嗜热脱铁去硫弧菌Pif1解旋酶生物学活性的分子特征分析

已知Pif1解旋酶在维持基因组稳定性方面发挥重要作用,且不同生物Pif1解旋酶具有不同的生物学活性;然而迄今为止,嗜热细菌Pif1解旋酶的生物学活性分子特征的研究尚未见报道。本文运用生物化学与生物物理学前沿技术,系统地研究了嗜热脱铁去硫弧菌Pif1解旋酶（Defe.Pif1）结合活性与解旋活性的分子特征。通过原核表达纯化系统,本研究获得纯度95%以上、无标签的Defe.Pif1蛋白。利用荧光偏振技术研究Defe.Pif1结合反应的底物特异性,揭示出Defe.Pif1优先结合ssDNA与G4 DNA,并对含3′-尾链的部分双链底物有较强亲和力,其结合反应底物特异性为：ssDNA > G4 DNA > 3′-ssDNA-dsDNA≈Y-structure > Other substrates。通过快速停留检测技术研究Defe.Pif1的解旋活性,明确其最适解旋温度为50℃,最佳反应溶液为10 mmol/L NaCl、3 mmol/L DTT、3 mmol/L MgCl2及1 mmol/L ATP;进一步的解旋动力学特征分析结果显示,Defe.Pif1可以高效解旋含G4结构的DNA底物,其解旋5′-G4 dsDNA底物时的解旋幅度超过90%,解旋速率也与其解旋5′-ss-dsDNA底物的速率相近,提示Defe.Pif1解旋G4 DNA更接近Bs.Pif1的单体反应模式。此外,本研究还发现Defe.Pif1解旋不同类型复制叉/复制泡底物时拥有独特的解旋倾向性：与解旋其它复制中间体DNA的低效性不同,Defe.Pif1解旋12nt bubble底物的速率与幅度均较高,暗示12nt bubble结构很可能是该解旋酶复制中间体的天然底物。上述结果证明,Defe.Pif1不仅具有Pif1解旋酶家族成员共同的结合与解旋G4 DNA等活性特征;而且作为嗜热细菌的解旋酶,它还具有独特的反应条件与解旋底物特异性。本研究为研究Pif1解旋酶家族其它成员的分子特征与生物功能提供了潜在的研究策略,为阐明此类Pif1解旋酶的分子作用机制奠定实验基础。     

极端嗜热古菌——芝田硫化叶菌DNA解旋酶的分离纯化和性质研究

采用Qsepharose离子交换层析、磷酸纤维素P1 1吸附层析、肝素琼脂糖吸附层析、Su perdex 2 0 0凝胶过滤和PhenylSuperose疏水层析等步骤 ,从嗜酸热芝田硫化叶菌细胞裂解液中分离纯化了一个DNA解旋酶。该解旋酶具有受DNA激活的ATP酶活性。根据SDS PAGE测定结果 ,该酶的分子质量约为 63kD。芝田硫化叶菌DNA解旋酶可以解开底物上 70bp的双链区 ,其解旋活性依赖于双链区旁的单链分叉。该解旋酶的活性依赖于Mg2 + 和ATP的水解 ,在NaCl浓度超过 2 0 0mmol L时受到抑制。该酶的最适pH为 6 7。该酶在 40℃～ 80℃之间均有活性 ,70℃时活性最高。芝田硫化叶菌DNA解旋酶是从古菌中分离得到的第一个天然DNA解旋酶。     

嗜酸嗜热古菌Sulfolobus acidocaldarius编码尿嘧啶DNA糖苷酶表达，纯化与酶学特征

摘要:【目的】嗜高温微生物面临dC脱氨基生成dU损伤的巨大压力,鉴定嗜酸嗜热古菌S.acidocaldarius来源的尿嘧啶DNA糖苷酶(UDG)切除dU损伤的酶学活性。【方法】重组表达来源于S.acidocaldarius的IV和V型UDG,经亲和纯化得到电泳纯重组蛋白。然后利用人工合成的dU(deoxyuracil)修饰寡核苷酸片段作为底物,体外鉴定两种重组UDG 的酶学特性。【结果】来源于S.acidocaldarius的IV和V型重组UDG具有相似的酶学特性。IV型UDG催化效率更高,比活性是V型重组UDG的750倍左右。作为来自嗜热微生物 的蛋白,S.acidocaldarius的IV和V型UDG的最适反应温度为65－75℃。【结论】IV型UDG比V型UDG水解dU碱基和脱氧核糖之间糖苷键的能力更强。     

聚苹果酸聚合途径中苹果酰辅酶A连接酶基因的克隆、表达及酶学性质

【目的】研究出芽短梗霉聚苹果酸聚合途径中苹果酰辅酶A连接酶基因及其酶学特性。【方法】通过设计兼并引物,采用IPCR技术从出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223的基因组中扩增得到苹果酰辅酶A连接酶基因的cDNA全长序列,构建表达载体,通过大肠杆菌异源表达,Ni-NTA柱层析纯化酶蛋白,分析其酶学特性。【结果】获得苹果酰辅酶A连接酶基因序列全长为1498 bp,编码440 aa,含有4个外显子和3个内含子。该重组酶最适反应温度为25℃,最适反应pH值为8.0,高浓度底物ATP明显对酶活性具有抑制作用,单体选择性表明对底物草酸、草酰乙酸、丁酸、丙二酸也具有很好催化活性。【结论】成功从出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223中克隆获得聚苹果酸聚合途径的苹果酰辅酶A连接酶基因,为聚苹果酸聚合途径解析及新型可降解材料创制奠定基础。     

热稳定性丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶异源表达及其在乙酰辅酶A合成中的应用 *

乙酰辅酶A被广泛应用到生物医学研究中,使用TPP代替昂贵的ATP为辅因子合成乙酰辅酶A受到广泛关注.新阿波罗栖热袍菌(Thermotoga neapolitana)来源的丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(TnPFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行了重组表达,分析了其酶学特性,并探讨了利用嗜热酶(TnPFOR)酶法合成乙酰辅酶A.采用pET-20b(+)载体,将新阿波罗栖热袍菌来源的四亚基组成的嗜热酶(TnPFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达;通过热处理和阴离子交换层析法纯化嗜热酶(TnPFOR);重组表达的嗜热酶(TnPFOR)的最适反应温度和pH分别为90℃和6.5,TnPFOR在90℃下孵育1h时保留了50%活性.利用嗜热酶(TnPFOR),以TPP为辅酶合成了乙酰辅酶A,并探讨了不同温度,丙酮酸钠底物浓度和反应时间对乙酰辅酶A合成的影响.得到的优化条件为:最适反应温度为90℃,丙酮酸钠浓度为1.5mmol/L,反应时间为2min.     

甜菜夜蛾拓扑异构酶I氨基酸突变对其DNA解旋活性的影响

【目的】为了探究甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua 拓扑异构酶I（topoisomerase I, Top I）氨基酸突变对其DNA解旋活性的影响。【方法】通过克隆甜菜夜蛾 Top I 基因,构建原核表达载体,采用完全重叠PCR定点突变技术,向甜菜夜蛾Top I 的V420, L530, A653和S729（根据人Top I 氨基酸序列编号）4个位点引入突变,将改造成功的重组 Top I 基因转化至大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中,诱导重组蛋白表达、纯化,测定Top I突变对其解旋活性的影响。【结果】完全重叠PCR能实现甜菜夜蛾 Top I 定点突变。重组蛋白在体外得到稳定的表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳分析在96.0 kDa处出现特异性条带。通过对重组蛋白分离纯化并测定对质粒pBR322解旋酶活性,发现引入V420I, L530P和A653T突变后Top I的比活力显著降低,而引入S729T突变后比活力与野生型蛋白无显著差异。【结论】本研究证明在甜菜夜蛾Top I中引入V420I, L530P和A653T突变后,其对底物pBR322的解旋活性显著降低,为后期探索甜菜夜蛾Top I的定点突变与其对喜树碱及其衍生物敏感性的关系奠定了基础。     

原玻璃蝇节杆菌D-氨基酸氧化酶及突变体的酶学特性

【目的】研究原玻璃蝇节杆菌(DSM 20168)中D-氨基酸氧化酶的酶学特性。【方法】通过PCR从原玻璃蝇节杆菌(DSM 15035,20168)中克隆获得D-氨基酸氧化酶基因apdaao-1和apdaao-2,构建原核表达载体,以表达质粒pET-ApDAAO-2为模板,采用QuickChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis技术构建定点突变体,经过原核表达及纯化获得重组型和突变体酶蛋白,分析其酶学特性。【结果】通过原核表达及纯化成功获得了2个重组蛋白和4个突变体酶蛋白,SDS-PAGE检测显示其分子量均约为36 kDa;酶学特性分析表明,ApDAAO-2和突变体蛋白的最适反应温度为30℃;ApDAAO-2和T286A的最适反应pH范围为7.0-11.0,其它突变体为8.0-11.0;ApDAAO-2和突变体都具有较广泛的底物特异性,除T256K的最适底物为D-Phe外,其余均为D-Met;动力学参数测定结果显示,以二级表观常数kcat/Km表示,对于底物D-Met或D-Phe,ApDAAO-2和4个突变体的kcat/Km值均比ApDAAO-1和pKDAAO高数倍以上。【结论】ApDAAO-2及突变体具有比ApDAAO-1和pKDAAO更广泛的底物特异性和较高的催化效率,有一定的商业应用价值。     

热稳定性丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶异源表达及其在乙酰辅酶A合成中的应用

乙酰辅酶A被广泛应用到生物医学研究中,使用TPP代替昂贵的ATP为辅因子合成乙酰辅酶A受到广泛关注。新阿波罗栖热袍菌(Thermotoga neapolitana)来源的丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(Tn PFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行了重组表达,分析了其酶学特性,并探讨了利用嗜热酶(TnPFOR)酶法合成乙酰辅酶A。采用pET-20b(+)载体,将新阿波罗栖热袍菌来源的四亚基组成的嗜热酶(Tn PFOR)在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达;通过热处理和阴离子交换层析法纯化嗜热酶(TnPFOR);重组表达的嗜热酶(TnPFOR)的最适反应温度和pH分别为90℃和6. 5,TnPFOR在90℃下孵育1h时保留了50%活性。利用嗜热酶(Tn PFOR),以TPP为辅酶合成了乙酰辅酶A,并探讨了不同温度、丙酮酸钠底物浓度和反应时间对乙酰辅酶A合成的影响。得到的优化条件为:最适反应温度为90℃,丙酮酸钠浓度为1. 5mmol/L,反应时间为2min。     

非核糖体肽Skyllamycin B生物合成中Ⅰ型硫酯酶底物杂泛性的初步研究

【背景】Skyllamycins是一类从链霉菌中发现的具有血小板生长因子抑制和生物膜抑制作用的非核糖体肽类,其环肽环合反应是由非核糖体肽合成酶中的硫酯酶功能域催化完成。【目的】克隆和表达Skyllamycin非核糖体肽合成酶最后一个模块中的硫酯酶(Skyxy-TE)基因,合成Skyxy-TE底物类似物,通过体外催化实验表征Skyxy-TE的底物杂泛性。【方法】采用Ligation Independent Cloning(LIC)方法,从一株含有Skyllamycin B生物合成基因簇的链霉菌Streptomycessp.PKU-MA01239中克隆和表达skyxy-TE,通过镍离子柱亲和层析纯化Skyxy-TE。运用固相多肽合成法合成2个底物类似物1和2,进行Skyxy-TE的体外催化实验。【结果】通过对Skyxy-TE的表达纯化,获得了纯度较好的可溶性蛋白;通过固相多肽合成,得到了能够模拟Skyllamycin B底物类似物的化合物1和2,硫酯酶蛋白体外催化化合物1和2得到了化合物3和4,化合物3和4通过核磁共振和高分辨质谱确认为环肽。【结论】Skyllamycin B生物合成中Skyxy-TE表现出一定的底物杂泛性,可以识别底物类似物催化环化反应,该研究为将来利用化学-酶联法制备更多环肽类似物提供了依据。     

火球菌Pyrococcus furious瓣状核酸内切酶1的表达纯化及酶学特征

【目的】克隆表达和纯化火球菌Pyrococcus furious来源的瓣状核酸内切酶1基因pFEN1(PF1414),对该蛋白的活性和酶学特征进行鉴定和分析。【方法】将pFEN1在大肠杆菌中进行重组表达,经亲和层析纯化得到电泳纯蛋白;利用人工合成的荧光标记的寡核苷酸片段作为底物,用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定pFEN1在体外的酶学特性以及与其他蛋白的相互作用。【结果】pFEN1重组蛋白能在大肠杆菌中进行高效表达;高于100 mmol/L的NaCl会抑制pFEN1的活性;pFEN1的核酸酶活性依赖于金属离子Mg~(2+)或Mn~(2+),且Mn~(2+)的催化效率优于Mg~(2+);来自嗜热古菌的pFEN1是一种耐高温蛋白,最适反应温度为60–65°C;增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)能促进pFEN1的内切酶活性。【结论】本研究证实pFEN1是一种Mg~(2+)或Mn~(2+)依赖的核酸内切酶,且PCNA能促进该酶的活性。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.