微生物几丁质酶研究进展

微生物几丁质酶不仅在生物降解几丁质方面起着重要作用,而且可通过水解病原真菌的细胞壁而有效地抑制其生长。到目前为止,人们已经分离和克隆出了大量的微生物几丁质酶及其基因。尽管这些几丁质酶各不相同,但它们却具有类同的蛋白质结构域:信号肽、催化结构域和几丁质结合结构域等。本文着重介绍几丁质酶的结构和分子特征、表达和调控机理,并且分析了该酶的应用前景。     

组成型表达chi基因的Bt工程菌株构建及其特性

【目的】通过构建能够组成型高效表达几丁质酶的苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌株,以提高其抑真菌活性。【方法】首先通过PCR扩增获得Bti75菌株chiB全长及系列缺失启动子片段,与本室构建的启动子探测型载体pCB连接,转化Bti75菌株,通过β-半乳糖苷酶活性检测及β-半乳糖苷酶mRNA的Real time-PCR检测,确定了一段长度为190 bp的组成型高效表达启动子。将这一启动子分别与Bti75自身几丁质酶基因chiA以及地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)的几丁质酶基因chiMY连接构建了组成型高效表达的工程菌株Bti75(pDA)和Bti75(pDM)。应用几丁质酶酶活检测、SDS-PAGE及酶谱分析检测了工程菌几丁质酶的表达情况。最后,通过检测工程菌发酵粗酶液对真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响,评估了工程菌对3种植物病原真菌的抗真菌活性。【结果】在没有诱导物存在的情况下,Bti75(pBPΔ7)菌株表达的β-半乳糖苷酶酶活和β-半乳糖苷酶mRNA的转录量分别是Bti75(pBP)菌株的7倍和2.5倍左右。在没有几丁质诱导的情况下,与野生株Bti75相比,工程菌株Bti75(pDA)和Bti75(pDM)的几丁质酶活性均提高了3.5倍左右。SDS-PAGE及酶谱分析证明目的几丁质酶在非诱导条件下达到组成型高效表达,抑真菌实验显示工程菌Bti75(pDA)和Bti75(pDM)抑制3种植物病原真菌的活性明显提高。【结论】发现190 bp的缺失启动子能够组成型高效表达不同来源的几丁质酶,无需诱导物的诱导,工程菌株就能展现良好的抗真菌能力。     

莱氏野村菌Cq菌株几丁质酶基因的克隆与表达分析

【目的】为揭示昆虫病原真菌分泌的几丁质酶对宿主感染致病时的作用,对莱氏野村菌Cq菌株几丁质酶基因进行了克隆与表达,并检测了表达产物的活性。【方法】采用CTAB法提取菌体DNA,设计特异性引物,多次PCR扩增克隆莱氏野村菌Cq菌株几丁质酶基因全序列,并克隆基因的ORF片段chit1,与载体pPIC9K相连接,构建表达载体pPIC9K-Chit1,转入毕赤酵母感受态细胞中,然后通过1.5mg/L浓度的G418筛选及PCR验证,将阳性转化子进行诱导培养,对发酵液分别进行酶活性测定试验、几丁质酶透明圈验证试验和SDS-PAGE电泳检测。【结果】莱氏野村菌Cq菌株几丁质酶基因全长序列为2756bp(NCBI登录号:EU795711),PCR扩增得到开放阅读框ORF片段chit1为1827bp,其中包含3个内含子,5′端非编码区长76bp,3′端非编码区240bp,编码424个氨基酸的几丁质酶前体,理论信号肽剪切位点在Gly(20)与Leu(21)之间;毕赤酵母重组细胞发酵液中几丁质酶活性随着发酵时间的延长而增加,72h达到最大值482.5U/100μL,透明圈活性验证试验显示,在含1%的几丁质平板上可出现明显的透明圈,表达产物SDS-PAGE电泳检测其分子量为41.0kDa。【结论】本研究克隆到莱氏野村菌Cq菌株几丁质酶基因,其ORF成功重组到毕赤酵母中并表达出有活性的几丁质酶。基因表达产物的利用对进一步研究病原真菌染病昆虫的机制等具有重要意义。     

粘帚霉几丁质酶GcCHI1的结构鉴定及其抑菌作用

【目的】对分离纯化自链孢粘帚霉(Gliocladium catenulatum)HL-1-1菌株的几丁质酶Gc CHI1进行化学结构鉴定,并测定该酶对几种病原真菌的抑菌机制。【方法】几丁质酶Gc CHI1化学结构鉴定采用Nano-ESI-MS/MS技术。该酶对病原真菌菌丝生长、病原菌孢子萌发和病原菌菌核萌发的抑制作用采用牛津杯法等方法。【结果】获得几丁质Gc CHI1胰蛋白酶水解肽段的肽质量指纹谱图,较好的MS/MS图谱,以及3个肽段的氨基酸序列(均15个氨基酸),分别为LYNSNDAIEAFISR、VIGYFTQWGIYGR、LNLGIGYYGR。经Mascot数据库检索认为与来自Stenotrophomonas maltophilials 34S1的几丁质酶A具有高度的相似性。几丁质酶Gc CHI1能明显抑制立枯丝核菌、油菜菌核病菌、番茄灰霉病菌等多种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长、孢子萌发和菌核萌发。【结论】几丁质酶Gc CHI1对多种植物病原菌有抑制作用,因此几丁质酶Gc CHI1是HL-1-1菌株抑菌作用的机制之一。     

低温几丁质酶基因在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的重组表达及酶学性质表征

【目的】通过构建假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonassp.DL-6)低温几丁质酶(chitinaseA,chi A;chitinase C,chi C)的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母菌株、纯化重组蛋白并对其进行酶学性质表征,为低温几丁质酶潜在工业化生产几丁寡糖奠定理论基础。【方法】人工合成密码子优化的几丁质酶基因,构建重组乳酸克鲁维酵母表达质粒(p KLAC1-chi A、p KLAC1-chi C)并用电脉冲法转化到乳酸克鲁维酵母中,实现低温几丁质酶的可溶表达。利用镍柱亲和层析纯化得到高纯度的重组几丁质酶。【结果】成功构建产低温几丁质酶的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母并纯化获得高纯度的重组几丁质酶。经SDS-PAGE分析在110 k Da与90 k Da附近出现符合预期大小的蛋白条带。铁氰化钾法测得Chi A和Chi C的酶活分别为51.45 U/mg与108.56 U/mg。最适反应温度分别为20°C和30°C,最适p H分别为8.0和9.0。在低于40°C,p H 8.0–12.0时,Chi A和Chi C重组酶较稳定。Chi A和Chi C对胶体几丁质以及粉状底物α-几丁质与β-几丁质具有明显的降解活性,且具有一定协同降解能力。【结论】首次实现假交替单胞菌来源的低温几丁质酶在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的重组表达、纯化、酶学性质及其降解产物分析,为其他低温几丁质酶的研究提供借鉴意义。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌几丁质酶B特性及其杀虫抑真菌的作用

摘要：【目的】本文对苏云金芽胞杆菌科默尔亚种15A3菌株（Bacillus thuringensis subsp.colmeri 15A3,简称Bt 15A3）几丁质酶B（chitinase B,简称ChiB）的特性及其杀虫抑真菌作用作了初步研究。【方法】将大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）中表达的Bt 15A3菌株的ChiB,经过硫酸铵沉淀、透析、Sephadex G-200凝胶层析,最终得到初步纯化的几丁质酶。利用酶谱方法确定分子量,并且对2种分子量的酶蛋白进行了质谱鉴定。对各种金属离子对ChiB酶活的影响、最适反应温度及pH、温度及pH稳定性等理化特性进行研究,并且测定了ChiB抑制真菌孢子萌发的活性和对甜菜夜蛾和棉铃虫的杀虫增效作用。【结果】ChiB分子量约为70 kDa。同时证明检测到的64 kDa蛋白为70 kDa蛋白C端的降解产物。ChiB最适作用温度为60 ℃,最适pH值为5,在温度20 ℃～60 ℃和pH 4-8的范围内均有良好的稳定性。供试金属离子中Fe3+对ChiB的酶活有促进作用,Zn2+,Ag+有抑制作用。ChiB可抑制产黄青霉等真菌孢子的萌发,半抑制浓度（median effective inhibitory concentration,IC50）约为4 μg/mL。该酶可以分别降低Bt晶体蛋白对甜菜夜蛾和棉铃虫的半致死浓度（median lethal concentration,LC50）26 %和30 %。【结论】Bt科默尔亚种的几丁质酶不但具有较稳定的理化性质,而且具有抑制真菌生长及明显的杀虫增效作用。     

棉铃虫Ⅳ型几丁质酶的基因克隆、酶学性质及表达谱

【目的】昆虫几丁质酶(chitinase, CHT)主要参与蜕皮、围食膜的降解和机体免疫防御等重要生理生长发育过程。本研究旨在对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Ⅳ型(group)几丁质酶基因进行克隆和表达分析,为以该基因作为棉铃虫防控的分子靶标提供理论依据。【方法】采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从棉铃虫中肠中克隆Ⅳ型几丁质酶基因,分别运用DNAMAN和MEGA软件进行多序列比对和构建系统发育树。在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli(DE3)中诱导表达其体外重组蛋白,利用Western blot进一步验证;用Ni-NTA纯化柱纯化重组蛋白,之后研究该蛋白的酶学性质。qPCR分析该基因的在棉铃虫不同发育阶段和6龄幼虫不同组织中的表达谱。【结果】克隆获得棉铃虫几丁质酶基因HaCHT4(GenBank登录号: MH500771),其cDNA长1 624 bp,ORF长1 527 bp,编码509个氨基酸,预测的分子量为55.2 kD。蛋白质序列的N末端具有信号肽,中间序列部分含有一个催化结构域(catalytic domain, CAD), C末端含有一个几丁质结合结构域(chitin binding domain, CBD)。多序列比对显示,HaCHT4具有几丁质酶的保守区域;系统发育分析表明,HaCHT4属于Ⅳ型几丁质酶。重组蛋白His-HaCHT4在大肠杆菌中成功表达。纯化的重组蛋白对胶体几丁质底物具有降解活性,最适温度和pH分别为50℃和7,动力学参数K_m和V_max值分别为1.76±0.35 mg/mL和0.0220±0.0012 μg/mL·s。qPCR分析表明,HaCHT4在1龄和2龄幼虫期的表达量显著高于其他幼虫龄期及预蛹期;主要在中肠和脂肪体中高度表达,体壁和头部中低表达。【结论】结果提示棉铃虫HaCHT4可能参与围食膜中几丁质降解过程。这些结果为深入研究HaCHT4的功能奠定了基础,并为害虫防治提供了有用的信息。     

几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】几丁质是自然界中储藏量仅次于纤维素的有机物,几丁质酶能降解几丁质生成几丁寡糖,实现废弃物的高值化利用,目前菌株产几丁质酶能力低限制了它的生产应用。【目的】克隆弧菌(Vibrio sp.)GR52的几丁质酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,对分离纯化的重组几丁质酶进行酶学性质研究。【方法】以弧菌GR52菌株基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到几丁质酶基因GR52-1,构建重组基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/p ET22b-chi GR52-1,诱导表达的产物通过Ni-NTA树脂纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】重组酶的最适反应pH为6.0,在pH5.0-10.0范围内37°C保温1 h仍能保持85%以上的相对酶活力,具有较好的pH稳定性;最适反应温度为50°C,在45°C保温1 h其酶活力基本没有损失,在50°C保温1 h其残余酶活力仍达60%;在1 mmol/L浓度下,Cu~(2+)、Ca2+对该酶具有促进作用,Hg+对该酶具有明显的抑制作用;在5 mmol/L浓度下,Ni+对该酶具有一定的促进作用,Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Li~+、Fe~(2+)、Hg~+、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)对该酶具有明显的抑制作用。以胶体几丁质为底物时,动力学参数Km、Vmax、kcat分别为0.85 mg/m L、0.19μmol/(m L·min)和7.02 s-1。底物特异性分析表明该重组酶能特异性降解几丁质。【结论】重组几丁质酶具有良好的酶学性质,为几丁质酶的开发应用奠定基础。     

金针菇几丁质合成酶基因家族鉴定及其表达分析

【背景】几丁质是真菌细胞壁的重要成分,由几丁质合成酶（chitin synthase,CS）催化合成。几丁质合成酶编码基因在大型食用真菌金针菇中的数量及表达规律尚不明确。【目的】探究几丁质合成酶基因在金针菇中存在的数量及其在子实体不同发育时期的表达规律,为其在大型真菌子实体生长发育过程中的功能研究提供基础。【方法】基于已有的金针菇菌株L11基因组数据,结合NCBI其他真菌CS序列鉴定金针菇中几丁质合成酶编码基因的数量,并对其进行生物信息学分析。进一步根据金针菇F19转录组数据以及实时荧光定量PCR （RT-qPCR）技术分析金针菇CS基因家族的表达规律。【结果】在金针菇单核体菌株L11的基因组中鉴定到9个几丁质合成酶基因,系统发育分析表明它们在子实体发育过程中的表达模式可分为4类（皮尔森相关系数=0.85）。【结论】金针菇CS基因家族表达模式在金针菇不同生长发育时期均存在差异,可能参与了子实体发育不同时期和组织的形态建成。     

一种几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶解产物分析

【目的】克隆耐冷菌假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.DL-6)的几丁质酶基因并进行原核表达,纯化重组蛋白并研究其酶解产物。【方法】采用PCR扩增法从Pseudoalteromonas sp.DL-6中克隆几丁质酶基因(chi A),连接到表达载体p ET28a,导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测几丁质酶Chi A的分子量与纯度,4-甲基伞形酮荧光底物4MU-(Glc NAc)2测定酶活,电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)检测酶解产物。【结果】chi A基因(Gen Bank登录号KF234015)在大肠杆菌中高效表达,Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化几丁质酶Chi A的总活力可达168.68 U。ESI-MS检测结果表明重组蛋白酶解1%胶体几丁质的产物为几丁寡糖。【结论】利用内切几丁质酶Chi A水解几丁质生产几丁寡糖,为其在食品、医药和农业等领域的潜在应用提供有利参考。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.