深海放线菌生淀粉酶基因的克隆表达及酶学特性研究

从深海放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO03032基因组中扩增到1条含淀粉结合域的水解糖苷13家族基因amy032,该基因编码氨基酸与已知蛋白一致性最高为67%。将amy032插入表达载体pET32a启动子下游,构建重组载体pET-amy。重组质粒导入大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)菌株中,SDS-PAGE分析结果显示目的基因成功实现异源表达。Ni-NTA对重组酶进行纯化,并对其酶学性质进行表征。结果表明:重组淀粉酶AMY032的最适作用温度为50℃,最适pH为8.0,以可溶性淀粉为底物时的比酶活为(276±57)U/mg,Km为0.02g/L,Vmax为70mg/(L·min)。Ca2+能提高该酶的催化活性,Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+对该酶有抑制作用。AMY032对生玉米淀粉和生大米淀粉具有水解活性,其比酶活分别为(49±12)U/mg和(39±11)U/mg;扫描电镜结果显示AMY032使生玉米淀粉的表面产生明显凹陷。     

2种不同形态不依赖Ca2+ α-淀粉酶的纯化与表征

纯化表征了枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis CN7产生的2种不同形态的不依赖Ca2+的α-淀粉酶,对其酶解产物进行了高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析。结果表明:通过加热除杂、超滤、(NH4)2SO4沉淀和分子筛层析,一次性获得了纯化倍数提高36倍的电泳纯成熟肽形式α-淀粉酶Amy7B和提高75倍的截短体形式α-淀粉酶Amy7S;Amy7B和Amy7S的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,酶活性均不依赖于乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和Ca2+;酶解产物主要由葡萄糖和麦芽糖组成。Amy7B的相对分子质量为6.7×104,半衰期温度为59.6℃,比活力为(905.99±96.52)U/mg。与之相比,Amy7S的相对分子质量小约2.0×104(为4.7×104),半衰期温度高2.7℃(为62.3℃),比活力高1.05倍(达到(1 853.87±75.61)U/mg)。     

一株嗜热地衣芽孢杆菌及其产高温淀粉酶的初步研究

从云南腾冲热海热泉中分离到23株产高温淀粉酶的菌株,选取酶活最高的一株菌株进行生长特征、16S rRNA基因测序及系统进化分析表明,该菌株为嗜热的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),并命名为B.1icheniformis Tamy6。该菌株生长范围为37～70℃,最适生长温度为55℃。对该菌所产高温淀粉酶的性质研究表明:该酶在70℃具有最高催化效率,在98℃保温30min,仍有45%的活力,其最适反应pH为5.0。通过Native-PAGE酶谱分析表明菌株Tamy6的粗酶液中含有一种类型的淀粉酶。通过TLC分析水解淀粉产物表明,其产物主要为葡萄糖、麦芽糖及3～5个葡萄糖基的寡糖,说明菌株Tamy6所产淀粉酶为高温α-淀粉酶。     

嗜热毁丝菌外切葡聚糖苷酶CBH1环状结构对酶活性及热稳定性的影响

糖苷水解酶第七家族(GH7)的外切葡聚糖苷酶(exo-1,4-β-D-glucanase),又称为纤维素生物降解酶(CBHs),在其催化中心活性通道的顶端有1个环状结构,嗜热毁丝菌(Myceliophthora thermophila)第七家族外切葡聚糖苷酶CBH1的环状结构(LS,Loop Structure)由9个氨基酸组成,即G245-Y253,但其对酶特性影响机制尚不清楚。本文构建环状结构缺失突变体CBH1-DM﹝Δ(G245-Y253)﹞以研究该结构对酶特性的影响。野生酶WT与突变酶CBH1-DM通过毕赤酵母表达并纯化,将纯化产物进行酶学性质的测定及分析。研究结果显示野生酶和突变酶的最适反应温度和最适p H值均相同,分别为50℃和5.0。CBH1-DM的比活力为2.42 U/mg,是WT(1.17 U/mg)的2.1倍。野生酶与突变酶在70℃处理1 h后,野生酶仅剩余35%的酶活力,而突变酶剩余70%的酶活力,具有较好的热稳定性。研究表明环状结构对酶的活性及热稳定性具有显著影响。     

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus A236热稳足葡萄糖淀粉酶的纯化及其特性

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus A2a6在液体培养基中50℃下静止培养14天,粗提酶液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Toyopearl离子交换层析、Butyl-Toyopearl疏水层析、Sephacryl S100凝胶过滤和FPLC Mono Q离子交换层析,得到了凝胶电泳均质的葡萄糖淀粉酶。酶促反应产物经TLC分析为葡萄糖,证明纯化的酶为葡萄糖淀粉酶(EC 3．2．1.3)。SDS-PAGE测定其分子量为72,000,不具亚基,pI为4．0,富含val和Leu。酶反应最适温度和pH分别为70℃和5．0。在pH5．0条件下,酶在60℃保温lh,仍具有原酶活性。酶活性在70℃和80℃的半衰期分别为20min和6min, Ca²⁺对酶有激活作用,Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Hg²⁺等金属离子对酶活力有一定的抑制作用。纯酶碳水化合物含量为12．4％。纯酶可水解可溶性淀粉,直链淀粉、支链淀粉．糊精、糖原、麦芽三糖和麦芽糖,其中可溶性淀粉为最适底物。     

嗜热子囊菌JCM12803来源的双功能木聚糖/纤维素酶

纤维素和木聚糖的充分利用对于生物燃料的生产是非常重要的。文中利用PCR的方法从嗜热子囊菌Thermoascus crustaceus JCM12803中克隆到一个新颖的双功能木聚糖/纤维素酶基因Tcxyn10a,并将其在毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115中实现高效异源表达。经过蛋白纯化和酶学性质研究分析,TcXyn10A的最适pH值和最适温度分别为5.0和65-70℃,能够在酸性至碱性(pH 3.0-11.0)条件下和60℃下保持稳定;对榉木木聚糖、小麦阿拉伯木聚糖、羧甲基纤维素钠和地衣多糖均有降解活性,比活分别为(1 480±26)U/mg、(2 055±28)U/mg、(7.4±0.2)U/mg和(10.9±0.4)U/mg;同源建模结构以及分子对接试验表明,双功能酶TcXyn10A只含有单一催化结构域,且木聚糖底物与纤维素底物共用一条催化通道。文中为探索双功能酶结构与其功能的关系提供了很好的素材。     

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus A_(236)热稳定葡萄糖淀粉酶的纯化及其特性

嗜热真菌ThermomyceslanuginosusA_236在液体培养基中50℃下静止培养14天,粗提酶液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Toyopearl离子交换层析、Butyl－Toyopearl疏水层析、SephacrylS100凝胶过滤和FPLCMonoQ离子交换层析,得到了凝胶电泳均质的葡萄糖淀粉酶。酶促反应产物经TLC分析为葡萄糖,证明纯化的酶为葡萄糖淀粉酶（EC3．2．1．3）。SDS－PAGE测定其分子量为72,000,不具亚基,PI为4．0,富含Val和Leu。酶反应最适温度和pH分别为70℃和5．0。在pH5．0条件下,酶在60℃保温1h,仍具有原酶活性。酶活性在70℃和80℃的半衰期分别为20min和6min。Ca2+对酶有激活作用,Fe3+、Al3+、Hg2+等金属离子对酶活力有一定的抑制作用。纯酶碳水化合物含量为12．4％。纯酶可水解可溶性淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、糊精、糖原、麦芽三糖和麦芽糖,其中可溶性淀粉为最适底物。     

酸性α-淀粉酶菌株的筛选及其发酵条件研究

自淀粉厂周边土壤分离筛选到一株高效耐酸α-淀粉酶菌株SH3,初步鉴定为酵母菌,发酵粗酶p H范围3.8-8.0,最适作用p H5.0,该酶在80℃下仍有酶活,最适作用温度50℃。经单因素发酵条件的研究与优化,最适温度37℃,培养基初始p H5.0,可溶性淀粉作碳源,蛋白胨为氮源,200 m L装液量。正交试验确定最佳产酶条件为可溶性淀粉15 g/L、蛋白胨30 g/L、37℃、p H4.5,该条件下酶活力为96.8 U/mg。     

极端嗜热α-淀粉酶ApkA的高温活性和热稳定性的优化研究

旨在获得高温活性和热稳定性提高的α-淀粉酶。通过向α-淀粉酶Apk A中引入目前已知的最稳定的α-淀粉酶PFA的Zn~(2+)结合位点,获得Zn~(2+)结合位点突变体ApkAds K152H/A166C。酶学性质分析表明,ApkAds K152H/A166C的高温活性和热稳定性明显提高,最适反应温度由90℃提高至100℃,对应的酶比活力为5 201.08 U/mg。ApkAds K152H/A166C于90℃的半衰期由5 h延长至10 h,于100℃的半衰期由7.5 min延长至80 min。重组α-淀粉酶中Zn~(2+)含量测定结果显示ApkAds K152H/A166C结合了一个Zn~(2+)。结果表明,向ApkA中引入Zn~(2+)结合位点有利于提高其高温活性和热稳定性。     

葡萄糖淀粉酶在高压静电纺PEI/PVA纳米纤维膜上的离子吸附固定

旨在应用离子结合法将葡萄糖淀粉酶固定在PEI/PVA纳米纤维膜上并对其理化性质进行研究。采用高压静电纺丝技术制备聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)纳米纤维膜,采用热交联方法使其具备水稳定性后,再利用离子吸附法固定葡萄糖淀粉酶。结果显示,利用红外光谱(FT-IR)表征固定有葡萄糖淀粉酶的PEI/PVA纳米纤维膜,表明葡萄糖淀粉酶可成功固定在静电纺丝形成的PEI/PVA纳米纤维膜表面。通过固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶的酶学性质鉴定,发现固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶的最适反应温度为65℃,比游离的葡萄糖淀粉酶提高了6℃;固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶的适用p H值范围明显变宽;热稳定性和存贮稳定性显著增强且可以重复使用。利用离子吸附法能简便地将蛋白质分子固定于纳米纤维膜上,具有一定的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.