拮抗北细辛菌核病木霉菌的分离、鉴定及生防效果

【背景】菌核病是北细辛根部主要病害之一,木霉菌作为目前应用最广泛的生物防治真菌,利用木霉菌防治北细辛菌核病是目前研究的热点。【目的】通过稀释分离法对健康北细辛植株根际土壤进行菌株分离,以期筛选出有效拮抗北细辛菌核病的生防木霉菌。【方法】以北细辛菌核病菌为靶标菌,采用平板对峙培养、挥发性与非挥发性物质抑菌的方法对分离得到的木霉菌进行筛选,采用生长速率法对筛选出的木霉菌的发酵液进行抑菌效果测定,并采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定筛选出的木霉对北细辛菌核病菌的丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、紫外吸收法测定过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性、氮蓝四唑法测定超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)活性、愈创木酚法测定过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性的影响。【结果】从土壤中分离出木霉菌共14株,通过形态学和ITS-RPB2双基因联合构建系统发育树,鉴定其为哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、钩状木霉(Trichoderma hamatum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)、深绿木霉(Tr...     

粮食上木霉菌的分离鉴定及其生防效果

【背景】粮食在生长和收储期极易受到病原真菌或产毒真菌的污染,造成严重的损失。众多实践证明木霉属(Trichoderma)可以有效防治植物病原真菌。【目的】鉴定和筛选能有效抑制粮食常见危害真菌的木霉生防菌株,开发生防菌剂,保障粮食生产安全。【方法】从粮食上分离筛选出35株木霉,通过多基因系统发育分析和形态学观察方法进行菌种鉴定,利用平板对峙试验筛选出对粮食常见危害真菌有抑制作用的菌株。【结果】35株木霉分属于8个种,分别为非洲哈茨木霉(Trichodermaafroharzianum)、类棘孢木霉(Trichodermaasperelloides)、 Trichoderma amoenum、近深绿木霉(Trichoderma paratroviride)、Trichoderma obovatum、长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、东方木霉(Trichodermaorientale)和深绿木霉(Trichodermaatroviride)。对峙试验结果表明,这8种木霉对于粮食上分离到的10种危害真菌均具有较好的抑制效果。非洲哈茨木霉(T.afroharzi...     

洞庭湖湿地木霉多样性及生防活性

【目的】了解湖南省洞庭湖湿地木霉种类及分布,丰富我国的木霉种质资源,为功能菌株筛选应用奠定基础。【方法】利用ITS序列比对分析结合形态学特征对分离到的木霉菌株进行种类鉴定,构建系统发育进化树分析其亲缘关系。通过菌丝生长速率法测定菌株的平板抑菌能力,根据水解带大小检测菌株的水解酶活性,利用灰色关联度分析筛选综合生防效果较好的木霉菌株。【结果】从52个土样和18个水样中分离得到114株木霉菌株,经鉴定分属16个木霉种类:哈茨木霉、绿木霉、刺孢木霉、土星孢木霉、钩状木霉、拟康宁木霉、短密木霉、深绿木霉、猥木霉、毛细木霉(中国新记录种)、长枝木霉、卵孢木霉、侧耳木霉、加纳木霉、厚木霉及一个疑似新种;哈茨木霉为洞庭湖湿地中的优势种,占总菌株数量的19.30%;16种木霉在系统发育树中归于7个进化支:Harzianum Clade、Virens Clade、Longibrachiatum Clade、Lutea Clade、Viride Clade、Hamatum Clade、Unknown Clade。灰色关联度分析表明,菌株TW21990、QT22040和QT22094的灰色关联度较高,分别为0.849 5、0.798 6和0.732 6,综合生防性状较好。【结论】洞庭湖湿地木霉具有种类多样性和分布多样性,发现了一个中国新记录种毛细木霉和一个疑似新种,哈茨木霉TW21990、长枝木霉QT22040和卵孢木霉QT22094是潜在的优良生防菌株。     

三个木霉菌株防病促生效应

【背景】木霉(Trichoderma sp.)是重要的生防微生物资源,对不同的木霉菌株进行生物学特性比较,可为获得功能较广的复配型生防菌剂提供参考信息。【目的】通过对绿木霉(Trichoderma virens) T23、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum) T22、G30的防病效果及对作物的促生潜力等生物学特性进行比较分析,明确不同菌株的生物功能差异。【方法】用平板拮抗法比较分析菌株T23、T22、G30对植物病原真菌的拮抗效果;用乙酸乙酯萃取法对菌株T23、T22、G30培养液中的胶毒素进行提取并通过高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)检测胶毒素;用打孔法比较分析培养液萃取物对植物病原真菌的拮抗效果;通过温室接种验证菌株T23、T22、G30的防病效果;分别以磷酸钙、卵磷脂为唯一磷源检测菌株T23、T22、G30对难溶性磷的转化利用潜力,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, ICP-AES)检...     

作物根围土壤木霉菌物种多样性及其体外拮抗病原菌效应

对采自我国西北地区青海、宁夏、甘肃、陕西和新疆农作物根围土壤中的木霉菌进行分离纯化后,采用形态与分子生物学技术进行菌种鉴定,获得14个木霉种属346个菌株。其中哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)和棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)为优势菌种,分别占总数的35%和30%;其次为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)占12%;绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)和平菇木霉(Trichoderma pleurotum)分别占8%,5%,2%和1%;绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)/钩状木霉(Trichoderma hamatum)和短密木霉(Trichoderma brevicompactum)/矩孢木霉(Trichoderma oblongisporum)分别皆占2%和1%;渐绿木霉(Trichoderma viridescens)、侧耳木霉(Trichoderma pleuroticola)和康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningii)为我国西北地区农作物根围土壤中最小的木霉种群,各仅占0.3%。将纯化的菌株分别与5个靶标病原真菌在马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(PDA)平板上进行拮抗测试,研究结果表明各木霉菌株对病原菌的拮抗效果有明显差异,且其平均拮抗指数均60%。将2株短密木霉(TR1294TR1295)进行液体发酵培养,并用稀释5倍的发酵液配制PDA平板,对靶标病原真菌进行抑菌测试。结果显示,这5个病原真菌在含有TR1294和TR1295发酵液PDA平板上的生长抑制率可达72%,表明TR1294和TR1295在液体发酵过程中能产生抑菌次级代谢物。     

辽宁木霉属(Trichoderma)真菌的形态分类研究

对采自辽宁省内14个地方的173份土样和植物组织材料进行分离,获得了54株Trichoderma菌株,采用形态学分类方法鉴定出12种木霉菌,分别是拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、长枝木霉(T.longi-brachiatum)、粘绿木霉(T.virens)、卷曲木霉(T.spirale)、顶孢木霉(T.fertile)、粗壮木霉(T.strigosum)、长孢木霉(T.longipile)、钩状木霉(T.hamatum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、深绿木霉(T.atroviri-de)和哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)。其中长孢木霉为中国新记录种,粗壮木霉和卷曲木霉为东北地区首次报道。文中列有辽宁省木霉属真菌的分种检索表,并附有各木霉菌的生境和分布。     

拮抗烟草疫霉的枝穗霉菌株筛选

【背景】烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)引起的烟草黑胫病(tobacco black shank)是烤烟生产上重要的土传根茎病害之一,生产上防治困难。【目的】筛选对病原菌具有强拮抗能力的有益微生物菌株是开展生物防治的基础。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选对烟草疫霉具有拮抗作用的枝穗霉菌株。根据枝穗霉在烟草疫霉菌落上的覆盖程度和产孢量,以及对烟草疫霉菌丝、孢囊梗和孢子囊的缠绕情况,将枝穗霉的拮抗能力划分为强、中等、弱和无4个等级。【结果】供试8种65株枝穗霉中,6株具有强拮抗能力、27株具有中等拮抗能力、22株具有弱拮抗能力、10株无拮抗能力;不同枝穗霉菌株对烟草疫霉的抑制率大小为20.0%-86.7%。【结论】粉红枝穗霉(Clonostachys rosea)菌株7901、11361和亚麻生枝穗霉(C. byssicola)5072、6729、7507及条孢枝穗霉(C. grammicospora)6730对烟草疫霉具有强拮抗能力,这为后续盆栽试验及作用机理研究等提供了种质资源。     

产褪黑素绿色木霉工程菌的构建及生理特性分析

【背景】褪黑素(melatonin)是动植物内广泛存在的一种小分子生物胺类物质,在促进生物生长和提高环境耐受性等方面发挥重要作用。木霉(Trichoderma)既是重要的生防菌株也是高效的工业产品生产菌株,能够合成丰富的代谢产物。【目的】针对目前木霉菌株中还未发现褪黑素合成的问题,构建具有褪黑素合成能力的绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)工程菌,并对其生理特性进行研究。【方法】在绿色木霉Tv-1511中异源表达了来源于人基因组的芳烷基胺N-乙酰转移酶(aralkylamineN-acetyltransferase,AANAT)编码基因hAANAT和乙酰复合胺-O-甲基转移酶(acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase,ASMT)编码基因hASMT,高效液相色谱法(highperformance liquid chromatography, HPLC)检测了木霉工程菌合成褪黑素的产量,并利用生化方法检测了工程菌的生长、抗逆及对植物的促生抗病能力。【结果】获得了具有褪黑素合成能力的绿色木霉工程菌,此株工程菌具有更好的生长和产孢特性、更强的逆境胁迫耐...     

我国农作物根际土壤木霉菌资源分布调查

通过对我国18个省市地区的农作物根际土壤进行采样,使用木霉菌选择性培养基(TSM)和马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(PDA),对采样土壤中的木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)进行分离和纯化,再与同一地区的多种植物病原菌进行平板对峙测试,筛选和保存了1 300余株有拮抗功能的木霉菌株。经形态学和分子生物学(ITSTef1-α)鉴定,这些菌株分属9个木霉菌种。其中哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)和棘孢木霉(T.asperellum)为优势菌种,分别占29.07%和29.91%(总数:393和382株);其次是绿色木霉(T.viride),占筛选总数的14%(总数:185株);而渐绿木霉(T.viridescens)和康宁木霉(T.koningii)分别占7.53%和7.00%(总数:99和92株);深绿木霉(T.atroviride)和钩状木霉(T.harmatum)分别只占5%以上(总数:69和67株);长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum)和橘绿木霉(T.citrinoviride)的群落在我国农作物根际土壤中的分布最少,分别只占1.5%和0.5%以上(总数:21和7株)。同时,为了解不同地区的木霉菌株对上海地区的草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)的拮抗作用的差异性,选用14个不同地区的木霉菌株,通过对峙培养拮抗测定,筛选出6个木霉菌株,进一步做了抑制草莓灰霉病的室内生测试验。结果显示,来源于华东地区的木霉菌株TR78和TR85,在平板对峙试验中对草莓灰霉菌生长的抑菌率分别为85.49%和82.90%,室内生测对灰霉病的防治效果分别为80.19%和80.02%,显著高于(P0.05)其他菌株对灰霉病的防治效果。     

4种木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌抑制作用的测定

以绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)和二株未知木霉菌株(Trichoderma spp.)为供试木霉菌株,采用对峙培养法测定了不同温度处理下对棉花黄萎病菌(Verticilliam dahliae)的拮抗作用。结果表明,木霉在不同温度下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用不一,其中以30℃和25℃黑暗条件下木霉对棉花黄萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,对峙培养5d后,绿色木霉、康氏木霉和二株未知木霉菌在30℃条件下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别达到67.3%、65.9%、56.8%、65.9%,25℃条件下的抑制率分别为65.9%、72.9%、65.9%、78.8%;20℃下木霉菌株对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用次之,10℃、15℃和35℃条件下木霉菌丝扩散速度较慢,且孢子产生量少,不能有效地抑制棉花黄萎病菌菌丝的扩展,表明环境温度过高或过低对木霉菌丝的生长及分生孢子的产生均有较大影响。该研究为筛选棉花黄萎病菌更为有效的生防木霉菌株提供理论依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.