Developmental Regulation of Focal Contact Protein Expression in Human Melanocytes

Focal contacts are transmembrane links between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton that play a critical role in directed cell migration, adhesion, and normal growth. Several different component proteins of the focal contact show develop-mentally dependent changes in expression, suggesting that this is an important mechanism by which focal contact formation is controlled during embryogenesis. In this report we examine the expression of focal contact-associated proteins in human fetal and neonatal melanocytes using Western blotting. We show that expression of paxillin, a 69-kDa vinculin binding protein, is fourfold higher in neonatal melanocytes than in fetal melanocytes. Further, we show that talin, a high molecular weight structural protein that links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton, is proteolytically cleaved in fetal, but not in neonatal melanocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy of cells grown on fibronectin confirmed the presence of paxillin, talin, and vinculin at the ends of actin stress fibers at presumptive focal contacts in melanocytes. Adhesion experiments to extracellular matrix ligands revealed significant differences in adhesion of fetal and neonatal melanocytes to fibronectin. The developmentally specific changes in focal contact protein expression observed suggest that this may be an important mechanism by which focal contact assembly is controlled in human melanocytes during development.     

HSV-1感染对神经胶质瘤细胞神经生长因子及其受体表达的影响

神经生长因子(NGF)主要由神经胶质细胞产生,通过特异的靶细胞表面的神经生长因子受体介导产生生物学效应,与神经细胞的生长发育、分化和凋亡等密切相关。单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)作为一种嗜神经病毒,易造成神经细胞、神经胶质细胞凋亡或死亡。本实验以U251人神经胶质瘤细胞为研究对象,观察HSV-1感染致U251细胞凋亡的过程中NGF及其受体的变化情况。结果发现U251细胞是HSV-1的容许细胞;HSV-1感染致U251细胞凋亡过程中,NGF及其低亲和力受体p75NTR出现表达强度随时间先增强后减弱的趋势,而高亲和受体Tr-kA持续低表达。推测HSV-1感染致神经细胞凋亡中可能调控了神经营养因子的表达。     

Regulation of the transmodulated epidermal growth factor receptor by cholera toxin and the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid.

Addition of tumor promoting phorbol esters, such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), to many cell lines results in a decrease of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding and increased serine/threonine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in a process termed transmodulation. It is, however, unclear whether or not receptor phosphorylation is causally related to the inhibition of high affinity EGF binding. We have investigated the significance of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events in the mechanism of PMA-induced transmodulation using the adenylate cyclase activator cholera toxin and the serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. In Rat-1 fibroblasts treated at 37 degrees C, PMA induced a rapid decrease in EGF binding which persisted for 3 hours. In contrast, cells exposed to PMA in the presence of cholera toxin exhibited a marked recovery of binding within 60 minutes. The PMA-stimulated decrease in binding correlated with a rapid increase in the phosphorylation state of the EGF receptor. While phosphorylation of the receptor was sustained at an elevated level for at least three hours in cells receiving PMA alone, EGF receptor phosphorylation decreased between 1 and 3 hours in cells treated with PMA and cholera toxin. Furthermore, the cholera toxin-stimulated return of EGF binding was inhibited by treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. These results suggest that a cholera toxin-activated phosphatase can increase binding capacity of the transmodulated EGF receptor in Rat-1 cells. Cholera toxin treatment elicited a qualitatively similar response in cells transmodulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Okadaic acid antagonized the natural return of binding observed in cells stimulated with PDGF alone, indicating that a dephosphorylation event may be required for the recovery of normal EGF binding after receptor transmodulation.     

神经元限制性沉默因子在NTera2/CloneD1细胞向神经元分化模型中表达的检测

目的:建立NTera2/CloneD1细胞向神经元分化的模型,检测神经元限制性沉默因子(NRSF)经分化培养基诱导后表达的变化。方法:收集正常培养的NTera2/CloneD1细胞及经全反式维甲酸(RA)、阿糖胞苷(AraC)、尿苷分阶段诱导共28 d的细胞,显微镜下观察诱导前后细胞的形态学变化;免疫荧光法检测NTera2/CloneD1细胞诱导前后干性标志Nestin、Sox2和成熟神经元特异性标志NF-200、β-tubulinⅢ的表达情况;应用RT-PCR和免疫荧光法对NRSF进行mRNA和蛋白水平的检测。结果:显微镜下观察到正常培养的NTera2/CloneD1细胞呈克隆样生长,经分化培养基诱导后的NTera2/CloneD1细胞表现出典型的神经元样细胞形态。免疫荧光检测表明,未诱导的NTera2/CloneD1细胞表达神经干细胞的标志Sox2、Nestin,不表达成熟神经元特异性蛋白NF-200、β-tubulinⅢ;而经RA等诱导分化的细胞则不表达Sox2、Nestin,表达NF-200、β-tubulinⅢ。RT-PCR和免疫荧光检测显示,NRSF在诱导分化后的NTera2/CloneD1细胞中的表达量显著降低。结论:建立了NTera2/CloneD1细胞向神经元分化的模型,NRSF在诱导后的NTera2/CloneD1细胞中表达量显著下调,提示NTera2/CloneD1细胞在诱导过程中可能通过下调NRSF,使受到NRSF负性调控的神经元特异性蛋白启动表达并上调,进而实现NTera2/CloneD1细胞向神经元的定向分化。     

Regulation of the Cell Cycle at the G2/M Boundary in Metastatic Melanoma Cells by 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) by Blocking p34Kinase Activity

12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits the growth of most malignant melanoma cells but stimulates the growth of normal human melanocytes. We previously showed that addition of TPA inhibits the growth of the human metastatic melanoma cell line, Demel, by blocking cells at both the G1/S and G2/M cell cycle transitions (D. L. Coppocket al.,1992,Cell Growth Differ.3, 485–494). To examine the G2/M transition, we developed a method to synchronize the cells in early S phase using Lovastatin and mevalonate, followed by treatment with hydroxyurea (HU). TPA (30 nM) was effective in blocking cells from entering mitosis and reentering G1 when added up to the end of G2. These cells arrested in G2. Examination of the levels of cyclins A and B1 demonstrated that the levels of these cyclins were not limiting for entrance into M. However, the addition of TPA blocked the increase in p34^cdc2/cyclin B1 kinase activity. In cells treated with TPA, most p34^cdc2was found in the slowly migrating forms on Western blots, which contained increased levels of phosphotyrosine. In addition, the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21^Cip1/Waf1, but not of p27^Kip1, was increased. We examined the expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in Demel cells using Western blots to understand which types were involved in the G2 arrest. Demel cells expressed the PKC α, βI, βII, δ, ε, ι/λ, ζ, and μ isozymes. PKC η and PKC θ were not detected. Addition of TPA did not completely down regulate any PKC isozymes over a 12-h period in these synchronized cells. PKC α, βI, βII, δ, and ε isozymes were translocated to the membrane fraction from the cytosolic fraction when treated with TPA. PKC δ appeared as a doublet and the addition of TPA shifted a majority to the slower migrating form. The level of PKC μ was constant; however, a slow mobility form was observed in TPA-treated cells. This reduced mobility was at least partially due to phosphorylation. Thus, the arrest of growth in G2 appears to be due to the inhibition of the p34^cdc2kinase activity which is associated with the increased expression of p21^Cip1/Waf1and increased phosphorylation on tyrosine of p34^cdc2. This arrest, in turn, is associated with a shift of PKC isozymes PKC α, PKC βI, PKC βII, PKC δ, PKC ε, and PKC μ to the membrane fraction which is induced by addition of TPA.     

人核受体Nurr1基因的克隆和表达及产物纯化(英文)

核受体相关因子 1(nuclearreceptor relatedfactor 1,Nurr1)是主要表达于中脑黑质及腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元的一种转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族成员 ,其功能性配体尚未被确认 .研究表明 ,Nurr1对中脑多巴胺神经元的发育、存活以及成熟后功能的维持具有特殊重要意义 .如能找到它的特异性配体 ,将为最终筛选出治疗帕金森病等中枢多巴胺失调性疾病的药物或化学合成先导物打下基础 .为了获取Nurr1蛋白以标定其配体以及研究蛋白质间的相互作用 ,采用RT PCR技术 ,从人胚中脑组织特异性扩增及克隆了人Nurr1cDNA ,并获得一个在氨基端缺失 35 0bp碱基的Nurr1突变体 .将正常的Nurr1基因片段亚克隆至表达载体pET2 8a ,分别在TNTRT7偶联网织红细胞溶胞系统和大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)中获得表达 ,均以可溶性形式存在 ,且产自于体外转录 翻译系统的真核表达Nurr1蛋白已标记上同位素3 5S .Western印迹分析表明 ,所表达的重组目的蛋白具有特异的免疫反应性 .经Ni NTA亲和层析 ,得到了初步纯化的rhNurr1蛋白 .     

人核受体Nurr1基因的克隆和表达及产物纯化(英文)

核受体相关因子 1(nuclearreceptor relatedfactor 1,Nurr1)是主要表达于中脑黑质及腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元的一种转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族成员 ,其功能性配体尚未被确认 .研究表明 ,Nurr1对中脑多巴胺神经元的发育、存活以及成熟后功能的维持具有特殊重要意义 .如能找到它的特异性配体 ,将为最终筛选出治疗帕金森病等中枢多巴胺失调性疾病的药物或化学合成先导物打下基础 .为了获取Nurr1蛋白以标定其配体以及研究蛋白质间的相互作用 ,采用RT PCR技术 ,从人胚中脑组织特异性扩增及克隆了人Nurr1cDNA ,并获得一个在氨基端缺失 35 0bp碱基的Nurr1突变体 .将正常的Nurr1基因片段亚克隆至表达载体pET2 8a ,分别在TNTRT7偶联网织红细胞溶胞系统和大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)中获得表达 ,均以可溶性形式存在 ,且产自于体外转录 翻译系统的真核表达Nurr1蛋白已标记上同位素3 5S .Western印迹分析表明 ,所表达的重组目的蛋白具有特异的免疫反应性 .经Ni NTA亲和层析 ,得到了初步纯化的rhNurr1蛋白 .     

In Situ and In Vitro Expression of Protein Kinase C Alpha in Human Melanocytes

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a multigene family of at least 12 isoforms involved in the transduction of extracellular signals. We investigated whether PKC-α, a major isoform known to be relatively abundant in brain tissue, is increased in human melanocytes relative to keratinocytes in vitro and in situ. Immunohistochemical staining for PKC-α in frozen neonatal human foreskin exhibited intermittent 2–3+ staining along the basal cell layer consistent with melanocytes, and 0–1+ staining of keratinocytes (on a scale of 0–3). Microscopic densitometry of the intermittent cellular staining was at least 3-fold greater than that of adjacent keratinocyte cell cytoplasm. Sequential frozen sections revealed similar intermittent cell staining with PKC-α and Mel-5 (tyrosinase related protein-1), known to specifically react with melanocytes. Northern blot analysis with a specific cDNA probe for PKC-α showed strong PKC-α mRNA expression in cultured melanocytes, whereas PKC-α mRNA in cultured non-stratifying keratinocytes was expressed at low levels. Western blot analysis revealed a prominent PKC-α band at approximately 80 kDa in melanocytes as opposed to a weak band in keratinocytes. Densitometry of the northern and western blots revealed that melanocytes had at least 10-fold more PKC-α mRNA and approximately 6-fold more PKC-α protein expression than keratinocytes. Total PKC activity measured in vitro revealed that melanocytes had 5-fold more activity than keratinocytes. The marked difference in melanocyte and keratinocyte expression of PKC-α provides further evidence for cell type specificity in the balance of PKC-α expression and may implicate differential PKC isoform signaling pathways in neuro-ectodermally derived cells.     

小鼠正常黑素细胞与黑色素瘤细胞（B16）mRNA表达差异分析

黑色素瘤是一种高侵袭性的恶性皮肤肿瘤,转移率高、预后差。研究黑素瘤细胞生物学特性对黑素瘤的治疗和控制具有重要的意义。本研究以C57BL/6J小鼠的正常黑色素细胞及B16黑色素瘤细胞为研究对象,采用二代测序技术分析两种细胞间的转录组表达差异,筛选差异基因,为后续黑色素瘤的形成机制研究提供理论依据。采用差异倍数及错误率分析测序数据,鉴定出1 436个新的mRNA和4 086个差异表达的已知mRNA。GO数据库和KEGG数据库分析显示,差异表达的mRNAs参与了149个调控途径, 主要集中在疾病调控、细胞周期调节和环境信息调控方面。qRT-PCR及Western印迹检测发现,调节细胞增殖、迁移的Pdgf-B、Integrin-β1和Integrin-β5以及调节黑色素颗粒增加的Mitf、Tyr、Tyrp1和Tyrp2在B16细胞中的表达量显著高于在正常黑色素细胞中的表达。本研究获得的差异基因为后续黑色素瘤的研究提供了新的候选基因。     

GST-HAI-1融合蛋白的表达及抗人HAI-1单克隆抗体的制备

制备抗人肝细胞生长因子激活物抑制因子（HAI-1）单克隆抗体,为对HAI-1进行进一步的研究打下基础。将人HAI-1 cDNA分段克隆,构建GST-HAI-1融合蛋白原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌后加IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达,经制备型SDS-PAGE法分离表达的GST-HAI-1融合蛋白,通过割胶、电洗脱回收融合蛋白,并以此为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,应用细胞融合技术制备产生抗人HAI-1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤,以ELISA、Western blot和免疫组织化学染色进行鉴定。最终获得抗人HAI-1单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株ZMC6,产生的单克隆抗体可特异性地与表达的GST-HAI-1融合蛋白反应,并可识别大肠组织中的膜型及脱落型HAI-1蛋白。该单克隆抗体的制备成功,为深入研究HAI-1的功能提供了有力工具。     

3T3-L1脂肪细胞膜FGF-21结合蛋白的初步鉴定

成纤维细胞生长因子（fibroblast growth factor,FGF）-21是最近发现的1个可以独立调节血糖的细胞因子,有望成为治疗2型糖尿病的备选药物．但是,FGF-21调解血糖的机理尚不十分清楚．为探讨该因子功能受体,应用偶联方法,以3T3-L1脂肪细胞为靶标,以FGF-21为诱饵,在3T3-L1脂肪细胞膜上寻找结合蛋白．结果表明,生物素标记的FGF-21可与脂肪细胞膜蛋白形成分子质量大小约300 kD以上两组复合物．竞争试验显示,非标记的FGF 21可与生物素标记的FGF-21竞争、抑制标记的FGF-21参入复合物;应用非标记FGF 21剂量越大,抑制后者参入复合物的程度越强.结果提示,该复合物是FGF-21特异性的．此外,随着生物素标记的FGF-21剂量增加,观察到的标记复合物越多;但是,当FGF-21剂量达12.5 mg/L以上时,观察到的复合物数量不再增加．实验结果提示,复合物形成与FGF-21剂量相关;FGF-21特异结合的蛋白质结合位点饱和后,复合物形成量最大．同时,采用FGF受体特异性抑制剂SU5402可特异性抑制FGF-21在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中的促进葡萄糖吸收作用,提示本实验所观察到的FGF-21 膜蛋白复合物可能就是FGF-21-FGF受体     

hnRNP A2/B1在人永生化表皮HaCaT细胞凋亡过程中的表达及其调控作用研究

该文以姜黄素诱导人永生化表皮HaCaT细胞凋亡为基础,对hnRNP A2/B1在核基质中的存在、分布及其与细胞凋亡相关基因产物的共定位及相互作用关系进行了研究。蛋白质印迹结果显示,hnRNP A2/B1存在于HaCaT细胞核基质蛋白组分中,在经过姜黄素处理后,表达下调;激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示,hnRNP A2/B1在HaCaT细胞中分别与Fas、p53和Bax等基因产物具有共定位关系,姜黄素处理后其共定位区域出现由核膜或核仁向胞质转移的趋势。GST pull-down实验证实,hnRNPA2/B1分别与Fas、p53和Bax有直接相互作用关系。结果表明,hnRNPA2/B1作为一种核基质蛋白,通过与细胞凋亡相关基因产物的相互作用参与HaCaT细胞的凋亡诱导调控过程,这对深入认识核基质蛋白在细胞凋亡过程中的调控机制具有重要意义。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1在鼻咽癌细胞中通过STAT3促进VEGF表达

探讨了EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)是否通过STAT3调控诱导血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)的表达.利用蛋白质印迹的方法对HNE2、HNE2-LMP1以及瞬时转染STAT3显性负性突变体STAT3β的HNE2-LMP1细胞中VEGF含量进行检测,发现LMP1可以上调VEGF的表达,而STAT3β可以抑制VEGF的上调;利用LMP1可控表达细胞系tet-on-LMP1-HNE2进行LMP1时间和剂量诱导表达研究,发现VEGF可以随LMP1的动态表达而表达;将VEGF野生型报告基因和VEGF潜在的STAT3转录因子突变体报告基因与LMP1表达载体分别共转染研究发现,LMP1可以激活VEGF的转录,这种转录通过VEGF启动子区STAT3转录因子的结合位点发挥作用;电泳迁移率变动分析(EMSA)确证了STAT3的这种DNA位点的特异性活性.结果表明：EB病毒编码的LMP1 在鼻咽癌细胞中可以增加VEGF的转录和表达,并能通过VEGF启动子区STAT3转录因子结合位点发挥作用.     

The Proteolytic Potential of Normal Human Melanocytes: Comparison With Other Skin Cells and Melanoma Cell Lines

To understand the contribution of epidermal melanocytes in the proteolytic potential of human skin, we have studied melanocytes grown in a low-serum medium deprived of phorbol esters, cholera toxin, and other non-physiological supplements. We focused on the plasminogen activation system and certain matrix metalloproteinases (gelatinases). Supposing that the proteolytic activity of cells can influence binding to collagen matrix and its reorganization, we have analyzed these parameters as well. We found that human melanocytes secreted tissue-type plasminogen activator and utilised it to generate cell-bound plasmin. No urokinase-type plasminogen activator was detected in the cultures but its receptor was found in cell extracts. Both the 72 kDa and 92 kDa gelatinases were secreted by the cells and in equal amounts. In addition, melanocytes secreted the wide-spectrum proteinase inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin. Melanocytes cast into collagen matrices retained a rounded morphology, did not extend processes, and were unable to contract collagen lattices. As a control, these parameters were investigated in parallel in cultures of human keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and two melanoma cell lines. The obtained characteristics suggest that normal human melanocytes are proteolytically active cells. This function may pertain to skin physiology and pathophysiology.     

Deletion of the PH-domain and Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 1 (Phlpp1) Increases Fibroblast Growth Factor (Fgf) 18 Expression and Promotes Chondrocyte Proliferation

Endochondral ossification orchestrates formation of the vertebrate skeleton and is often induced during disease and repair processes of the musculoskeletal system. Here we show that the protein phosphatase Phlpp1 regulates endochondral ossification. Phlpp1 null mice exhibit decreased bone mass and notable changes in the growth plate, including increased BrdU incorporation and matrix production. Phosphorylation of known Phlpp1 substrates, Akt2, PKC, and p70 S6 kinase, were enhanced in ex vivo cultured Phlpp1^−/− chondrocytes. Furthermore, Phlpp1 deficiency diminished FoxO1 levels leading to increased expression of Fgf18, Mek/Erk activity, and chondrocyte metabolic activity. Phlpp inhibitors also increased matrix content, Fgf18 production and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Chemical inhibition of Fgfr-signaling abrogated elevated Erk1/2 phosphorylation and metabolic activity in Phlpp1-null cultures. These results demonstrate that Phlpp1 controls chondrogenesis via multiple mechanisms and that Phlpp1 inhibition could be a strategy to promote cartilage regeneration and repair.