感效应及作用机理.结果表明:苹果酸可以促进甜瓜种子发芽和幼苗胚根生长,抑制植株鲜重增加和胚轴生长;柠檬酸促进发芽,对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸抑制发芽,但三者均抑制胚根生长,且对鲜重和胚轴生长表现为低促高抑效应,高浓度肉桂酸对种子发芽和胚轴生长的抑制效应最强,可能是甜瓜重要的化感物质;阿魏酸和香豆酸对发芽表现为低促高抑效应,抑制鲜重、胚根和胚轴生长;水杨酸对发芽和胚轴生长表现为低促高抑效应、抑制鲜重和胚根生长.7种有机酸处理后过氧化物酶活性均增强,有机酸类物质对甜瓜的化感效应可能和其体内的过氧化氢水平有较高的相关性;苹果酸、肉桂酸、对羟基苯甲酸和水杨酸处理后甜瓜幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶的活性基本呈下降趋势,柠檬酸、阿魏酸和香豆酸则表现为低促高抑效应;过氧化物酶活性变化较复杂,但基本随处理浓度升高而上升;丙二醛含量大多低于对照.     

光照对沙芥种子萌发中生理生化指标的影响

以沙芥种子为实验材料,以24h黑暗处理为对照,研究了光照对其萌发过程中主要贮藏物质、内源激素和酚酸类物质含量的影响。结果表明：光照处理的沙芥种子的萌发指标均明显低于黑暗处理,且萌发过程中脂肪和淀粉的降解、淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖的增加也显著低于黑暗处理;在萌发的前2d,光照处理的种子ABA、酚酸类物质总量、没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、香豆酸和肉桂酸含量均高于黑暗处理。     

AM真菌对滇重楼根际土壤酚酸类物质含量的影响

目的：探明丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌对重庆、贵州、云南3地滇重楼栽培根际土壤酚酸含量的影响,为滇重楼连作障碍生物综合调控提供理论依据和技术指导。方法：以贵州安顺的滇重楼实生苗为研究材料,以未接种AM真菌的土壤为对照,研究在不同AM真菌组合和生境条件下,滇重楼根际土壤酚酸类物质含量的差异。结果：4种酚酸类物质（丹参素、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、对香豆酸）均在不同栽培地点的滇重楼根际土壤中检出,含量由高到低依次为丹参素、对香豆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸,但各物质含量存在一定差异;接种AM真菌能够有效的减少根际土壤中酚酸类物质的积累,具有较强的抑制作用,但贵州安顺的根际土壤中酚酸含量呈递增趋势。主成分分析结果表明,对羟基苯甲酸为滇重楼形态变异的主要因素。相关性分析结果表明,土壤中的酚酸并不是单一作用的,不同酚酸之间存在协同作用。结论：接种AM真菌改变了滇重楼根际土壤的酚酸物质含量和微生物群落结构,有利于创造健康的根际微生态环境,可为菌肥在滇重楼栽培区的有效利用提供科学依据。     

环渤海湾地区连作苹果园土壤中酚酸类物质变化

分析了山东昌邑、栖霞、蓬莱,辽宁大连、抚宁、绥远,河北昌黎、青县等地苹果园连作土壤中酚酸物质的组成和含量,结果表明:连作障碍发生的苹果园土壤中酚酸类物质的组成和含量在不同地区、不同土层厚度间存在显著差异。苹果园土壤中酚酸类物质的含量从春季到秋季随时间的延长逐渐减少,但过程缓慢。且非连作园土壤中酚酸类物质含量显著少于连作土。连作土壤中酚酸物质的组成和含量在不同季节间差异显著,尤其春季土壤中酚酸物质的种类与夏季和秋季显著不同。这可能是因为植物在不同季节分泌的酚酸类物质种类和含量有差别.不同土层中酚酸物质的分布因季节不同而有显著差异。夏季土壤中酚酸物质主要分布在浅层土壤中,而秋季则主要分布在深层土壤中。这可能是由于浇水等果园管理措施和自然降水对土壤中的酚酸物质产生的淋溶作用,使得大量的酚酸物质向深层土壤运动,最终造成了秋季果园连作土中随土层加深而酚酸物质含量增加的现象。不同地区苹果园连作土中,对羟基苯甲酸、(+)-儿茶素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸含量与非连作土无显著差异,而焦性没食子酸、绿原酸和根皮苷显著高于非连作土。焦性没食子酸、绿原酸和根皮苷可能是引起山东、辽宁、河北地区苹果园连作障碍的关键酚酸物质。     

滇重楼须根腐解对根际土壤酚酸物质的影响

目的：本研究主要探讨滇重楼须根腐解产物对其根际土壤酚酸物质种类和含量的影响，为滇重楼连作障碍形成机制提供科学依据。方法：采用室温盆栽法，以未栽培过滇重楼的沙壤土为栽培基质，研究滇重楼须根腐解对根际土壤酚酸类物质种类和含量的影响。结果：结果表明，滇重楼根际土壤中主要含有香草酸（VA）、丹参素（DSU）、对香豆酸（PCA）和对羟基苯甲酸（PHA）四种酚酸物质，其中DSU含量最高，PCA含量最低，随着根际土壤中滇重楼须根施用量的增加，同一年生滇重楼幼苗的根际土壤中上述四种酚酸物质含量逐渐升高，且对不同滇重楼年生的影响不同，呈现随着种苗生长年限的增加而根际土壤中四种酚酸物质分量增加的趋势。相关性分析发现，VA与PCA、DSU与PHA、VA与PCA以及PHA与VA和PCA间均呈显著正相关，这说明滇重楼根际土壤中四种酚酸物质的积累相互具有一定的促进作用。结论：滇重楼根际土壤中酚酸物质主要来源于残留须根的腐解，是人工栽培滇重楼连作障碍形成的主要原因之一，故在采摘人工栽培滇重楼时应尽量避免大量须根被遗留在土壤中而影响下一茬植物的生长发育，尤其是滇重楼的生长发育。     

草莓连作土壤酚酸类物质积累对土壤线虫的影响

通过大田试验和盆栽试验相结合的方式,对不同连作年限草莓土壤酚酸类物质含量、土壤线虫数量和食细菌线虫数量以及外源酚酸类物质对土壤线虫数量和食细菌线虫数量的影响进行了研究。结果表明:随连作年限的增加,草莓连作土壤中酚酸类物质含量明显增加,土壤线虫总数和食细菌线虫总数整体呈现下降趋势,且连作5年的土壤线虫总数和食细菌线虫数量最低,酚酸类物质含量与土壤线虫总数和食细菌线虫数量呈负相关;对羟基苯甲酸和对香豆酸在浓度低于200μg·g-1时使土壤线虫总数和食细菌线虫数量增加,而高于200μg·g-1时起抑制作用;肉桂酸在浓度低于100μg·g-1时增加了土壤线虫总数和食细菌线虫数量,而高于100μg·g-1时起抑制作用;随阿魏酸浓度的增加,线虫数量变化规律不明显,当其浓度高于100μg·g-1时起抑制作用;混合酚酸随浓度增加对土壤线虫总数和食细菌线虫数量的抑制作用增强。     

稗草潜在化感物质的排查

针对已报道属于羟基肟酸(丁布)、酚酸和酞酸酯类的稗草潜在的化感物质,本文以水稻、稗草和莴苣为试验材料,对2,4-二叔丁基酚、对羟基扁桃酸2种酚酸以及3种酞酸酯类物质的化感活性进行了研究.采用高效液相色谱法( HPLC)研究了上述5种物质以及丁布在稗草组织、根区土壤和种子萌发液的含量.结果表明:在100μg·ml-1作用浓度下,对羟基扁桃酸对莴苣、水稻以及稗草的种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合抑制活性最弱,2,4-二叔丁基酚化感抑制活性相对最强.酞酸二甲酯、酞酸二异辛酯和2,4-二叔丁基酚这3种物质对稗草的抑制活性大干水稻.通过HPLC只在稗草苗期叶、根和种子萌发液中检测出对羟基扁桃酸,其含量分别为9.72 μg·g-1、7.29 μg·g-1和0.24 μg·ml-1,而其他生长期组织以及根区土壤中均未检出.所有样品均未检测出2,4-二叔丁基酚、丁布和3种酞酸酯类物质.对羟基扁桃酸的浓度-效应试验显示,接近实测浓度(20 μg·g-1)时其对3种受试植物没有显著的化感抑制效应.本研究表明,对羟基扁桃酸不是稗草中主要的化感物质;通过HPLC-标准物质比对方法可以准确分析上述6种化合物,并证实了稗草不含有2,4-二叔丁基酚、丁布和酞酸酯类物质.     

内生真菌对花生残茬腐解及土壤酚酸含量的影响

土壤中花生残茬是导致连作障碍的原因之一。为了探讨施加内生真菌Phomopsis liquidambari(B3)对加速花生残茬腐解、改善连作花生土壤环境、缓解花生连作障碍的作用及其可能机理,通过向土壤中添加花生(Archis hypogaea)残体,利用盆栽试验探讨了施加B3对花生残茬腐解率、土壤部分酚酸物质和酶活性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,在萌发期和苗期,添加B3处理显著加快残茬腐解,提高纤维素木质素降解率,增加土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸和香豆酸的含量;在花生整个生育期,施加B3显著调节了土壤中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase,Mn P)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidase,Li P)和多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性的动态变化,这种变化有利于花生残茬快速腐解和酚酸类化感物质的及时转化。开花期之后施加B3处理土壤酚酸含量显著降低,花生荚果增产19.9%。实时定量PCR结果表明内生真菌B3在土壤中30 d内可以被检测,并对复杂多样的酚酸类物质具有广谱高效的降解能力。由此说明,施加内生真菌B3可以显著加快连作土壤中花生残茬腐解,进而通过减少土壤酚酸含量来缓解由残茬腐解引起的连作障碍。     

敦煌阳关湿地芦苇叶性状对土壤水分的响应

为了了解干旱区湿地不同水分梯度下芦苇叶性状的构建模式及对不同水分环境的适应策略差异性,以敦煌阳关渥洼池湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,分析不同水分梯度下芦苇叶性状对土壤水分的响应。结果表明:(1)低水分梯度下的叶厚度(LT)和叶片磷含量(LPC)显著高于中、高水分梯度(P0.05),高水分梯度下的叶碳含量(LCC)也显著高于中、低水分梯度(P0.05)。(2)芦苇叶性状之间的关系也因水分的变化而有所不同。就整体而言,叶片碳含量与叶干物质含量(LDMC)极显著正相关(P0.01);叶厚度与叶片磷含量极显著正相关(P0.01),比叶面积(SLA)与叶氮含量(LNC)极显著正相关(P0.01)、与叶碳氮比(C/N)极显著负相关(P0.01)。(3)在水分作为限制因素的条件下,叶片碳含量与比叶面积对水分的响应最为突出。土壤含水量与叶厚度、叶碳含量和叶片磷含量均显著负相关(P0.05)。芦苇在低水分环境下采取高收入低投入的积极型生存策略,高水分下则采取低获取高消耗的保守型生存策略,说明了芦苇在适应异质生境的自我调节机制。     

河滨湿地不同植物群落根系分布特征与土壤理化性状的关系——以黄河中游荥阳段为例

在黄河中游郑州荥阳段,选择了5种河滨湿地植物群落进行根系和土壤性状特征研究,以期阐明不同植物群落的根系分布规律与土壤性状的关系,为河滨湿地植物群落组成以及土壤质量恢复提供科学参考。结果表明(1)在0—40 cm土层,根生物量密度与根长密度的平均值均表现为：芦苇群落(Phragmites australis)和芦苇-狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落均大于芦苇-拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)群落。拂子茅-狗牙根、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根、拂子茅-水莎草-狗牙根三种植物群落类型下根生物量密度、根长密度在0—20 cm表层土壤较大,芦苇群落和芦苇-狗牙根群落的根生物量密度、根长密度在10—40 cm的土层较大。(2)黄河河滨湿地芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤以粉粒为主,拂子茅-狗牙根群落、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草群落的土壤主要以砂粒为主。在0—40 cm土层,芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤含水率、土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量均显著高于...     

Compensatory light utilization of Phalaris arundinacea within the Phalaris arundinacea–Phragmites australis compound community

This study investigated the light utilization characteristics of Phalaris arundinacea within the Phalaris arundinacea-Phragmites australis compound community. The investigation was based on the response curve equation of the net photosynthetic rate-photosynthetic photon flux density (Pn-PPFD) of P. arundinacea and on the distribution of PPFD on the surface canopy of P. arundinacea within the compound community. Results showed that P. arundinacea was able to compensate for substantial reduction in available light, and utilize the weak light within the lower part of the compound community. On the one hand, the density of P. australis within the compound community determined the compensatory light utilization rate (CLUR) of P.arundinacea. On the other hand, the CLUR amplitude of P. arundinacea within the compound community with the same P. australis density was relatively small in a day. The results can help people to regulate P. arundinacea-P. australis compound communities to maintain a long-term, stable coexistence in the constructed wetlands.

Abbreviations: CK – control; CLUR, compensatory light utilization rate; LER, light extinction rates; Pn, net photosynthetic rate; PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density.     

Seed dispersal, germination and seedling growth of six helophyte species in relation to water-level zonation

1. Seed dispersal, germination, and seedling growth characteristics of six helophyte species. Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia and Scirpus lacustris, were investigated in relation to their water-level zonation. 2. The experiments demonstrated a large variation in these characteristics between the species. 3. Propagule floating capacities range from < 1 h (S. lacustris) to > 1000 h (I. pseudacorus). 4. Seed germination in a water-level gradient revealed two groups with respect to germination percentage - exposed soil species (I. pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis) and submerged soil species (T. angustifolia, T. latifolia). 5. There were two contrasting types of seedling growth response to submergence and exposure: one group of species formed longest leaves under exposed conditions (Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, I. pseudacorus), and the other under submerged conditions (S. lacustris, T. latifolia, T. angustifolia). 6. The results suggest that early life-history characteristics of the species relate to their locations in the riparian zonation: Phalaris arundinacea and Iris pseudacorus at the higher end, Phragmites australis intermediate, and Typha spp. and Scirpus lacustris at the lower end. Species occurring at lower locations show adaptations to (periodical) flooding of the soil (submersed germination and growth), while those from higher locations require prolonged exposed soil conditions to germinate and to survive the establishment stage.     

不同水分条件下混种密度对芦苇和反枝苋种间竞争的影响

与本地植物的种间竞争是影响外来植物能否成功入侵的关键因素之一,该研究通过受控模拟试验研究了本地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和外来入侵植物反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)在淹水和干旱两种水分条件下混种密度(6∶2、4∶4和2∶6)对其种间竞争的影响。结果表明:(1)芦苇和反枝苋的相对产量与相对产量总和均小于1,即两种植物存在种间竞争。(2)种间竞争使芦苇和反枝苋的生长均受到了不同程度的抑制,表现在两者的株高和生物量均随着竞争者密度的增加而降低。(3)植株地上部分和地下部分的氮浓度表现出与株高和生物量相同的趋势,且在不同水分条件下存在差异。(4)芦苇和反枝苋分别在淹水和干旱环境下具有较强竞争力,但在各自较高混种密度下亦具有较强竞争力。可见,芦苇和反枝苋的种间竞争受到了水分和混种密度的影响。因此,在有反枝苋分布的湿地中,植物生长初期可通过增加土壤水分和/或增加芦苇等本地植物的种群密度以降低反枝苋的种群密度来限制其竞争能力,防止反枝苋在湿地中生长建群和扩散入侵。     

扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇功能性状变异及其对土壤因子的响应

物种的遗传特征和外在环境条件的差异共同决定了植物功能性状的表达,植物功能性状可以反映物种对环境条件的适应策略。采用大样本抽样调查与统计分析方法,比较研究扎龙湿地4种生境（盐碱生境、旱生生境、湿生生境和水生生境）芦苇分株和叶功能性状,分析不同生境芦苇功能性状的分异规律及其对土壤因子的响应。结果表明：（1）不同生境芦苇功能性状均表现出中等程度变异。其中分株和叶性状均以盐碱生境最低（P<0.05）,分株及除叶面积和比叶面积以外的叶性状均以水生生境最高;株高和株重在种群内的变异系数为15.96%-48.61%和38.65%-87.82%,种群间的变异系数为46.58%和66.39%;叶性状在种群内的变异系数为13.21%-72.37%,种群间的变异系数为26.46%-57.03%;（2）不同生境芦苇功能性状间存在协同变化特征。芦苇的株高、株重、叶长、叶宽、叶面积和叶重之间均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,比叶面积与其他性状的相关性因生境不同存在一定变化;（3）不同生境芦苇的原位土壤因子表现出异质性特征,芦苇功能性状的变异是含水量、pH、有机质和速效氮等土壤因子综合作用的结果。其中含水量、有机质和速效氮为正向驱动,而pH为负向驱动。因此,芦苇通过自我调节功能性状更好地适应不同的生存环境,局域尺度不同生境的土壤因子是引起芦苇功能性状产生分异的导因。     

敦煌阳关湿地芦苇克隆构件空间拓展策略及其对土壤环境因子的响应

空间拓展是克隆植物响应环境的生态适应和权衡维度,以内陆盐沼湿地典型代表敦煌阳关国家级自然保护区内的芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,基于水库距离远近和芦苇种群的密度与盖度,设置了近水区(500 m)、过渡区(1500 m)、荒漠区(2500 m)3个不同的采样梯度,研究了环境异质条件下芦苇克隆构件空间拓展策略及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明:(1)芦苇克隆构件在异质环境条件下差异显著,初级根茎条数、根茎节间长、间隔子长、分枝角度呈现"同增同涨"的协同进化关系(P0.01),而与分株数呈现"此消彼长"的权衡关系(P0.01)。(2)且随着种群的密度降低,芦苇在空间拓展过程中呈现从"密集型"转"游击型"的生存策略。(3)冗余分析显示土壤水分、pH值、盐分是克隆构件空间拓展的主要驱动力,其中各层土壤水分、深层土壤pH值和盐分是芦苇空间拓展最重要的环境因子。明晰内陆河湿地芦苇克隆构件空间拓展策略及主要的环境驱动力,能为干旱脆弱敏感区湿地保护和生态恢复提供借鉴意义。     

Allelochemicals released by rice roots and residues in soil

A few rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties or rice straw produce and release allelochemicals into soil in which interfere with the growth of neighboring or successive plants. Allelopathic rice PI312777 and Huagan-1 at their early growth stages released momilactone B, 3-isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1, and 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone into soil at phytotoxic levels, but non-allelopathic rice Huajingxian did not. Both allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice residues released momilactone B and lignin-related phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic and vanillic acids) into the soil during residue decomposition to inhibit successive plants. The results indicated that allelochemicals involved in rice allelopathy from living and dead plants are substantially different. Interestingly, the concentrations of the allelochemicals released from the allelopathic rice seedlings in soil increased dramatically when they were surrounded with Echinochloa crus-galli. The concentrations of the allelochemicals were over 3-fold higher in the presence of E. crus-galli than in the absence of E. crus-galli. However, the same case did not occur in non-allelopathic Huajingxian seedlings surrounded with E. crus-galli. In addition to allelochemical exudation being promoted by the presence of E. crus-galli, allelopathic rice seedlings also increased allelochemical exudation in response to exudates of germinated E. crus-galli seeds or lepidimoide, an uronic acid derivative exuded from E. crus-galli seeds. These results imply that allelopathic rice seedlings can sense certain allelochemicals released by E. crus-galli into the soil, and respond by increased production of allelochemicals inhibitory to E. crus-galli. This study suggests that rice residues of both allelopathic and non-allelopathic varieties release similar concentrations and types of allelochemicals to inhibit successive plants. In contrast, living rice plants of certain allelopathic varieties appear to be able to detect the presence of interspecific neighbors and respond by increased allelochemicals.     

Increased spatial dominance in high nitrogen, saturated soil due to clonal architecture plasticity of the invasive wetland plant, Phalaris arundinacea

Clonality as a plant growth strategy has been a successful adaptation contributing to clonal plants being the dominant vegetation in many ecosystems and has been implicated as a significant factor contributing to invasiveness. The objective of this study was to determine if Phalaris arundinacea, an invasive wetland plant, modifies its clonal growth behavior when grown in high resource conditions. When grown in ideal conditions (high soil-N and moisture), we hypothesized that along with an increase in tiller production and robustness (biomass per tiller), P. arundinacea would increase the spatial spread of tiller placement (distance from parent and daughters). To test this we conducted a greenhouse study in which we grew P. arundinacea seedlings under two soil-N levels (no nitrate addition or 40 g N m^?2 year^?1) at two soil moisture levels (dry or saturated) for 10 weeks and recorded the placement (angle and distance from the parent plant) of each tiller produced. Total aboveground and belowground biomass, shoot/root ratio, and biomass per tiller were measured at the conclusion of the experiment. Plants grown in saturated conditions produced significantly more tillers that were more widely dispersed. Surprisingly, soil-N did not significantly affect most characteristics of spatial pattern, though soil-N did affect biomass production, shoot/root ratio, and biomass per tiller. These results indicate soil moisture and soil-N affect different aspects of the clonal growth behavior of P. arundinacea in the early stage of colonization. This new information provides a mechanism to explain how P. arundinacea aggressively competes for space in wetland habitats.     

Growth of Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic

Common reed (Phragmites australis) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) are two most commonly used plant species in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic. Growth characteristics of both plants (biomass, stem count, and length) have been measured in 13 horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands since 1992. The results revealed that while Phalaris usually reaches its maximum biomass as early as during the second growing season, Phragmites usually reaches its maximum only after three to four growing seasons. The maximum biomass of both species varies widely among systems and the highest measured values (5070 g m⁻² for Phragmites and 1900 g m⁻² for Phalaris) are similar to those found in eutrophic natural stands. The shoot count of Phragmites decreases after the second growing season while length and weight of individual shoots increases over time due to self-thinning process. Number of Phalaris shoots is the highest during the second season and then the shoot count remains about the same. Also the shoot length remains steady over years of constructed wetland operation.