青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系

通过2009-2010年青海湖流域的样地实测数据,研究了不同尺度物种丰富度与生产力的关系,并初步探讨了其形成机制.结果表明:青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系在小尺度上(群落内和群落间)表现为线性正相关、负相关,在大尺度上(区域)则以单峰相关为主.沼泽草甸和高寒草甸的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而降低,高寒草原和温性草原的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而增加.在整个研究区内则表现为单峰型相关.研究还表明,研究区群落生产力的变化范围为65～585 g·m-2·a-1,物种丰富度为2～9种;生产力从高到低的顺序为沼泽草甸＞高寒草甸＞高寒草原＞温性草原.     

刈割留茬高度和不同播种组合对人工草地初级生产力和物种丰富度的影响

采用7种播种方式(3种单播和4种混播)和3种刈割留茬高度裂区试验,测定了青藏高原高寒地区人工建植3年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)和羊茅(Festuca ovina)草地地上生物量、物种丰富度以及杂草生物量,以分析刈割对青藏高原人工草地初级生产力和物种丰富度的影响。结果显示:(1)在草地建植第2年,不刈割与刈割留茬60和20 mm的草地初级生产力均有显著差异;留茬60和20 mm刈割使单播草地的平均初级生产力分别降低20%和27%,使混播草地的平均初级生产力分别降低29%和37%。(2)草地建植第3年,不刈割、留茬60和20 mm 3个处理间的草地生产力均差异极显著;留茬60和20 mm刈割使单播草地的平均生产力分别降低19%和36%,使混播草地的平均生产力分别降低4%和18%。研究表明,刈割显著降低了人工草地的初级生产力,同时显著增加了垂穗披碱草单播草地的物种丰富度和杂草生物量以及3种牧草混播草地物种丰富度,其他播种草地的物种丰富度和杂草生物量与不刈割草地均无显著差异。     

高寒草甸植物群落中物种丰富度与生产力的关系研究

 以物种组成较为复杂的青藏高原东部地区典革高寒草甸植物群落为背景,从不同的时间和空间尺度水平研究了植物群落中物种丰富度与生产力（地上部生物量）关系的基本模式。结果表明：1）总体而言,高寒草甸植物群落中物种丰富度与生产力的关系呈对数线性增加关系,这实际上是空间和时间尺度放大时在时间和空间尺度的相互作用下高寒草甸植物群落中物种丰富度与生产力关系的一种总体模式;2）随着研究的时间和空间尺度的改变,物种丰富度与生产力的关系会发生一些相应的变化,但空间尺度比时间尺度对物种丰富度与生产力的关系造成的影响更为显著,这可能     

高寒草甸不同草地群落物种多样性与生产力关系研究

生态系统的结构和功能、生物多样性与生产力的关系问题是近年来群落生态学中研究的中心问题,其中,生态系统生产力水平是其功能的重要表现形式,用4种不同草地类型探讨自然群落的物种多样性与生产力关系.结果表明,矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落中物种多样性与生产力的关系呈线性增加关系,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中线性增加关系不显著,这表明群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响.不同的环境资源和环境异质性是形成群落结构特征、物种多样性分布格局差异的主要原因之一.     

青藏高原东缘人工草地群落物种丰富度对杂草入侵的影响

物种丰富度和生态系统功能间的关系是近年来生物多样性研究的中心问题,其中群落抗杂草入侵是其功能的重要表现形式。本文利用青藏高原东缘地区3种野生优良牧草：垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)和羊茅(F. ovina),构建人工草地群落,探讨了物种丰富度与杂草入侵能力间的相互关系及其潜在的作用机理。结果表明：随着群落中物种丰富度的增加,入侵杂草的物种数、秧苗数和生物量均表现为显著下降趋势(P＜0.05);杂草的物种数、秧苗数和生物量间存在极显著的正相关(P＜0.01);群落的物种丰富度与入侵杂草间的负相关关系可能是选择效应和补偿效应共同作用的结果;2004—2007年,群落中入侵杂草的物种数和生物量有增加趋势,而秧苗数的变化趋势不明显。     

中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系

物种丰富度的大尺度地理格局及其成因是宏观生态学和生物地理学的中心议题之一。本文利用中国陆栖哺乳动物分布数据, 结合高分辨率的气候、地形、植被等环境信息, 探讨了中国陆栖哺乳动物及主要类群的物种丰富度格局及其影响因素。结果显示, 中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度具有显著的纬度梯度格局, 总体上呈现出由低纬度向高纬度逐渐减少的趋势, 并与宏观地形具有良好的对应关系; 其中, 亚热带、热带西部山区的物种丰富度最高, 而东部平原地区、西北干旱区和青藏高原腹地则是丰富度的低值区。各主要类群的物种丰富度格局既有相似性, 又存在差异。最优线性模型的分析结果显示, 由归一化植被指数(NDVI)、生态系统类型数和气温年较差构成的回归模型对哺乳动物物种丰富度格局的解释率最高, 其中NDVI对模型解释率的贡献最大, 这表明中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理分异受多种环境因素的共同影响, 其中植被生产力起主导作用。各主要类群的最优线性模型显示, 影响物种丰富度格局的主要环境因子因类群而异, 这可能反映了各类群进化历史及生理适应的差异。     

松嫩平原草地群落物种多样性与生产力关系的研究

 物种多样性对生态系统功能的作用是生物多样性研究的核心领域之一,而生态系统生产力水平是其功能的重要表现形式。自然群落的物种多样性常与生产力密切相关,其相关性格局主要表现为3种形式,即单调上升、单调下降和单峰关系。本研究结果支持单峰格局,即中等生产力水平物种多样性最高。并认为水的作用导致草地群落养分资源的空间异质性降低,物种竞争增大,从而物种多样性下降,但生产力明显增加。物种的共存依赖于进化上稳固的物种之间利用资源能力的交换,而物种在竞争能力和生产能力上的交换使具有更高生产力的物种是竞争的弱者。物种多样性与生     

青藏高原高寒草地植物物种丰富度及其与环境因子和生物量的关系

在青藏高原进行了大范围的群落调查 ,研究高原的两种主要草地群落类型———高寒草甸和高寒草原的植物物种丰富度及其变化。结果表明 :(1)在 5 0个样地 2 5 0个 1m× 1m的样方中 ,共出现 2 6 7种植物 ,其中高寒草甸179种 ,高寒草原 135种。在高寒草甸 ,1m2 样方内物种数最多为 32种 ,最少的仅为 3种 ;在高寒草原 ,物种数最多为 18种 /m2 ,最少的仅为 2种 /m2 。 (2 )物种丰富度随经度和纬度的增加呈增加趋势 ;随海拔的上升呈减少趋势。对物种丰富度与环境因子之间进行逐步回归 ,发现物种丰富度与生长季降水和温暖指数呈显著正相关。 (3)物种丰富度与地上生物量呈显著正相关。     

中国不同地理区域鸟兽物种丰富度的相关性

生物类群之间物种丰富度的相关性研究是当前物种多样性研究中的热点问题之一,目前,中国尚无相关的研究报道。我们收集了中国三种区域类型：动物地理亚区、行政区和保护区的鸟兽名录,分析了行政区与保护区、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性。 结果表明：不同区域、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数都显著相关。保护区尺度鸟兽物种 数的相关系数为0.818和动物地理区中的华北区为0.768,其他所有区域和地理区域的鸟兽物 种数的相关系数都高于0.850。因此,鸟兽物种数的相关关系在一定程度上具有预测价值。我们发现不同区域鸟兽物种数比值无显著性差异;但是,不同区域间鸟兽物种数 比值差异显著。该比值在中国呈中间低四周高的分布趋势,其中东北地区最高。我们还利用历史累积调查数据与非历史累积调查数据进行了鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性分析,发现利用累积数据计算的相关性低于非累积数据计算的相关性,但利用累积数据计算的鸟兽物 种数比值高于非累积数据计算的比值。最后,探讨了为什么鸟类与兽类的物种数目会相关。我们根据物种－面积公式,S=CA^Z,导出了两个生物类群物种丰富度的相关关 系式。利用全国不同区域数据拟合,得到Z₁/Z₂＝0.913,Z₁/Z₂接近于1。于是 ,C₁/C2可视为近似等于R_am。本研究可推广到其他不同生物类群物种。物种数量的相关关系为快速评估区域的物种多样性提供了一条途径。     

羌塘高寒草地物种多样性与生态系统多功能关系格局

传统的生物多样性-生态系统功能研究大多侧重于单一生态系统功能与物种多样性的关系,忽略了生态系统的重要价值在于其能够同时提供多种功能或服务,即生态系统的多功能性。基于藏北羌塘高寒草地样带调查数据,选取植被地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤全氮、硝态氮及铵态氮含量、土壤全磷含量、土壤有机碳储量等7个与植物生长、养分循环、土壤有机碳蓄积相关的参数来表征生态系统多功能性。采用上述参数转换为Z分数后的平均值计算多功能性指数(M)。分析了不同生物多样性指数与生态系统多功能指数的关系以及年降水量和年均温度对物种多样性和生态系统多功能性指数的影响。结果表明,物种丰富度指数与生态系统多功能性之间呈极显著的正相关关系,Shannon-wiener和Simpson物种多样性指数也与多功能性指数间呈显著的正相关,但多功能性指数与Pielou均匀度指数没有表现出明显的相关关系。物种丰富度与表征植物生长、养分循环以及土壤有机碳蓄积的生态系统功能指数间也均呈极显著的正相关关系。降水格局显著影响羌塘高原物种丰富度和生态系统多功能指数,二者均随年降雨量的增加而显著增加,但物种多样性指数并未与年降水量呈现显著相关关系。研究强调了群落物种丰富度即群落物种数量对维持生态系统多功能性的重要意义,这意味着由于人类活动导致的物种丧失可能会给藏北高寒草地生态系统多功能和生态服务带来更为严重的后果。就退化草地恢复或草地可持续管理而言,在藏北羌塘地区,本地植物种的物种丰富度恢复和维持应作为重要目标之一。     

The relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of northern China

The relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity has long been acentral topic in biodiversity research.In this paper,we examine the relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of Northern China at different spatial scales.At the community scale,a positive correlation was found for six of seven communities.A unimodal pattern was found only for one community (Stipa glareosa community),while at a large scale (vegetation type or landscape/region),the relationship was also found significantly positive.Species richness ranged from 4 to 35 species,and community aboveground productiand aboveground productivity were found in alpine meadow,followed by meadow steppe,typical steppe and desert steppe.     

The relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of northern China

The relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity has long been a central topic in biodiversity research. In this paper, we examine the relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of Northern China at different spatial scales. At the community scale, a positive correlation was found for six of seven communities. A unimodal pattern was found only for one community (Stipa glareosa community), while at a large scale (vegetation type or landscape/region), the relationship was also found significantly positive. Species richness ranged from 4 to 35 species, and community aboveground productivity from 13 to 368 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹. The highest species richness and aboveground productivity were found in alpine meadow, followed by meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe. Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(1): 21–28 [译自: 生物多样性]     

氮素添加对青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落物种丰富度及其与地上生产力关系的影响

植物种群对有限资源的竞争是决定植物群落物种组成、多样性和生产力等群落结构和功能的主要因素。该文以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究对象, 研究了短期内不同水平的氮素添加对高寒草甸植物群落的影响。结果表明: 1)氮素添加提高了土壤中NO₃^--N等可利用资源的含量, 增加了植物群落植被的盖度, 减小了植被的透光率, 随着施氮量的增加, 群落中物种丰富度显著降低(p < 0.001); 2)氮素添加显著改变了植物群落的地上生产力(p < 0.05), 随着施氮量的增加, 地上生产力呈先增加后降低的变化趋势, 各功能群中禾草生物量显著增加, 而杂类草和豆科植物生物量随施氮量的增加逐渐减少; 3)物种多样性与植被透光率呈线性正相关(p < 0.05); 地上生产力与土壤NO₃^--N含量呈线性正相关(p < 0.05); 物种丰富度与地上生产力之间呈负相关关系。这说明短期内氮素添加通过改变土壤中NO₃^--N等可利用资源的含量而对植物群落物种组成和地上生产力产生影响。     

Functional group dominance and not productivity drives species richness

Background: There is a lack of consensus about the productivity–richness relationship, with several recent studies suggesting that it is not productivity but other factors that are the important drivers that determine species richness.

Aims: Here, we examine the relationship between productivity, functional group dominance and plant species richness at the plot scale in Tibetan Plateau meadows. These alpine meadows are ideal to examine the species productivity-richness relationship because they have a very high species richness, a large gradient in productivity, and can be dominated by either graminoids (grasses and sedges) or forbs.

Methods: We measured plant species richness and above-ground biomass along a natural gradient of functional group abundance in 44 plots distributed across five natural, winter-grazed but otherwise undisturbed sites in the eastern part of the Qing-Hai Tibetan Plateau, in Gansu province, China in 2008.

Results: Graminoid abundance (i.e. graminoid biomass as percent of the total above-ground biomass) explained 39% of plot differences in species richness while neither productivity nor the biomass of the three most abundant plant species, either individually or combined, were a significant predictor of species richness.

Conclusions: Our results show that within these alpine meadows, a shift from graminoid to forb dominance, rather than the individual dominant species or productivity itself, is strongly correlated with species richness. Thus, differences in functional group abundance can be a strong driver of observed plant species richness patterns.     

Bird species richness patterns of northern Taiwan: primary productivity, human population density, and habitat heterogeneity

Energy, climate, habitat heterogeneity, and human activity are important correlates of spatial variation in species richness. We examined the correlation between species richness and these variables using the birds that breed in northern Taiwan. We conducted general linear models (GLMs) and spatial correlation models to examine the relationship between bird species richness (BSR) and environmental variables. We found that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was the most important predictor of BSR. We suggest productivity is the primary process of BSR. Additionally, we hypothesized that scale dependency might exist in the relationship between BSR and NDVI in Taiwan. Human population density, the second most important factor, was inversely correlated with BSR. The factor and BSR did not have similar response to NDVI, which contradicted observations in most of the previous studies on human population vs. species richness. We proposed that the human population density had an effect on NDVI, which in turn had an effect on BSR. Moreover, we hypothesized that the contradiction between our study and the previous studies might arise from a higher level of human disturbance in Taiwan than in other areas. The necessity of conserving native species in intensively developed lowlands of Taiwan cannot be overemphasized. Number of land cover type was another significant predictor of BSR. Habitat heterogeneity may have an effect on BSR in Taiwan.     

Constraints on colonization and species richness along a grassland productivity gradient: the role of propagule availability

An important goal in ecology is to discern under what habitat conditions community structure is primarily regulated by local ecological interactions and under what conditions community structure is more regulated by the pool of available colonists. I conducted a seed addition experiment in successional grassland to evaluate the relative significance of neighbourhood biotic interactions and propagule availability in regulating plant colonization and species richness along a natural gradient of grassland productivity. In undisturbed field plots, seed additions of 34 species led to an increase in species richness in locations of low productivity, an effect that declined in magnitude as productivity increased. In disturbed plots, seed additions led to a relatively constant increase in species richness at all levels of productivity. The results support the hypothesis that the role of propagule availability in regulating colonization dynamics and species richness declines in significance relative to local-scale competitive interactions as habitat productivity increases.     

Grain-dependent relationships between plant productivity and invertebrate species richness and biomass in calcareous grasslands

The relationships among productivity, species richness and consumer biomass are of fundamental importance for understanding determinants of biodiversity. These relationships may depend on grain size. We examined the relationships between productivity (above-ground phytomass) and plant species richness and between productivity and species richness and biomass of gastropods and grasshoppers using sampling units of different sizes (0.5, 2.75 and 23 m²) in nutrient-poor, calcareous grasslands in north-western Switzerland in two successive years. Species richness of forbs had a unimodal relationship with productivity in sampling units of 0.5 m² and was negatively correlated with productivity at the other two plot sizes in one year. In the other year, forb species richness tended to decrease with productivity in sampling units of 23 m². No similar relationship was found for grasses. Gastropod biomass had a unimodal relationship with productivity at 0.5 m² in the first year. Grasshopper species richness was correlated with forb species richness at plot sizes of 2.75 and 23 m². This study demonstrates that patterns detected between productivity and diversity and between productivity and biomass of consumers depend on the grain size used in the investigation and vary among years.Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Produktivität, Artenreichtum und Biomasse von Konsumenten sind wichtig, um zu verstehen, was Biodiversität beeinflußt. Diese Zusammenhänge können von der Größe der Untersuchungsfläche abhängig sein. Wir untersuchten während zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren die Zusammenhänge zwischen Produktivität (oberirdische Pflanzenbiomasse) und Artenreichtum von Gefäßpflanzen, sowie zwischen Produktivität und Artenreichtum und Biomasse von Schnecken und Heuschrecken bezüglich dreier räumlicher Skalen (0,5, 2,75 und 23 m²) in Kalkmagerrasen in der Nordwestschweiz. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Artenreichtum von Kräutern und der Produktivität war unimodal in Flächeneinheiten von 0,5 m² und negativ in Flächeneinheiten von 2,75 und 23 m² im ersten Jahr und war tendenziell negativ in Flächeneinheiten von 23 m² im zweiten Jahr, während kein solcher Zusammenhang bei Gräsern gefunden wurde. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Produktivität und Biomasse von Schnecken war unimodal in Flächeneinheiten von 0,5 m² im ersten Jahr. Außerdem bestand ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Artenreichtum von Kräutern und Heuschrecken in Flächeneinheiten von 2,75 und 23 m². Diese Arbeit zeigt, daß Zusammenhänge zwischen Produktivität und Diversität sowie zwischen Produktivität und Biomasse von Konsumenten von der Größe der Untersuchungsfläche abhängen und zwischen Jahren variieren.     

The relationships between local and regional species richness and spatial turnover

Aim To determine the empirical relationships between species richness and spatial turnover in species composition across spatial scales. These have remained little explored despite the fact that such relationships are fundamental to understanding spatial diversity patterns. Location South‐east Scotland. Methods Defining local species richness simply as the total number of species at a finer resolution than regional species richness and spatial turnover as turnover in species identity between any two or more areas, we determined the empirical relationships between all three, and the influence of spatial scale upon them, using data on breeding bird distributions. We estimated spatial turnover using a measure independent of species richness gradients, a fundamental feature which has been neglected in theoretical studies. Results Local species richness and spatial turnover exhibited a negative relationship, which became stronger as larger neighbourhood sizes were considered in estimating the latter. Spatial turnover and regional species richness did not show any significant relationship, suggesting that spatial species replacement occurs independently of the size of the regional species pool. Local and regional species richness only showed the expected positive relationship when the size of the local scale was relatively large in relation to the regional scale. Conclusions Explanations for the relationships between spatial turnover and local and regional species richness can be found in the spatial patterns of species commonality, gain and loss between areas.