可调式沉水植被网床对泥沙型富营养化河道生态修复工程研究

分别采用水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)2种可调式沉水植被网床对临港新城环湖流动泥沙型河道进行修复, 通过4个月连续跟踪测定修复河道总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)、亚硝态氮(NO₂-N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄-P)的含量变化以及水体透明度(SD)变化以评价可调式沉水植物网床生态修复效果。结果显示, 沉水植物网床对流动泥沙型河道透明度具有明显改善作用。其中, 水花生网床和狐尾藻网床对TN、NO₃-N、NO₂-N、TP、PO₄-P的削减率分别为69.58%、67.91%、84.48%、62.26%、82.61%和45.48%、58.32%、76.56%、43.12%、73.68%, 且分别对泥沙型河道透明度提高了18%和26%。可见, 水花生网床对营养盐的削减效果优于狐尾藻网床, 而狐尾藻网床对透明度改善效果优于水花生网床。因此把这2种可调式沉水植物网床结合起来, 对流动泥沙型富营养化河道具有更好去除富营养物及泥沙的生态修复效果。     

一株脱氮细菌鉴定及其效果研究

针对传统人工湿地治理污染河湖水工艺中存在的脱氮效率低、环境安全性差等问题，从污水处理厂生化池污泥中分离纯化获得菌株TY（CGMCC1.18865，该菌种已于2020年在中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心入库），通过配水试验，验证菌株脱氮特性，并进一步以火山岩为填料，采用湿地模拟系统装置对比附配TY菌的湿地系统与传统湿地系统对污染水体的脱氮效果的差异；通过16S rRNA基因序列分析，鉴定获得的菌株TY，同时对其表现出的反硝化作用进行分析研究。结果表明：分离获得的TY菌株为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.），配水试验中对氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为84.2%和93.6%。通过对模拟湿地系统出水氨氮、总氮和化学需氧量（COD）监测，发现30 d平均去除率分别可提升至94.3%、88.0%和82.3%，较传统湿地分别提高27.9%、28.8%和7.3%。研究表明，TY菌脱氮过程中有少量的硝态氮和亚硝态氮的积累，可降低对环境的不利影响、有利于脱氮反应连续进行，从而提高人工湿地脱氮效率，具有进一步探究的前景。     

Evaluation of Anammox and denitrification during anaerobic digestion of poultry manure

Two approaches based on ne w process development and biological nitrogen transformation were investigated in a bench study for removing nitrogen as N2 gas from poultry waste while stabilizing the wastes. The process, known as "Anammox", was explored in batch anaerobic culture using serum bottles. The Anammox process involves the use of nitrite as an electron acceptor in the bacterially mediated oxidation of ammonia to yield N2. Studies are described wherein nitrite was added to poultry waste and the effects on ammonium levels were monitored. About 13-22% ammonium removal was observed with the inoculation of returned activated sludge, and the total ammonium reduction was not proportional to the reduction of nitrite, thereby suggesting that Anammox was less competitive under the conditions in our studies. The addition of nitrite and nitrate was not inhibitory to the process based on gas generation and COD reduction. The classical nitrogen removal process of nitrification followed with denitrification offers a more reliable basis for nitrogen removal from poultry wastes.     

Aerobic treatment of dairy wastewater with sequencing batch reactor systems

Performances of single-stage and two-stage sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems were investigated for treating dairy wastewater. A single-stage SBR system was tested with 10,000 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD) influent at three hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1, 2, and 3 days and 20,000 mg/l COD influent at four HRTs of 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. A 1-day HRT was found sufficient for treating 10,000-mg/l COD wastewater, with the removal efficiency of 80.2% COD, 63.4% total solids, 66.2% volatile solids, 75% total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 38.3% total nitrogen from the liquid effluent. Two-day HRT was believed sufficient for treating 20,000-mg/l COD dairy wastewater if complete ammonia oxidation is not desired. However, 4-day HRT needs to be used for achieving complete ammonia oxidation. A two-stage system consisting of an SBR and a complete-mix biofilm reactor was capable of achieving complete ammonia oxidation and comparable carbon, solids, and nitrogen removal while using at least 1/3 less HRT as compared to the single SBR system.     

Nitrogen removal from secondary effluent by using integrated constructed wetland system

The treatment capacity of an integrated constructed wetland system (CWS) that was designed to reduce nitrogen (N) from secondary effluent was explored. The integrated CWS consisted of vertical-flow constructed wetland, floating bed and sand filter. The vertical-flow wetland was filled with gravel, steel slag and peat from the bottom to the top. Vetiver zizanioides was selected to grow in the vertical-flow constructed wetland and Coix lacrymajobi L. was grown in the floating bed. The results showed that the integrated CWS displayed superior removal efficiency for nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N), and total nitrogen (TN). The average NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal efficiencies of the integrated CWS were 98.83%, 95.60%, 98.05% and 92.41%, respectively, during the whole experimental operation. The integrated CWS may have a good potential for removing N from secondary effluent.     

沸石滤床去除炼油废水中氨氮的研究

中国石化广州石油化工厂炼油污水NH₄-N含量高、COD/NH₄-N比低,致使其具有经氧化沟处理后出水脱氮效果不稳定的特点,为此研制开发了一种沸石滤床。将氧化沟出水沉淀后连续导入沸石滤床(ZPB)及活性炭滤床(ACB)与陶粒滤床(CPB),控制滤速1m·s^-1.运行结果表明:沸石滤床的氨氮平均去除率高于99%,COD平均去除率为24.8%,均大大高于活性炭滤床与陶粒滤床。     

亚硝酸盐对污水生物除磷影响的研究进展

亚硝酸盐作为生物硝化和反硝化的中间产物, 存在于污水生物脱氮除磷系统中。对于生物强化除磷工艺亚硝酸盐既是电子受体用于反硝化除磷, 同时又是抑制剂影响生物除磷过程。本文综述了聚磷菌在厌氧、好氧和缺氧环境中的代谢机理, 在此基础上分别从好氧除磷和反硝化除磷两方面介绍了亚硝酸盐对污水生物除磷影响的研究, 同时概述了亚硝酸盐对生物除磷的抑制机理, 并对该领域的研究提出了个人见解。     

Batch culture enrichment of ANAMMOX populations from anaerobic and aerobic seed cultures

Discharge of nitrate and ammonia rich wastewaters into the natural waters encourage eutrophication, and contribute to aquatic toxicity. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation process (ANAMMOX) is a novel biological nitrogen removal alternative to nitrification-denitrification, that removes ammonia using nitrite as the electron acceptor. The feasibility of enriching the ANAMMOX bacteria from the anaerobic digester sludge of a biomethanation plant treating vegetable waste and aerobic sludge from an activated sludge process treating domestic sewage is reported in this paper. ANAMMOX bacterial activity was monitored and established in terms of nitrogen transformations to ammonia, nitrite and nitrate along with formation of hydrazine and hydroxylamine.     

Nitrite reduction by a mixed culture under conditions relevant to shortcut biological nitrogen removal

Dissimilative reduction of nitrite by nitrite-acclimated cellswas investigated in a batch reactor under various environmental conditions that can beencountered in shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR: ammonia to nitrite andnitrite to nitrogen gas). The maximum specific nitrite reduction rate was as much as 4.3 times faster than the rate of nitrate reduction when individually tested, but the reaction was inhibited in the presence of nitrate when the initial nitrate concentration was greater than approximately 25 mg-N/l or the initialNO ₃ ^- N/NO ₂ ^- N ratio was larger than 0.5. Nitrite reduction was also inhibited by nitrite itself when theconcentration was higher than that to which the cells had been acclimated. Therefore, it was desirable to avoid excessively high nitrite and nitrate concentrations in a denitrification reactor. Nitrite reduction, however, was not affected by an alkaline pH (in the range of 7–9) or a high concentration of FA (in the range of 16–39 mg/l), which can be common in SBNR processes. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) requirement for nitrite reduction was approximately 22–38% lower than that for nitrate reduction, demonstrating that the SBNR process can be economical. The specific consumption,measured as the ratio of COD consumed to nitrogen removed, was affected by the availability of COD and the physiological state of the cells. The ratio increased when the cells grew rapidly and were storing carbon and electrons.     

固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans) YLK20去除无机氮的影响因素

【背景】不产氧光合细菌(Anoxygenicphototrophicbacteria,APB)作为一类重要的微生物资源,在水产养殖水体氮污染的修复方面已有广泛研究与应用。养殖水体环境复杂,含多种有机物,尤其是有机氮显著影响菌体除氮功效。【目的】在高浓度无机三态氮(氨氮、硝氮和亚硝氮)共存体系中,阐明小分子有机碳、有机氮和盐度对固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans) YLK20去除无机三态氮的影响规律及机制,挖掘针对性强和适应性广的高效除氮菌株。【方法】采用RAST和KEGG方法分析YLK20基因组碳氮代谢途径及耐盐机制;采用次溴酸钠氧化法、紫外和N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺分光光度法分别测定氨氮、硝氮和亚硝氮含量。【结果】基因组显示,YLK20拥有EMP、HMP、TCA、固氮、氨化、氨同化和反硝化碳氮代谢途径,含有soh B、nha C、bet B和gbs A等多种耐盐基因。丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠、乙醇和甘露醇是YLK20生长和去除无机三态氮的良好有机碳,葡萄糖和果糖的存在降低了无机三态氮去除能力,蔗糖体系中硝氮和亚硝氮能被良好去除,但氨氮去除能力较低。在高浓度蛋白胨(3.21 g/L)和尿素(1.43 g/L)体系中,YLK20仍能高效去除无机三态氮。YLK20能在3%盐度内生长良好,低盐度时该菌株能良好去除无机三态氮,高盐度时亚硝氮去除能力受到严重抑制。YLK20对海水和淡水实际养殖水体中的无机三态氮有良好去除效果。【结论】YLK20主要通过氨同化和反硝化途径去除无机三态氮,尤其在高浓度有机氮环境中也能高效去除;该菌株适应盐度范围广,兼可适用于淡水和海水养殖水体;该菌株生长和无机三态氮去除影响因素、规律及除氮机制的阐明,可为APB微生物制剂的合理应用提供指导。     

Identifying an interfering factor on chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination in piggery wastewater and eliminating the factor by an indigenous Pseudomonas stutzeri strain

AIMS: This study attempted to demonstrate nitrite interference on chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination in piggery wastewater, and the capability of aerobic denitrification of the SU2 strain which is capable of promoting the efficiency of nitrogen and COD removal from piggery wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was performed in a 17-litre reactor with a 30% packing ratio, with a ratio of immobilized SU2 cells to sludge of 100:1. The ratio of aeration to nonaeration was 4 : 1.5. Removal efficiency of COD was 86.8%. Removal efficiency of BOD and SS was higher than 90%, and removal efficiency of NH4+-N and TKN was almost 100%. CONCLUSIONS: NO2- -N interference is significant when its concentration in piggery wastewater exceeds 100 mg l-1. COD in piggery wastewater can be indirectly reduced following nitrite reduction by SU2 strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Utilizing immobilized SU2 cells in coordination with an SBR system simultaneously reduces nitrite and COD concentrations.     

Effect of nitrate on anaerobic azo dye reduction

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of nitrate on anaerobic color removal efficiencies. For this aim, anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with a simulated textile effluent including Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R azo dye was operated with a total cycle time of 12 h, including anaerobic (6 h) and aerobic cycles (6 h). Microorganism grown under anaerobic phase of the reactor was exposed to different amounts of competitive electron acceptor (nitrate) and performance of the system was determined by monitoring color removal efficiency, nitrate removal, nitrite formation and removal, oxidation reduction potential, color removal rate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), specific anaerobic enzyme (azo reductase) and aerobic enzyme (catechol 1,2 dioxygenase), and formation and removal of aromatic amines. Variations of population dynamics of microorganisms exposed to various amount of nitrate were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). It was found that nitrate has adverse effect on anaerobic color removal efficiency and color removal was achieved after denitrification process was completed. It was found that nitrate stimulates the COD removal efficiency and accelerates the COD removal in the first hour of anaerobic phase. About 90 % total COD removal efficiencies were achieved in which microorganism exposed to increasing amount of nitrate. Population dynamics of microorganisms exposed to various amount of nitrate were changed and diversity was increased.     

Comparison of quasisteady-state performance of the DEAMOX process under intermittent and continuous feeding and different nitrogen loading rates

The recently developed denitrifying ammonium oxidation (DEAMOX) process combines the anammox reaction with autotrophic denitrifying conditions using sulfide as an electron donor for the production of nitrite from nitrate within an anaerobic biofilm. This paper compares a quasisteady-state performance of this process for treatment of baker's yeast wastewater under intermittent and continuous feeding and increasing nitrogen loading rate (NLR) from 300 till 858 mg N/L/d. The average total nitrogen removal slightly decreased on increasing the NLR: from 86 to 79% (intermittent feeding) and from 87 to 84% (continuous feeding). The better performance under continuous feeding was due to a more complete nitrate removal in the former case whereas the ammonia removal was similar for both feeding regimes under the comparable NLR. A possible explanation can be that, during continuous feeding (simultaneous supply of nitrate and sulfide), there were less mass transfer limitations for sulfide oxidizing denitrifiers presumably located in the outer layer of sludge aggregates. On the contrary, the ammonia oxidisers presumably located inside the aggregates apparently suffered from nitrite mass transfer limitations under both the feedings. The paper further describes some characteristics of the DEAMOX sludge.     

Novel microbial nitrogen removal processes

The present-day wastewater treatment practices can be significantly improved through the introduction of new microbial treatment technologies. Recently, several new processes for nitrogen removal have been developed. These new nitrogen removal technologies provide practicable options for treating nitrogen-laden wastewaters. The new processes are based on partial nitrification of ammonium to nitrite combined with anaerobic ammonium oxidation. These processes include the single reactor system for high ammonia removal over nitrite (SHARON) process, which involves part conversion of ammonium to nitrite; the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process, which involves anaerobic ammonium oxidation; and the completely autographic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process, which involves nitrogen removal within one reactor under oxygen-limited conditions. These new processes target the removal of nitrogen from wastewaters containing significant quantities of ammonium.     

Nitrification of swine waste

Complete oxidation of ammonia nitrogen (approximately 1000 mg/L) to nitrite was observed in stabilized swine waste after 49 days in incubation at 400 rpm and 29 degrees C, only if 10% (v/v) activated sludge from a wastewater treatment unit and 1.5% (w/v) CaCO3, were added. Stabilized swine waste contains less than 0.09 most probable number (MPN) per millilitre of nitrosobacteria and 2.3 MPN/mL of nitrobacteria. In activated sludge, the concentrations of these bacteria were 2.4 MPN/mL for nitrosobacteria and 4.2 x 10(5) MPN/mL for nitrobacteria. In the swine waste where ammonia was oxidized to nitrite, the nitrosobacteria growth increased to 5.5 x 10(5) MPN/mL, while the nitrobacteria growth decreased to 2.3 MPN/mL. Inoculation of a freshly stabilized swine waste with 10% (v/v) of the active nitrifying waste and addition of 1.5% (w/v) CaCO3, accelerated the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrite; the reaction was completed after only 5 days of incubation. Increasing the incubation period to 10 days resulted in the complete oxidation of the accumulated nitrite to nitrate. In the stabilized swine waste, complete nitrification without accumulation of nitrite was obtained in only 5 days of incubation when the waste was inoculated with both enriched nitrifying populations (10(6)-10(7) MPN/mL).     

新型固定化硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌处理氨氮废水

以改性沸石、聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,采用吸附-包埋-交联法将硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌复合固定化制备成微生物小球.通过复合菌配比实验,考察其对氨氮的去除率以及亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的累积量;对制成的固定化小球做四因素三水平的正交实验,考察不同条件下对氨氮的去除率.结果表明,硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌配比为3:2时,氨氮去除率最高达82.32%,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的累积量为0.032mg·L^-1和0.053 mg·L^-1;通过正交实验,确定沸石投加量为2g·100mL^-1、温度为30℃、pH值为7.5、振荡速度为130r·min^-1时,对氨氮达到最好的去除效果,去除率达90.31%,此法制得的小球机械性能和吸水性能良好.     

浑河河水及其沿岸地下水污染特征

选择沈阳地区重要河流浑河及其沿岸地下水进行定量分析,研究并探讨了包括无机物和有机物在内的水质综合污染特征。结果表明,浑河河水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮和酚超过了地表水环境质量标准,最大超标倍数分别为15.8、1.5、82.4和1.8倍,检测出的11种卤代烃、氯苯和六六六等有机物均未超标。浑河沿岸地下水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、化学需氧量、酚和铅超过地下水质量标准,超标率分别为31.6%、10.5%、26.3%、36.8%、47.4%和26.8%,检测出的4种卤代烃和六六六等有机物均未超标。河水及其沿岸地下水中的污染物,尤其是有机污染物种类和浓度高值基本出现在城西的谟家—大祝断面之间。浑河水质主要受城市工业废水、居民生活污水排放的影响,沿岸地下水的污染来源包括工业生产或农村居民生活造成的地表污染物垂直入渗式的点源污染、浑河水侧向渗透补给式的线源污染以及农药化肥使用产生的面源污染,而有机污染物主要通过点源污染地下水。浑河各区段的使用功能、包气带岩性及沿岸水源地开采井布局等因素都为受污染的河水对沿岸几百米范围内的浅层地下水的补给提供了条件,造成浅层地下水的污染,对当地生态系统及人类健康构成潜在威胁。     

利用硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐同步富集厌氧甲烷氧化微生物的比较实验

【背景】反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化(Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO)是以硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐为电子受体以甲烷为电子供体的厌氧氧化过程,对认识全球碳氮循环、削减温室气体排放和开发废水脱氮新技术等方面具有重要意义。【目的】认识以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的DAMO微生物富集过程和结果的差异性。【方法】在序批式反应器(Sequencing batch reaetor,SBR)内接种混合物,分别以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体连续培养800 d,定期检测反应器基质浓度变化、计算转化速率;利用16S rRNA基因系统发育分析研究功能微生物的多样性,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术定量测定功能微生物。【结果】以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的1、3号反应器富集到了DAMO细菌,未检测到DAMO古菌;以硝酸盐为电子受体的2号反应器富集到了DAMO细菌和古菌的混合物;3个反应器的脱氮速率经过初始低速期、快速提升期,最终达到稳定,但2号快速提升期开始时间比1、3号晚了80 d左右,达到稳定的时间更长,稳定最大速率为1、3号的44.7%、40.3%。【结论】硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对富集产物有决定性影响;以硝酸盐为电子受体富集得到的DAMO古菌和细菌协同体系可以长期稳定共存,DAMO古菌可能是协同体系中脱氮速率的限制性因素。     

基于响应面法对一株好氧反硝化菌脱氮效能优化

【目的】水体富营养化是当今我国水环境面临的重大水域环境问题,氮素超标排放是主要的引发因素之一。好氧反硝化菌构建同步硝化反硝化工艺比传统脱氮工艺优势更大。获得高效的好氧反硝化菌株并通过生长因子优化使脱氮效率达到最高。【方法】经过序批式生物反应器(Sequencing batch reactor,SBR)的定向驯化,筛选获得高效好氧反硝化菌株,采用响应面法优化好氧反硝化过程影响总氮去除效率的关键因子(碳氮、溶解氧、pH、温度)。【结果】从运行稳定的SBR反应器中定向筛选高效好氧反硝化菌株Pseudomonas T13,采用响应面法对碳氮比、pH和溶解氧关键因子综合优化获得在18 h内最高硝酸盐去除率95%,总氮去除率90%。该菌株的高效反硝化效果的适宜温度范围为25?30 °C;最适pH为中性偏碱;适宜的COD/NO3?-N为4:1以上;最佳溶解氧浓度在2.5 mg/L。【结论】从长期稳定运行的SBR反应器中筛选获得一株高效好氧反硝化菌Pseudomonas T13,硝酸盐还原酶比例占脱氮酶基因的30%以上,通过运行条件优化获得硝氮去除率达到90%以上,对强化废水脱氮工艺具有良好应用价值。     

Distinctive microbial ecology and biokinetics of autotrophic ammonia and nitrite oxidation in a partial nitrification bioreactor

Biological nitrogen removal (BNR) based on partial nitrification and denitrification via nitrite is a cost-effective alternate to conventional nitrification and denitrification (via nitrate). The goal of this study was to investigate the microbial ecology, biokinetics, and stability of partial nitrification. Stable long-term partial nitrification resulting in 82.1 +/- 17.2% ammonia oxidation, primarily to nitrite (77.3 +/- 19.5% of the ammonia oxidized) was achieved in a lab-scale bioreactor by operation at a pH, dissolved oxygen and solids retention time of 7.5 +/- 0.1, 1.54 +/- 0.87 mg O(2)/L, and 3.0 days, respectively. Bioreactor ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) populations were most closely related to Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter spp., respectively. The AOB population fraction varied in the range 61 +/- 45% and was much higher than the NOB fraction, 0.71 +/- 1.1%. Using direct measures of bacterial concentrations in conjunction with independent activity measures and mass balances, the maximum specific growth rate (micro(max)), specific decay (b) and observed biomass yield coefficients (Y(obs)) for AOB were 1.08 +/- 1.03 day(-1), 0.32 +/- 0.34 day(-1), and 0.15 +/- 0.06 mg biomass COD/mg N oxidized, respectively. Corresponding micro(max), b, and Y(obs) values for NOB were 2.6 +/- 2.05 day(-1), 1.7 +/- 1.9 day(-1), and 0.04 +/- 0.02 mg biomass COD/mg N oxidized, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that the highly selective partial nitrification operating conditions enriched for a narrow diversity of rapidly growing AOB and NOB populations unlike conventional BNR reactors, which host a broader diversity of nitrifying bacteria. Further, direct measures of microbial abundance enabled not only elucidation of mixed community microbial ecology but also estimation of key engineering parameters describing bioreactor systems supporting these communities.