基于生态需水保障的农业用水安全评价——以山东省引黄灌区为例

保障农业用水安全和生态安全是流域水资源管理的重点,针对黄河口和山东引黄灌区的用水矛盾,采用阈值分析与地统计学方法,考虑作物蒸散发和有效降雨计算山东省引黄灌区灌溉需水量,在优先保障黄河口不同等级生态需水条件下分析灌区（划分为不同调控区）可用水量的响应特征,以地理信息系统（GIS）为平台计算具有时空差异的山东省引黄灌区农业用水安全压力指数,进而评价多时空尺度下的山东省引黄灌区农业用水安全。结果表明,在平水年,保障适宜等级的生态需水后大概有33%的年份农业用水安全存在压力,保障最低等级的生态需水约有27%的农业用水面临短缺,但是大部分情况下农业用水安全压力指数都在30%之下,然而保障最高等级生态需水后,有50%以上的年份存在农业用水安全压力,这种压力无论是从出现频次还是在指数强度上都有明显增加。在空间尺度上,以打渔张、刘春家、麻湾和簸箕李等灌区为代表的调控区2、11、13、14和17的农业用水压力显著,代表年内保障最低等级的生态需水后调控区的农业用水安全压力指数超过了20%,保障适宜等级的生态需水后,大部分调控区的农业用水安全压力指数超过了20%,调控区2和13的压力指数超过了30%,保障最高等级的生态需水后大部分调控区的农业用水安全压力指数超过了60%。在引黄水量调配过程中,应该按照水文年的不同保障合理的生态水量,同时充分考虑水文气象因子的空间差异性,在不同调控区细化分配方案,平水年份保障适宜等级生态需水后农业用水短缺由55.28降低到18.25亿m³。该评价方法反映了优先保障生态需水后灌区农业水资源保障情况,并能有效降低农业和生态用水之间的矛盾,为管理部门进行"精细配水"提供依据。     

公益林保护区生态补偿标准与补偿方式

采用问卷调查及条件价值评估法,以贵州省江口县地方重点生态公益林保护区为例,对地方重点公益林保护区生态补偿的标准及方式进行研究.结果表明: 当地林农每年愿意接受的最低补偿金额为314.14～365.15元·hm^-2,其发展的机会成本为9750元×被划入保护区林地的面积(hm²);健康状况、受教育程度、民族及聚居地所在乡镇均不同程度地影响受偿意愿;林农期待的补偿方式呈多样化,主要以现金补偿及技术补偿为主.从制度完善、提高补偿标准、加强宣传、寻求多元化补偿方式等方面提出了政策建议.     

基于碳足迹的江西生态补偿标准时空格局

碳足迹是一种测度碳排放影响的新方法,可利用区域碳足迹和碳承载力的差值来确定区域生态补偿标准.通过构建碳足迹、碳承载力与生态补偿标准模型,研究江西省及11地市生态补偿标准的时空变化.结果表明: 2000—2013年,江西省碳足迹呈现快速增长趋势,年均增长率为8.7%,碳承载力呈波动变化趋势,各年份均有碳盈余,但净碳盈余呈波动下降趋势.南昌和九江对江西省总碳排放贡献率较大,赣州、吉安和上饶对碳吸收贡献较大.2013年,江西碳盈余生态补偿额为22.73亿元,赣州、吉安、抚州和上饶可优先获得较高的生态补偿额度.研究结果可为江西省生态补偿机制建立以及CO₂排放权的有偿转让等提供一定的科学依据.     

基于机会成本法的海洋保护区生态保护补偿标准

建立海洋保护区已被公认为维持海洋生物多样性和防止海洋生态环境恶化的重要途径,而合理实施生态保护补偿是确保海洋保护区建设和管理成效、促进区域经济发展机会公平的关键手段。以土地、海域为载体,从机会成本补偿的角度出发,分别设置了机会成本补偿基数、区域调整系数、分区补偿系数和开发限度补偿系数,构建了海洋保护区生态保护补偿标准测算方法,并选取全国8个省(市)14个国家级海洋自然保护区开展了实证分析。结果表明:2015年案例区的机会成本补偿测算结果介于0.66×10⁴—10.69×10⁴元/km²之间,河北昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区和天津古海岸与湿地国家级自然保护区的补偿金额显著高于其他保护区,分别为10.69×10⁴元/km²和10.47×10⁴元/km²,相比之下,其余12个保护区的平均补偿金额为1.70×10⁴元/km²。     

基于生态足迹思想的皂市水利枢纽工程生态补偿标准研究

如何确定生态补偿标准是生态补偿研究的重点和难点问题.基于生态足迹思想方法,以皂市水利枢纽工程为例,构建了5个生态补偿主体受益评估模型(生态供给足迹评估模型)和8个生态补偿对象受损评估模型(生态需求足迹评估模型),对皂市工程生态补偿标准进行了定量评估.结果表明:①皂市工程生态补偿主体受益值为88482.2974 hm2/a,货币化转换结果为6.2353×108元/a;生态补偿对象受损值为14946.4861 hm2/a,货币化转换结果为1.0533×108元/a;生态补偿主体受益值是生态补偿对象受损值的5.92倍.②以明确生态补偿主体和生态补偿对象为前提,提出了3种生态补偿标准方案,目前推荐第2种生态补偿标准方案.③第2种生态补偿标准方案的生态补偿额为0.5238×108元/a,政府和水电开发业主是主要的生态补偿主体,其承担的生态补偿额分别占总生态补偿额的52.50％和35.77％;移民和河流生态系统本身是主要的生态补偿对象,其获得的生态补偿额分别占总生态补偿额的72.16％和15.68％.     

内陆河干旱区生态需水分析

根据水分驱动生态演变模型 ,以水分运动和补给条件 ,研究了内陆河平原生态系统的需水结构。生态需水分为过渡带生态需水 ,绿洲生态需水 ;绿洲生态需水又进一步分为天然绿洲生态需水和人工绿洲生态需水。通过流域水分平衡和地面观测资料确定了生态圈层结构的水分需求 ,以及降水与径流对水分需求的补给比例。生态需水的分析计算 ,类似于供需平衡分析。从植物生理角度分析生态需水 ,得到天然植被的总腾发量 Et,作为植被生态需水总量。各典型天然植被的 Et通过实验资料获得。将植被和水面的总生态需水量扣除有效降水补充的部分 ,即为径流性生态需水量 GE。另一方面 ,以流域为单元进行降水和径流统一考虑的水分综合平衡 ,进行生态可利用水量分析。得到生态系统可能实际利用的径流性水资源量 GR。　　将生态需水量 GE与生态系统可能实际利用的水资源量 GR进行平衡分析 ,计算实际生态耗水 ,并分析盐碱地无效耗水。根据 2 0 2 0年生态状态情景分析 ,作出了 2 0 2 0年生态需水与生态系统结构演变的预测     

湿地生态需水研究进展

生态需水是目前生态学和水科学研究的一个热门课题,近年来已经引起许多学者的关注。湿地生态需水量是一个新的提法,湿地生态需水量的估算是湿地生态与环境保护迫切需要解决的问题,也是水资源合理配置的要求。本文介绍了湿地生态需水量的概念、内涵及特征,分析了国内外湿地生态需水的发展历程及目前的研究动态,将国内湿地生态需水研究分为基础性研究和应用性研究两个方面,其中基础性研究主要从湿地生态需水量计算方法来论述。最后从学科发展的角度指出了国内研究中存在的问题,并提出了未来发展方向。     

地下水生态补偿标准核算模型

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,在维持生产生活、推动社会经济发展方面具有重要作用。地下水生态补偿有助于促进地下水资源合理开发利用,但是国内外关于此方面尤其是补偿标准的研究非常缺乏。本研究提出由基础、奖惩、科技和风险补偿构成的地下水生态补偿标准核算模型,综合考虑气候条件和经济水平,明确补偿优先等级,并将模型应用于山西省11个市,核算其地下水生态补偿标准。结果表明: 基础补偿在总补偿中占比最大,且非市场价值占比在60%以上,说明地下水具有较高的调节服务价值;2008—2017年,各市发展系数有明显提高,说明区域经济水平提升,补偿能力有所增强;补偿优先等级受地下水非市场价值及区域经济水平的影响,各地补偿优先等级差异明显,需要尽快落实各地的地下水生态补偿工作。同时,建议尽快完善地下水风险补偿制度,设立地下水生态科技补偿专项资金,建立长期有效的地下水生态补偿机制。     

赤水河流域森林生态补偿标准核算

以贵州省境内赤水河流域为例, 基于成本投入法、机会成本法、生态效益法衡量社会经济发展水平各阶段的流域森林生态补偿标准, 并以意愿调查法作为各时期补偿标准参考值, 为生态补偿标准的科学合理核算提供参考。结果表明: 以直接投入成本为依据的第一阶段赤水河流域森林生态补偿标准核算结果为 639.95 元·hm^-2。以损失的发展机会成本为依据的第二阶段赤水河流域森林生态补偿标准核算结果为 2750.28 元·hm^-2。以生态服务功能价值为依据的第三阶段赤水河流域森林生态补偿标准核算结果为 11877.31 元·hm^-2。流域上下游受访者的平均意愿为 442.80 元·hm^-2,则现阶段赤水河流域森林生态补偿标准的合理范围可在 442.80 元·hm^-2—639.95 元·hm^-2。     

海河流域生态需水核算

从生态系统角度分析了生态需水内涵和生态需水与生态用水概念的差别。探讨了海河流域自然陆地、河流、湿地、城市 4种生态系统类型生态需水核算方法 ,并对其生态需水量进行了核算。大气降水首先被天然植被利用后形成地表径流 ,才能被人类管理利用来满足经济水量和生态水量需求。从水资源管理来说 ,河流、湿地、城市等生态需水来源于径流性水资源可称为狭义生态需水 ,而包括利用降水性水资源的天然植被生态需水在内的全部生态系统生态需水可认为是广义的生态需水。狭义生态需水是水资源管理及生态需水研究和关注的重心。研究结果表明 :海河流域河流生态需水 31.6 4× 10 8m3,占多年平均天然径流量的 12 % ;湿地生态需水为 34.31× 10 8m3,占 13% ;城市生态需水量 10 .83× 10 8m3,占 4 .1% ,3项合计占径流总量的 2 9.1%。生态需水量是一个动态的值 ,随生态保护目标的提高和经济的发展核算结果必然发生变化 ,维护生态环境质量的状况不同 ,也存在最大、最小生态需水量的阈值问题 ,此类问题需今后进一步研究     

A management-oriented valuation method to determine ecological water requirement for wetlands in the Yellow River Delta of China

A wide range of human impacts have resulted in changes to wetland water regimes throughout the natural reserve of the Yellow River Delta. Specific local impacts which affect wetland water regimes include hydrological alterations associated with urban and agricultural development. Increasingly, management decisions must be made regarding the amount and timing of water required to maintain the ecosystem's diversity and its ecological characteristics. In this paper, based on the practice in the natural reserve and the important request of Ramsar for the “wise use” of wetlands in which ecological characteristics need to be reserved, a set of management objectives for the wetland natural reserve is proposed. The objectives include protecting the ecosystem and the waterfowl resources in the new wetland, renewing biodiversity and maintaining the function of the ecosystem. By means of a correlation analysis between the wetland biota and water regime, the ecological water requirement for the wetlands is proposed and classified into three classes, i.e., minimum, moderate and perfect water requirement, corresponding to the basic, moderate and perfect management objective, respectively. The results show that the minimum, moderate and perfect water requirements, respectively, are 37.94×10⁸, 49.47×10⁸ and 64.57×10⁸ m³ per year if the water required for sediment flushing is not considered in the wetland natural reserve. If the water required for sediment flushing is included, the amount will be 187.94×10⁸, 199.47×10⁸ and 214.57×10⁸ m³ per year, respectively, which cover 47%, 50% and 54% of the available ecological water quantities observed in the lower Yellow River during the 1950s.     

Study on the ecological compensation standard for river basin water environment based on total pollutants control

The method used to calculate ecological compensation remains an important but difficult issue in current studies of ecological compensation. In this study, we used the ecological compensation method to examine the natural, social, and economic interactions between ecological and economic systems at the administrative level and between upstream and downstream areas in a river basin, with the aim of capacity control in the total amount of pollutants discharged. We used the information entropy method to build the total pollutant allocation model, in which we included a range of indexes that reflected regional heterogeneity in factors such as population, economic structure, production level, pollution control, and the water environment. The relationship between the capital invested and the quantity of pollutants discharged was used to calculate the unit value of the pollutants, from which we constructed a quantitative model of ecological compensation standard for river basin water environment based on total pollutants control. We used the Xiao Honghe River Basin, China, as a case study, and calculated the ecological compensation values of the water environment from 2008 to 2012 with chemical oxygen demand (COD) as the main pollution evaluation index. From the upper to lower reaches, the compensation value gradually decreased while it gradually increased in terms of time scale. This study provides a valid approach that can be applied to develop a long-term effective mechanism for protecting river basin ecology and improving the system of ecological compensation in river basins.     

围填海区渔业生态损害的补偿标准定量研究——以舟山近岸海域为例

围绕海洋工程项目建设中渔业资源损害补偿这一关键要素至今尚缺乏一致认可的统一标准这一核心问题,根据2015年11月、2016年5月在舟山近岸海域(29°20′—31°00′N、121°40′—123°00′E)开展80个站位的渔业资源拖网调查数据,结合历史资料和渔民访谈交流等,分别以是否为生产渔场、是否为鱼卵仔稚鱼聚集区以及渔业资源量数量分布状况,赋予不同海域的权重系数,将直接经济损害补偿与渔业生态服务价值补偿结合起来,提出渔业生态损害补偿标准核算思路,建立了围填海工程项目渔业生态损害的补偿补偿模型,并计算得出不同县(区)、乡镇的渔业生态损害补偿金标准。可在舟山近岸不同海域的渔业生态损害补偿金收缴实践中推广应用,也为建立我国海洋生态损害补偿机制提供技术支撑。     

意愿价值评估法应用于农业生态补偿研究进展

农业生态补偿是支持和保护农业发展的重要政策激励手段,有关补偿标准的估算及计量方法研究始终是学术界讨论的热点。意愿价值评估法(CVM)是国际社会进行非市场价值评估最广泛采用的陈述偏好方法。由于在农业生态补偿领域应用时间不长,农业产业的弱质性及农民认知水平的差距,导致国内CVM的实证研究面临许多问题和困惑。阐明CVM方法的内涵与理论基础,全面系统地梳理国内外CVM在农业补偿领域的研究进展。以激励农户采纳农业清洁生产技术补偿意愿问卷调查为例,深入探讨CVM应用于农业生态补偿政策评估中存在的假想特性偏差、研究手段偏差及调查实施偏差等。提出通过合理的技术途径和对策措施规避可能的偏差,包括:明确计量模型适用范围、开展效度与信度检验、选择两种尺度评估及处理调查过程偏差的方法等,为破解CVM应用于国内农业生态补偿政策制定中的问题提供方法和思路借鉴。研究指出存在的不足与局限性,以期未来不断完善和拓展。     

Domestic water versus imported virtual blue water for agricultural production: A comparison based on energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions

The supply of water, food, and energy in our global economy is highly interlinked. Virtual blue water embedded into internationally traded food crops has therefore been extensively researched in recent years. This study focuses on the often neglected energy needed to supply this blue irrigation water. It provides a globally applicable and spatially explicit approach to the watershed level for water source specific quantification of energy consumption and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of irrigation water supply. The approach is applied to Israel's total domestic and imported food crop supply of 105 crops by additionally including import-related transportation energy and emissions. Total energy use and related emissions of domestic crop production were much lower (551 GWh/422 kt CO₂-equivalents [CO₂e]) than those embedded into crop imports (1639 GWh/649 kt CO₂e). Domestic energy and emissions were mainly attributable to the irrigation water supply with artificial water sources (treated domestic wastewater and desalinated water, 84%). Transport accounted for 79% and 66% of virtually imported energy and emissions, respectively. Despite transport, specific GHG emissions (CO₂e per ton of crop) were significantly lower for several crops (e.g., olives, almonds, chickpeas) compared to domestic production. This could be attributed to the high share of energy-intensive artificial water supply in combination with higher irrigation water demands in Israel. In the course of an increasing demand for artificial water supply in arid and semi-arid regions, our findings point to the importance of including “energy for water” into comparative environmental assessment of crop supply to support decision-making related to the water–energy–food nexus.     

Spatial evaluation of the ecological importance based on GIS for environmental management: A case study in Xingguo county of China

How to assort with the relationship between the urban construction and the maintenance of ecological security is a hot issue during the process of urbanization. The purpose of this study is to identify the key ecological land maintaining ecological security and to put forward some measures for environmental management. Based on the GIS technology, from the view of water security, biodiversity conservation, disaster protection, natural recreation security, and human disturbance, an integrated index is put forward to evaluate the ecological importance of regional space. Then, a GIS-based approach for evaluating ecological importance was created, with Xingguo county of China as a case study. The results show that the area of core eco-space in the study area accounts for 30% of the total area. These areas mainly consist of the core areas of regional river systems, wetlands, nature reserves, forest parks, and scenic spots and the endangered and protected zone of geological hazards. According to the spatial characteristics of ecological importance for different regions, this study proposes some zoning regulations and measures for environmental management.     

机会成本法在确定生态补偿标准中的应用——以海南中部山区为例

合理的确定生态补偿标准是构建生态补偿机制的关键和难点.以海南中部山区为例,在遥感解译、问卷调查以及模型模拟的基础上,计算了贴现橡胶和槟榔经营现金流,以土地权属为载体,应用机会成本法确定了海南中部山区进行森林保护的机会成本(2.37×108元/年);探讨了时间因子和风险因子对机会成本的影响:时间因子对机会成本的影响主要体现于贴现率和不同时期的现金流上,风险的存在降低了机会成本.土地权属结合机会成本估算,是确定区域生态补偿的有效方法,考虑时间因子和风险因子的影响将使生态补偿标准的估算更为合理和科学.     

A new method for temperature compensation of electrical conductivity using temperature-fold dependency of fresh water

A new method for temperature compensation of electrical conductivity (EC) is proposed. A relationship between temperature and EC was investigated in detail by a simple experiment using natural and artificial fresh water. Results showed that the temperature dependency of EC varied from 0.03 to 0.02, with temperature increasing from 3°C to 35°C. This means that a traditional method for compensating for EC using a constant coefficient is invalid, so that a temperature-fold dependency must be taken into consideration to standardize EC to a common temperature.     

面向连通性提升的旱区城市生态网络优化情景——以巴彦淖尔市及其周边地区为例

巴彦淖尔市作为典型的干旱区城市,经济发展与生态保护之间的矛盾突出,生态空间的破碎化日益严重。生态网络是景观连通性视角下耦合景观结构、生态过程和功能的有效途径。基于生态系统服务重要性、景观核心区与桥接区、自然保护区、重要湖泊湿地4个层面指标选取生态源地,使用最小耗费距离方法识别巴彦淖尔市及其周边区域的潜在生态网络,并设置了3种网络优化情景进行网络优化,包括情景一增加生态"踏脚石"、情景二清除生态障碍点、情景三保护生态夹点,结合"网络构建成本"及"生境连通效果"选取最佳优化方案。结果表明,研究区当前的生态网络由24处生态源地,44条生态廊道、39个生态障碍点和41个生态夹点组成。3种情景中生态夹点的保护对生态网络连通度的改善最明显,且相对保护成本较低。研究结果对干旱区城市生态网络构建提供了方法支撑。