Changes in soil mineral nitrogen during and after 3-year and 5-year set-aside and nitrate leaching losses after ploughing out the 5-year plant covers in the UK

The management and effects of 3-year and 5-year set-aside covers on soil mineral nitrogen (SMN, 0.0–0.9 m) were studied at six sites in England. Soil mineral N was measured annually in autumn and spring during the period of set-aside cover, with more frequent SMN sampling over the first winter after ploughing out the covers. Spring SMN was measured in the second year after set-aside. Nitrate leaching losses were also measured at three sites in the first winter after destruction of the 5-year set-aside covers. Winter cereals were grown in both test years after each set-aside period.Amounts of both autumn and spring SMN in the perennial rye-grass (PRG), perennial rye-grass/white clover (PRG/WC) and natural regeneration (NR) covers were generally less than, or similar to those in the continuous arable treatment during each year of set-aside, indicating a slightly smaller nitrate leaching risk under set-aside management. Slight increases in autumn SMN, and hence leaching potential were, however, observed under PRG/WC in the fourth and fifth years, compared with continuous arable cropping.Ploughing out of both 3-year and 5-year covers increased soil N supply and potential nitrate leaching losses over winter, compared with continuous arable cropping. By the following spring, mean increases across all sites in amounts of SMN after 3-year covers of PRG, NR and PRG/WC were 14, 18 and 33 kg ha^–1 N, respectively, compared with the arable rotation. Equivalent increases in spring SMN following destruction of the 5-year set-aside covers were almost identical, at 17, 19 and 33 kg ha^–1, respectively, although only the ploughed-out PRG/WC covers increased SMN at the clay sites. Measured nitrate leaching losses in the first winter after 5-year set-aside were greatest after PRG/WC at two sites on shallow chalk but greatest after NR, which had a naturally large clover content, at the third site which was on a sandy soil. However, the leaching losses after set-aside were relatively small, relative to typical losses after ploughing out intensively managed grass or grass/clover swards, and would have been compensated for by potentially less leaching during set-aside.Spring SMN measurements in the second year after ploughing out the set-aside covers, showed negligible or, for PRG/WC, only slight increases (12 – 18 kg ha^–1) in residual soil N supply after both 3-year and 5-year covers, compared to continuous arable cropping. The extra N mineralisation after cover destruction justified small reductions in fertiliser N inputs for the first, but not second crop following either 3- or 5-year set-aside, unless the cover had contained a large clover content. Both 3-year and 5-year set-aside covers had minimal or no effect on either organic matter content, apart from a slight increase in the PRG/WC treatments, or extractable phosphorus, potassium and magnesium status in the topsoil.     

种群密度与施肥对垂穗披碱草刈割后补偿作用的影响

 以甘南亚高山草甸常见牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为对象,通过考察种群密度、施肥与刈割处理等对植物生长和生殖的影响效应,比较了垂穗披碱草在5个密度及2个施肥实验处理条件下对4种刈割处理的补偿性反应特点。结果表明,在所有密度及施肥处理条件下,早期轻度刈割处理 (分蘖期刈割,留茬4 cm) 都有利于植物的补偿作用,后期重度处理 (拔节期刈割,留茬2 cm) 可显著降低植物的地上部分生物量及生殖部分干重 (穗重)。在不施肥情况下,刈割对垂穗披碱草的影响程度随种群密度而加大,在低密度处理中早期轻度刈割的植物发生了超补偿。可以认为,低密度种群中植物具有较多的分蘖是植物在刈割后表现出较高补偿能力的一个重要生物学原因。实验还发现,施肥可提高植物个体的分蘖能力和秆叶再生能力,因而总体上可增强植物的补偿能力,并且在中等密度条件下垂穗披碱草的补偿能力较强,尽管没有发生超补偿现象。不过,施肥主要是有利于植物地上营养器官的补偿,生殖器官的补偿程度较小一些。试验结果对科学管理人工草场具有一定的指导意义。     

休闲期深翻和探墒沟播对旱地小麦水氮资源利用的影响

为明确旱地麦田休闲期深翻和探墒沟播对农田水氮资源利用的影响,于2016—2018年在山西省闻喜县开展田间试验。试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为休闲期深翻和免耕,副区为探墒沟播和常规条播。结果表明:与免耕处理相比,休闲期深翻处理显著提高了土壤蓄水效率(增幅38.3%～42.2%)、土壤耗水量(增幅9.2%～13.2%)和植株各生育时期氮素积累量,从而使产量显著提高7.1%～12.0%、周年水分利用效率提高5.5%～14.0%、氮肥吸收效率提高4.4%～10.3%、氮肥偏生产力提高7.1%～12.0%。与常规条播处理相比,探墒沟播处理显著提高了生育期总耗水量(增幅2.0%～4.8%)和植株各生育时期氮素积累量,从而使产量显著提高6.8%～12.4%、生育期水分利用效率提高4.5%～7.2%、氮肥吸收效率提高4.4%～10.3%、氮肥偏生产力提高6.9%～12.4%。总之,旱地小麦休闲期深翻配套探墒沟播有利于蓄存和利用自然降水,提高植株氮素积累量,进而实现小麦高产。     

Grassland restoration on former croplands in Europe: an assessment of applicability of techniques and costs

Grasslands used to be vital landscape elements throughout Europe. Nowadays, the area of grasslands is dramatically reduced, especially in industrial countries. Grassland restoration is widely applied to increase the naturalness of the landscape and preserve biodiversity. We reviewed the most frequently used restoration techniques (spontaneous succession, sowing seed mixtures, transfer of plant material, topsoil removal and transfer) and techniques used to improve species richness (planting, grazing and mowing) to recover natural-like grasslands from ex-arable lands. We focus on the usefulness of methods in restoring biodiversity, their practical feasibility and costs. We conclude that the success of each technique depends on the site conditions, history, availability of propagules and/or donor sites, and on the budget and time available for restoration. Spontaneous succession can be an option for restoration when no rapid result is expected, and is likely to lead to the target in areas with high availability of propagules. Sowing low-diversity seed mixtures is recommended when we aim at to create basic grassland vegetation in large areas and/or in a short time. The compilation of high-diversity seed mixtures for large sites is rather difficult and expensive; thus, it may be applied rather on smaller areas. We recommend combining the two kinds of seed sowing methods by sowing low-diversity mixtures in a large area and high-diversity mixtures in small blocks to create species-rich source patches for the spontaneous colonization of nearby areas. When proper local hay sources are available, the restoration with plant material transfer can be a fast and effective method for restoration.     

Recovery of native grass biodiversity by sowing on former croplands: Is weed suppression a feasible goal for grassland restoration?

Grassland restoration on former croplands offers good opportunity to mitigate the loss of grassland biodiversity. Weed suppression can be another benefit, which becomes increasingly important because of the high recent rate of abandonment of arable lands in Central and Eastern Europe. Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of sowing two low-diversity seed mixtures followed by annual mowing, a frequently used restoration technique, in weed suppression. We found that rapidly forming cover of sown grasses effectively suppressed short-lived weeds and their germination except in the first year. The detected dense seed bank of short-lived weeds points out the possibility and threat of later weed infestation. In the short run perennial weeds cannot be suppressed easily by sowing and annual mowing. We found that the effectiveness of seed sowing followed by mowing in weed suppression can be different on sites with different history or seed mixture. Rapidly establishing perennial weeds, such as Agropyron species were only detected in former alfalfa fields; Cirsium arvense was found in former cereal and sunflower fields but not in former alfalfa fields. We found that the rate of weed suppression and success was influenced by the seed mixtures used. In several alkali restorations the high proportion of perennial weeds was detected in year 3. In loess restorations, much lower scores were typical. This was likely caused by the different seed mixture used. The loess seed mixture contained seeds of a clonally spreading tall-grass, Bromus inermis, which could compete more effectively with clonally spreading weeds, than could short grass species with or without tussock forming. Our findings indicate that post-restoration management require carefully designed actions that are fine-tuned addressing specific threats at the site level.     

Sustaining recovered grasslands is not likely without proper management: vegetation changes after cessation of mowing

Grasslands recovered by sowing low diversity seed mixtures of local provenance are usually managed by mowing. Besides restoration success only a few studies have focused on the direct effects of post-restoration mowing on recovered grassland vegetation. In this study we followed vegetation changes in 13 successfully recovered grasslands in 5 × 5-m-sized sites with continuous and ceased mowing at Hortobágy National Park, East-Hungary. We asked the following questions: (i) What are the effects of cessation of mowing on the vegetation structure and diversity of recovered grasslands? (ii) What are the effects of cessation of mowing on the abundance of sown grasses, target and undesirable species? (iii) Is yearly mowing an appropriate management tool for the maintenance of recovered grasslands? Our results showed that the cessation of mowing caused litter accumulation, while diversity, total vegetation cover and the cover of sown grasses decreased compared to the mown sites. The cover of undesirable perennial species was significantly higher in unmown sites than in mown ones. The species composition of mown sites remained more similar to near-natural grasslands than the unmown ones. Our results suggest that without regular post-restoration mowing the favourable status of recovered grasslands can rapidly decline due to litter accumulation and by the expansion of undesirable species, even in the short-run. We also stress that while yearly mowing is enough to maintain grasslands recovered by low-diversity seed sowing, it cannot be considered to be enough to recover target vegetation composition.     

北方农牧交错带温性盐碱化草地土壤呼吸对不同形态氮添加和刈割的响应

农牧交错带草地生态系统兼受农业和牧业的影响, 属于脆弱生态系统, 尤其是养分贫瘠的盐碱化草地, 其生态系统结构和功能对外界干扰的响应更加强烈。位于晋西北地区的农牧交错带盐碱化草地, 地理位置独特, 区别于天然牧区草地生态系统。由于毗邻农田, 农业氮肥的过量使用促进了活性氮气体排放, 同时使得农牧交错带草地土壤碳氮循环发生改变。刈割是北方农牧交错草地生态系统的主要管理方式, 为了深入探究氮添加和刈割管理方式对农牧交错带草地碳循环的影响, 进一步厘清该区域草地生态系统的碳动态问题, 该研究设置了一个不同形态氮添加和刈割的裂区实验, 测定土壤呼吸对不同形态氮肥添加和刈割的响应, 为进一步科学管理该区域草地提供可靠的依据。实验样地位于山西省右玉县境内的“山西农业大学农牧交错带草地生态系统野外观测研究站”, 于2017年设置不同形态氮添加和刈割处理, 实验处理包括对照(不刈割和刈割)、尿素添加、缓释尿素添加、刈割+尿素添加、刈割+缓释尿素添加, 每种处理6个重复, 共36个小区。在不同处理条件下测定土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤微生物生物量、土壤无机氮含量、植物地上和地下生物量, 并计算土壤累积碳排放量及CO₂通量。研究结果表明: (1)短期(2017-2018年)尿素和缓释尿素的添加显著提高了该地区土壤呼吸速率和土壤累积碳排放量。与添加缓释尿素相比, 添加尿素处理下的土壤呼吸速率和累积碳排放量更高; (2)刈割显著降低土壤呼吸速率和累积碳排放量; (3)短期氮添加和刈割的交互作用对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响。因此, 短期氮添加促进了北方农牧交错带盐碱化草地土壤碳释放, 刈割抑制土壤呼吸, 降低了累积碳排放量, 这可能是由于刈割移除地上植物, 减少了凋落物的输入, 底物减少导致土壤微生物活性降低。但是随着处理时间的延长, 氮添加和刈割对该农牧交错带盐碱化草地土壤碳动态的影响还有待进一步探究和发现。     

Regenerative role of seed banks following an intense soil disturbance

Our main aim was to determine the contribution of the seed bank to vegetation regeneration following a disturbance consisting in a deep ploughing and a thorough homogenisation of a perennial grassland. In the seed bank prior to disturbance, seed distribution through the vertical soil profile was evaluated to determine the initial seed species structure. Then, several characteristics of the shallow seed bank and the extant vegetation were evaluated prior and following field disturbance: seed species composition and abundance, and species composition of the aboveground vegetation. The contribution of seed rain versus seed bank was evaluated by means of the comparison of the vegetation developed in plots filled with sterilised soil (seed bank removal) and the vegetation developed in non-sterilised plots in the field. The distribution of seeds through the profile indicated a sharp decline in abundance with depth, and it was probably linked to propagule morphology, with small and rounded seeds proner to being buried deeper than larger seeds. In the grassland prior to disturbance, the aboveground vegetation and seed bank species composition showed very low similarity index, most likely because during the 5 years following field abandonment, sheep pressure had caused a faster change in aboveground vegetation species composition than in seed bank species composition. Ploughing and homogenisation of the grassland led to low seed abundance in the shallow soil layer caused by dilution of the seed bank. Regardless of impoverishment in seed abundance and species richness, comparison between sterilised and non-sterilised plots showed that the seed bank acted as an effective source of colonising species and determined the aboveground species composition. To summarise, this study outlines the importance of considering several characteristics of the seed bank, such as species composition and seed abundance, in the understanding of the function of seed bank and dynamics of the vegetation following a deep ploughing and homogenisation treatment.     

Effects of grassland-use on soil respiration and litter decomposition

 草地利用方式影响植被群落结构和土壤微环境, 制约草地生态系统碳循环。该文通过测定温带草原在放牧、割草、围封3种利用方式下湿润年(2012年)和干旱年(2011年)的凋落物产量、质量及其分解速率和土壤碳通量, 分析了草地利用方式对土壤呼吸和凋落物的影响, 探讨了凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献机制。结果表明: 在干旱年份, 放牧样地土壤呼吸最大, 分别达到割草和围封样地的1.5倍和1.29倍; 在湿润年份, 割草样地土壤呼吸最大, 为309 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 明显高于放牧样地和围封样地。不论干旱年还是湿润年, 围封样地凋落物产量都大于放牧样地和割草样地。3种利用方式下湿润年土壤呼吸和凋落物分解均比干旱年增强。因此, 水分是温带草原植物生长和生态系统碳循环的主要限制因子, 草地利用方式则显著影响凋落物生产和分解。进一步分析表明, 经过两年的分解, 同一样地内凋落物质量C:N下降, N含量和木质素:N升高, 土壤呼吸与凋落物产量、凋落物分解速率以及木质素:N正相关, 而与凋落物C:N负相关。     

The relationship between soil seed bank,above‐ground vegetation and disturbance intensity on old‐field successional permanent plots

Questions: How does disturbance and successional age influence richness, size and composition of the soil seed bank? What is the potential contribution of the soil seed bank to the plant community composition on sites differing in their successional age or disturbance intensity? Location: Experimental Botanical Garden of Göttingen University, central Germany. Methods: Above‐ground vegetation and soil seed bank were studied on formerly arable fields in a 36‐year‐old permanent plot study with five disturbance intensities, ranging from yearly ploughing via mowing to long‐term uninterrupted succession. We compared species compositions, seed densities and functional features of the seed bank and above‐ground vegetation by using several methods in parallel. Results: The seed bank was mainly composed of early successional species typical of strongly disturbed habitats. The difference between seed bank composition and above‐ground vegetation decreased with increasing disturbance intensity. The species of greatest quantitative importance in the seed bank was the non‐native forb Solidago canadensis. Conclusions: The ability of a plant community to regenerate from the soil seed bank dramatically decreases with increasing time since abandonment (successional age) and with decreasing disturbance intensity. The present study underlines that plant species typical of grasslands and woodlands are limited by dispersal capacity, owing to low capacity for accumulation of seeds in the soil and the fact that most species do not build up persistent seed banks. Rare and target species were almost absent from the seed bank and will, after local elimination, depend on reintroduction for continuation of their presence.     

黄土高原自然植被演替过程中的植物特征与土壤元素动态

在3～149年的时间尺度上,对黄土高原植被次生演替过程中植物特征和土壤养分元素动态进行了研究.结果表明:1) 随着演替时间尺度的延伸,土壤全C、全N含量呈增加趋势,而土壤全K、全Na和土壤pH值呈下降趋势,土壤全P变化趋势不明显;此外,表层(0～10 cm)土壤CaO 含量在演替系列上呈下降趋势,深层(20～30 cm,40～50 cm)则呈增加趋势.演替过程对几种土壤化学元素含量影响的程度随着土壤深度的增加而减弱.2)植物群落物种丰富度在演替的中间阶段最高.3) 在演替的早期阶段,植物群落优势种往往具有稳定的土壤种子库、CR-生活对策和S-繁殖对策,在贫瘠的土壤上具有较强的竞争能力,且具有较强的水平扩展能力和克隆繁殖能力,C-生活对策、在土壤全N含量较高的生境中具有较强竞争能力的多年生植物,在演替中后期占据群落的优势地位.此外,在所涉及的植物特征中,多年生生活史,C-、CR-、SC-、SR-、S-生活对策,以及R-、W-、Bs-、VBs- 和V-繁殖对策等特征在非优势物种中出现的频率较高.4) C-、 SC-生活对策, 克隆能力, 多年生生活史, 水平扩展能力, 种子的动物传播方式,秋季开花,荚果、坚果等特征出现的比例在一定程度上与土壤全C、全N 和全K含量正相关; 而 S-、SR-、R-、CR-生活对策,一、二年生生活史, 种子繁殖, S-繁殖对策,以及胞果、蒴果等特征的比例与土壤全Na、CaO含量和土壤pH正相关.5)在演替过程中出现的植物均属草本植物生活型,因此,草原可能是黄土高原上受制于大尺度环境条件(显域生境)下的优势植被类型(特别是降雨量不超过550 mm的地区).     

黄土高原自然植被演替过程中的植物特征与土壤元素动态

在 3～ 14 9年的时间尺度上 ,对黄土高原植被次生演替过程中植物特征和土壤养分元素动态进行了研究。结果表明 :1)随着演替时间尺度的延伸 ,土壤全C、全N含量呈增加趋势 ,而土壤全K、全Na和土壤pH值呈下降趋势 ,土壤全P变化趋势不明显 ;此外 ,表层 (0～ 10cm)土壤CaO含量在演替系列上呈下降趋势 ,深层 (2 0～ 30cm ,4 0～5 0cm)则呈增加趋势。演替过程对几种土壤化学元素含量影响的程度随着土壤深度的增加而减弱。 2 )植物群落物种丰富度在演替的中间阶段最高。 3)在演替的早期阶段 ,植物群落优势种往往具有稳定的土壤种子库、CR_生活对策和S_繁殖对策 ,在贫瘠的土壤上具有较强的竞争能力 ,且具有较强的水平扩展能力和克隆繁殖能力 ,C_生活对策、在土壤全N含量较高的生境中具有较强竞争能力的多年生植物 ,在演替中后期占据群落的优势地位。此外 ,在所涉及的植物特征中 ,多年生生活史 ,C_、CR_、SC_、SR_、S_生活对策 ,以及R_、W_、Bs_、VBs_和V_繁殖对策等特征在非优势物种中出现的频率较高。 4 )C_、SC_生活对策 ,克隆能力 ,多年生生活史 ,水平扩展能力 ,种子的动物传播方式 ,秋季开花 ,荚果、坚果等特征出现的比例在一定程度上与土壤全C、全N和全K含量正相关 ;而S_、SR_、R_、CR_生活对策 ,一、二年生     

自然生草制苹果园土壤微生物、酶活性和养分含量对行间草耕翻还田的响应

果园生草是提高果园生产力、促进果园可持续生产的有效措施。为探究自然生草制苹果园行间草耕翻还田对土壤生物学性状和养分含量的影响,本试验以清耕(CK)为对照,设置草被刈割还田(NG)和草被刈割耕翻还田处理(NGR),研究不同草被还田方式对行间0~20 cm土层土壤微生物数量、酶活性以及不同形态氮、钾含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果园土壤中微生物以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌数量最少;与CK相比,NG和NGR处理均显著提高了土壤细菌和真菌数量,以NGR处理提升效果最显著,显著提高了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增幅分别为59.0%、20.7%、38.3%和73.5%、45.9%、67.8%。NGR处理显著提高了土壤氮、钾养分含量,铵态氮、硝态氮、颗粒有机态氮、微生物生物量氮及速效钾和水溶性钾含量分别为CK的1.5、1.8、1.6、2.0、1.3和1.4倍,显著提高了果实可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,进而提高了果实品质。综上,NGR可提高苹果园土壤微生物数量、酶活性、氮钾养分含量和果实品质,是生草制苹果园一种可行的行间草被还田方式。     

The effect of three or five years of set-aside on the husbandry and grain yield of subsequent cereal crops in the UK

During the period 1993–1997, at six contrasting sites located throughout England, two successive cereal test crops were grown both with and without nitrogen fertiliser after three or five years of set-aside or after continuous arable cropping. Vegetation during set-aside included natural regeneration and perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne) with or without white clover (Trifolium repens), managed by mowing on one or more occasions per year. Establishment of the successive cereal test crops after destruction of the set-aside was generally not a problem. Fertile tiller numbers were increased by inclusion of clover in the set-aside cover or application of inorganic nitrogen. The presence of couch grass (Elytrigia repens) or volunteer cereals in the set-aside covers provided alternative hosts for take-all (Gaeumanomyces graminis) and eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) and take-all caused some yield reductions in following cereal crops. Management during the set-aside period significantly affected grain yields of the subsequent cereal crops in the majority of the site-year combinations. However, these effects were not as large as would be expected after traditional break crops and were frequently masked by the application of nitrogen fertiliser. Mean yields increased by 80% due to the application nitrogen at the optimum rate compared to nil nitrogen. Most of the effects of set-aside treatment on grain yield were shown to be attributable to soil mineral nitrogen content, but at some sites, infections by take-all or eyespot also accounted for some of the variation. There were no effects of pests that could be related to treatment. The presence of sown clover during the set-aside period had the most consistent effect across sites, affecting tiller populations, grain yield and grain quality of cereal crops. At some sites, establishing a sown cover during the set-aside period, or cutting the cover more than once a year, improved grain yield and quality, and reduced the incidence of some specific weeds and disease. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸群落生物量和补偿能力对施肥与刈割的响应

以青藏高原东部高寒草甸群落为研究对象,通过比较了不同施肥条件和不同刈割对群落地上生物量和多样性的影响。结果表明施肥可提高生物量且生物多样性降低,施肥和刈割处理后,施肥效应显著而刈割效应不显著,说明施肥是主效应。实验还发现施肥可提高群落的补偿能力;不同资源梯度的情况下植物群落对刈割处理后补偿作用也不相同,对刈割处理后植物群落补偿能力随资源的升高而增强。当未施肥和施肥30g/m^2时相同强度的1次刈割的补偿能力较相同强度的2次刈割的补偿能力大;当施肥60g/m^2和120g/m^2时相同强度的2次刈割的补偿能力较相同强度的1次刈割的补偿能力大。     

Carbohydrate and nitrogen stores in Festuca paniculata under mowing explain dominance in subalpine grasslands

Cessation of traditional management threatens semi‐natural grassland diversity through the colonisation or increase of competitive species adapted to nutrient‐poor conditions. Regular mowing is one practice that controls their abundance. This study evaluated the ecophysiological mechanisms limiting short‐ and long‐term recovery after mowing for Festuca paniculata, a competitive grass that takes over subalpine grasslands in the Alps following cessation of mowing. We quantified temporal variations in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, starch, fructan and total soluble sugars in leaves, stem bases and roots of F. paniculata during one growth cycle in mown and unmown fields and related them to the dynamics of soil mineral N concentration and soil moisture. Short‐term results suggest that the regrowth of F. paniculata following mowing might be N‐limited, first because of N dilution by C increments in the plant tissue, and second, due to low soil mineral N and soil moisture at this time of year. However, despite short‐term effects of mowing on plant growth, C and N content and concentration at the beginning of the following growing season were not affected. Nevertheless, total biomass accumulation at peak standing biomass was largely reduced compared to unmown fields. Moreover, lower C storage capacity at the end of the growing season impacted C allocation to vegetative reproduction during winter, thereby dramatically limiting the horizontal growth of F. paniculata tussocks in the long term. We conclude that mowing reduces the growth of F. paniculata tussocks through both C and N limitation. Such results will help understanding how plant responses to defoliation regulate competitive interactions within plant communities.     

氮素添加和刈割对内蒙古弃耕草地土壤氮矿化的影响

以内蒙古多伦县恢复生态学试验示范研究站弃耕10余年的草地为研究对象,于2006年起分别设置对照、氮素添加、刈割和氮素添加+刈割4种处理,每种处理6次重复,研究弃耕草地氮素添加和刈割对土壤氮矿化的影响,结合土壤理化性质和植被地上生产力的动态变化,分析弃耕草地土壤氮矿化对植被恢复的响应,为当地草地恢复与重建提供理论依据和数据支持。实验结果表明:1氮素添加显著增加了植物地上净初级生产力(ANPP)和土壤无机氮库,与对照相比分别提高115%和196%,同时显著提高了土壤总硝化速率;但是氮素添加对总氨化速率、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)、微生物呼吸(MR)以及呼吸熵(q CO2)均无显著影响;2总氨化速率和硝化速率对刈割处理的响应均不显著,但是刈割处理显著降低了土壤MR(P0.05);3氮素添加+刈割处理5—7a后,土壤总氨化和硝化速率均无显著变化;但是氮素添加+刈割处理显著增加了ANPP、土壤无机氮库和q CO2,同时显著降低了MBC和MBC/MBN。这说明在弃耕草地适应性管理中,氮素添加可以显著提高草地生产力,但是长期的氮添加对土壤微生物氮的转化是否有利还值得我们进一步研究。     

内蒙古典型草原群落实生苗动态对刈割和放牧干扰的响应

 该文通过刈割和放牧样地的实生苗动态观测,试图揭示刈割和放牧干扰对冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)和糙隐子 草(Cleistogenes squarrosa )等 3种禾草实生苗出生、存活和死亡季节动态的影响,以及这种效应是如何受气温和降水影响的。利用有重复测 量的方差分析,比较了不同刈割留茬高度(0、5和15 cm)与放牧处理之间在实生苗密度、死亡率和出现率的时间动态方面的差异。结果表明：3 种禾草的实生苗密度自5月下旬至8月中旬一直呈增加态势。刈割在一定程度上抑制了克氏针茅的实生苗出现率,原因可能是相对高大的克氏针 茅在前一年刈割时会被去掉相当多的生殖部分,其种子数量必然受到影响,导致实生苗出现率的降低。同时,刈割对相对低矮的糙隐子草实生 苗有正向效应 ,即促进其实生苗的出现,可能的原因是刈割使植被高度降低、植被稀疏,植被冠层以下至地面的光照较好、地温较高,同时位 于下层的糙隐子草受到的高大植株的竞争压力减小。生长季早期和晚期实生苗死亡率较高,这与这两个时期的干旱和低温有关,而自6月中旬至 7月初之间的死亡率小高峰也是先前的干旱少雨导致的。3种禾草实生苗的大规模出现几乎都在5～7月,这与该时期相对适宜的气温、地温和水 分条件有关。对实生苗更新相关过程 (如种子萌发、休眠、种子库存量等)进行更加深入细致的研究,将进一步揭示种子生产和有性繁殖在群落 过程中的作用。     

内蒙古典型草原群落实生苗动态对刈割和放牧干扰的响应

该文通过刈割和放牧样地的实生苗动态观测,试图揭示刈割和放牧干扰对冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)和糙隐子 草(Cleistogenes squarrosa )等 3种禾草实生苗出生、存活和死亡季节动态的影响,以及这种效应是如何受气温和降水影响的。利用有重复测 量的方差分析,比较了不同刈割留茬高度(0、5和15 cm)与放牧处理之间在实生苗密度、死亡率和出现率的时间动态方面的差异。结果表明：3 种禾草的实生苗密度自5月下旬至8月中旬一直呈增加态势。刈割在一定程度上抑制了克氏针茅的实生苗出现率,原因可能是相对高大的克氏针 茅在前一年刈割时会被去掉相当多的生殖部分,其种子数量必然受到影响,导致实生苗出现率的降低。同时,刈割对相对低矮的糙隐子草实生 苗有正向效应 ,即促进其实生苗的出现,可能的原因是刈割使植被高度降低、植被稀疏,植被冠层以下至地面的光照较好、地温较高,同时位 于下层的糙隐子草受到的高大植株的竞争压力减小。生长季早期和晚期实生苗死亡率较高,这与这两个时期的干旱和低温有关,而自6月中旬至 7月初之间的死亡率小高峰也是先前的干旱少雨导致的。3种禾草实生苗的大规模出现几乎都在5～7月,这与该时期相对适宜的气温、地温和水 分条件有关。对实生苗更新相关过程 (如种子萌发、休眠、种子库存量等)进行更加深入细致的研究,将进一步揭示种子生产和有性繁殖在群落 过程中的作用。