海南省兴隆地区菠萝蜜种质资源调查与评价

对海南省兴隆地区菠萝蜜种质的分布、生境、花果期、栽培历史以及主要性状等进行了调查,并对菠萝蜜的农艺性状、果实品质等进行了综合评价.     

菠萝蜜果肉的发育解剖学研究

为了解菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)果肉的发育过程,运用石蜡切片和水装片的方法对其进行解剖学观察。结果表明,菠萝蜜果肉由表皮、基本组织和维管束组成,花后8周表皮和基本组织细胞中出现淀粉粒,成熟时完全消失,贮藏作用明显;外表皮细胞形态较规则,而内表皮细胞壁的初生纹孔场相对较多;维管束不发达,发育过程中没有明显变化。菠萝蜜果实发育成熟在花后18~19周。这为菠萝蜜的解剖学基础研究积累了资料。     

菠萝蜜花药发育及花粉萌发研究

研究花药发育过程和花粉萌发条件是菠萝蜜稳产优质的基础。采用石蜡切片和离体培养的方法,对菠萝蜜花药的发育和花粉萌发进行了研究,结果表明：菠萝蜜的花药有4个花粉囊;减数分裂的胞质分裂有连续型和同时型两种形式,形成了等双面体排列和四面体排列的四分体;成熟花药的表皮细胞积累有大量的单宁。160 g·L^-1的蔗糖和0.25 g·L^-1的硼酸混合溶液对菠萝蜜花粉萌发具有明显的促进作用,CaCl₂对菠萝蜜花粉萌发作用不明显。     

菠萝蜜烟用香料香气成分分析及其在卷烟中应用的研究

本文采用GC/MS法对菠萝蜜烟用香料香气成分进行了全面的分析,共鉴定出45种成分,检出率占总成分的98.29%,主要是酯类化合物占42.22%,醇类化合物占24.49%,酸类化合物占21.83%等。通过菠萝蜜烟用香料在卷烟中增香保润效果的应用评价,研究菠萝蜜烟用香料中香气成分在卷烟中的应用效果。结果表明,菠萝蜜烟用香料对卷烟增香和保润具有较好的作用效果,具有重要的应用价值。     

封面照片

正照片示在寄主植物面包果Artocarpus altilis(桑科)上的黄翅绢野螟Diaphania caesalis(鳞翅目:螟蛾科)高龄幼虫。该虫幼期钻蛀取食危害菠萝蜜A. heterophyllus、榴莲蜜A. champeden、面包果A. altilis等菠萝蜜属Artocarpus多种热带经济作物。本期报道了黄翅绢野螟生物学特性及田间种群动态研究(pp. 63-72)。照片由王     

菠萝蜜叶和花的解剖结构研究

运用石蜡切片和电镜扫描等方法对菠萝蜜叶和花进行解剖学的观察和研究,结果表明:菠萝蜜的叶是典型的异面叶;表皮细胞的角质层较厚,叶肉有2～4层栅栏组织,海绵组织细胞间隙发达,在叶肉和叶脉中还有较多含单宁的薄壁细胞,叶脉的木质部非常发达;说明了菠萝蜜的叶具有较强的耐旱和抗虫能力。花小,单性,花粉粒小而量多,风媒传粉;三孔花粉粒。     

菠萝蜜种子多酚的超临界CO_2萃取工艺研究

采用超临界CO_2萃取菠萝蜜种子中的多酚。通过单因素和正交试验考察了萃取压力、CO_2流量、萃取温度、乙醇浓度、乙醇用量等因素对超临界CO_2萃取菠萝蜜种子多酚产量的影响。实验结果表明各因素对产量影响的大小顺序为CO_2流量萃取温度乙醇浓度乙醇用量萃取压力;最佳萃取工艺条件为:萃取压力175 bar、乙醇浓度70%、乙醇用量5 mL/g、萃取温度50℃、CO_2流量30 g/min、萃取时间1.5 h,在此条件下菠萝蜜种子多酚产量达0.6254 mg/g。     

菠萝蜜黑腐病病原菌的形态学与分子鉴定

为明确菠萝蜜黑腐病的病原菌和分类地位,本研究从海南保亭地区采样,经过田间调查、菌株分离纯化和致病性鉴定,以形态学特征为基础,结合病原菌的ITS序列和EF1-α序列,联合两基因建立系统发育树,最终鉴定该病害的病原.结果 显示:病原菌LTHD006菌丝生长速度快,初期白色絮状,较薄,后期菌丝开始变黑,菌落也开始致密,且与Lasiodiplodia theobromae (ID:CBS175.26)聚为一个分支,支持率为100％,最终将菠萝蜜黑腐病的病原菌鉴定为可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae).该病害在国内为首次简略报道,研究结果为菠萝蜜黑腐病发病规律和防治的进一步研究提供理论基础.     

黄翅绢野螟生物学特性及田间种群动态

【目的】黄翅绢野螟Diaphania caesalis是热带木本粮食作物菠萝蜜Artocarpus heterophyllus的重要钻蛀性害虫,对热区快速发展的菠萝蜜产业威胁巨大。本研究旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为准确预测和高效治理该虫提供理论基础。【方法】在室内温度26±1℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期14L∶10D条件下,以菠萝蜜叶片为食料,观察黄翅绢野螟各龄期形态特征、发育历期及繁殖能力,并在田间网室中观察该虫年生活史;通过室内选择和非选择试验,研究该虫的寄主多样性;2018年1-12月通过田间系统调查,分析该虫在海南省琼中县的种群动态规律。【结果】黄翅绢野螟卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为4.58±0.50, 21.00±1.36, 2.50±0.51, 10.20±0.53和12.31±3.16 d,平均世代历期为50.50±3.54 d。各龄期主要形态特征为:卵椭圆形,表面具网纹;幼虫体黄褐色,化蛹前变白色,蜕裂线呈倒"Y"形;蛹红褐色,足和翅芽长至第5腹节;成虫体麦黄色,前翅有瓜子状和塔状黄斑。雌蛾可多次产卵,单雌产卵量为147.25±84.24粒。幼虫偏好取食菠萝蜜、榴莲蜜Artocarpus champeden和面包果Artocarpus altilis 3种植物。室内和网室观察结果表明,黄翅绢野螟在海南一年发生8代。2018年1-12月田间调查结果表明,从3月开始种群数量明显增加,至7月始终保持相对稳定的水平;7月中下旬至9月为种群高峰期;10月后种群开始回落,至次年2月种群保持在较低的水平。【结论】黄翅绢野螟能以菠萝蜜叶片为食料完成继代繁殖,属寡食性;7-9月是该虫在海南的种群高峰期(第5代),因此精准防控的关键时期为上代(第4代)成虫期,即7-8月。     

白化菠萝蜜茎2个蛋白激酶和4个转录因子家族分析

为探究蛋白激酶(PKs)和转录因子(TFs)在白化菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus)幼苗茎次生生长中的表达变化,基于转录组数据对其差异表达基因(DEGs)进行预测及分类,并对挑选出的2个PKs和4个TFs家族构建系统进化树。结果表明,胞质类受体激酶(RLCK)-VIII家族的DEGs上下调表达各4个,亮氨酸富集重复类受体激酶(LRR-RLK)-X家族Xa和Xb-2分支中的DEGs均下调表达,Xb-1中的均上调,TCP家族的20个DEGs中有15个上调表达,zf-HD和GRF家族中的大多数DEGs上调表达,Alfin-like家族中的DEGs均下调表达。因此,这表明6个家族可能在菠萝蜜茎的次生生长过程和应对非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。     

Structural characterization of rubber from jackfruit and euphorbia as a model of natural rubber

A structural study of low molecular weight rubbers from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and Painted spurge (Euphorbia heterophylla) was carried out as model compounds of natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis. The rubber content of latex from Jackfruit was 0.4-0.7%, which is very low compared with that of 30-35% in the latex from Hevea tree. The rubber from Jackfruit latex was low molecular weight with narrow unimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD), whereas that obtained from E. heterophylla showed very broad MWD. The 1H and 13C NMR analyses showed that Jackfruit rubber consists of a dimethylallyl group and two trans-isoprene units connected to a long sequence of cis-isoprene units. The alpha-terminal group of Jackfruit rubber was presumed to be composed of a phosphate group based on the presence of 1H NMR signal at 4.08 ppm corresponding to the terminal =CH-CH2OP group.     

Genetic Diversity of Bangladeshi Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) over Time and Across Seedling Sources

Economic Botany - Crop genetic diversity is important, but may be lost due to intentional or non-intentional selection processes. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is the national fruit of...     

Effect of group size on feed intake,aggressive behaviour and growth rate in goat kids and lambs

The effects of different group sizes on feed intake, growth and behaviour in penned kids and lambs were studied in an experiment (Exp. 1) with 30 kids and 30 lambs used in 3 periods. In each period, animals were divided into five group sizes. The group sizes were one, two, three, four or five animals per pen. In a second experiment (Exp. 2) 36 kids and 36 lambs were allotted to two groups of one and five animals per group. The diet consisted of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and Acacia (Acacia mangium) foliages, sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum) and concentrate. The foliages were given ad libitum, equal to 130% of intake of fresh matter of the group the previous day, and concentrate and sugar-cane were given at a level of 10 g dry matter (DM)/kg initial body weight. The time for each period in Exp. 1 was 21 days, with the last 7 days for data collection. The behaviour observations were done during the last 4 days of each data collection period. The time for Exp. 2 was 84 days.In Exp. 1, the kids had a higher total DM intake (DMI) (P = 0.011) and DMI of Jackfruit (P < 0.001) than the lambs. Total intake increased linearly as group size increased (P = 0.03). When feeding Jackfruit or sugar-cane aggressive behaviours recorded per pen or per animal increased linearly with group size. In Exp. 2, there was no difference in total DMI between kids and lambs, but kids had a significantly higher DMI of Jackfruit and a lower DMI of sugar-cane. Total DMI and DMI of Jackfruit and sugar-cane were similar for the group sizes of five animals and one animal, but kids showed a higher total intake and intake of Jackfruit in the group sizes of five animals, while a higher intake was obtained in single pens for lambs. The weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) for the lambs compared to the kids, but similar for the animals in the group size of one or five animals. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower for the lambs compared to the kids, but not different between group sizes. The water intake of the lambs was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the kids in both experiments and the animals in the pens with high density drank more water than the animals in individual pens only in Exp. 2. In conclusion, increasing the number of animals in the pens increased feed and water intake and also aggressive behaviours and did not improve growth rate or feed conversion ratio.     

Phenological growth stages of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) according to the extended BBCH scale

Jackfruit, the largest known edible fruit bearing tree, is one of the important fruit crops of India. It exhibits wide range of diversity with respect to fruit character and bulb quality. It is an important component of homestead garden because of its multifarious uses (dessert, vegetable and pickle) and high nutritive value. In spite of high food value and market potential, jackfruit is one of the poorly researched crops and there is a dearth of information about its phenology. The present study defines phenological stages of jackfruit according to the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale using three‐digit numerical system. Eight principal growth stages, namely bud development (stage 0), shoot development (stage 1), leaf development (stage 3), specialised reproductive shoot development (stage 4), reproductive development (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development (stage 7) and fruit maturation (stage 8) have been described. A total of 42 secondary growth stages have been described and defined. In this study, bearing and non‐bearing footstalks as well as male and female phases have been defined separately. The study will act as an effective tool for providing a consensual unified approach for standardisation of phenophases, as well as for efficient orchard management for ensuring higher yield and fruit quality. The scale may also be effectively used for characterisation and adaptation of germplasm and assessment of climatic impact on crop phenology.     

木波罗种子脱水敏感性与膜脂过氧化的研究

刚采收的木波罗种子含水量为５８．６％。随着含水量下降,种子的发芽率和发芽指数迅速下降,种子对脱水非常敏感,是典型的顽拗性种。自然脱水时,种子胚轴和子叶中超氧物歧化酶的活性先上升,然后下降,丙二醛和脂质氢过氧化物的含量显著增加。其脱水敏感性的原因可能是当种子脱水时,植物酶ＳＯＤ的活性下降,膜脂过氧化作用加强,从而使膜的结构和功能受到破坏,种子生活力丧失。     

Exquisite binding specificity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerotium rolfsii</Emphasis> lectin toward TF-related O-linked mucin-type glycans

Sclerotium rolfsii lectin (SRL), a secretory protein from the soil borne phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, has shown in our previous studies to bind strongly to the oncofetal Thomson-Friedenreich carbohydrate (Galβ1-3GalNAc-ser/thr, T or TF) antigen. TF antigen is widely expressed in many types of human cancers and the strong binding of SRL toward such a cancer-associated carbohydrate structure led us to characterize the carbohydrate binding specificity of SRL. Glycan array analysis, which included 285 glycans, shows exclusive binding of SRL to the O-linked mucin type but not N-linked glycans and amongst the mucin type O-glycans, lectin recognizes only mucin core 1, core 2 and weakly core 8 but not to other mucin core structures. It binds with high specificity to “α-anomers” but not the “β-anomers” of the TF structure. The axial C4-OH group of GalNAc and C2-OH group of Gal is both essential for SRL interaction with TF disaccharide, and substitution on C3 of galactose by sulfate or sialic acid or N-acetylglucosamine, significantly enhances the avidity of the lectin. SRL differs in its binding to TF structures compared to other known TF-binding lectins such as the Arachis hypogea (peanut) agglutinin, Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) lectin, Jackfruit, Artocarpus integrifolia (jacalin) and Amaranthus caudatus (Amaranthin) lectin. Thus, SRL has unique carbohydrate-binding specificity toward TF-related O-linked carbohydrate structures. Such a binding specificity will make this lectin a very useful tool in future structural as well as functional analysis of the cellular glycans in cancer studies.     

北京市民营医疗机构发展现状与对策探析

描述了北京市民营医疗机构发展的基本情况及其特色优势,并从政策环境及自身建设两个方面分析了北京市民营医疗机构发展存在的主要问题,由此提出加快落实相关政策、优化民营医疗机构发展环境以及民营医疗机构加强自身建设和规范化管理等建议。     

Conserving global biological diversity by encouraging alternative development paths: can development coexist with diversity?

The conservation of biological diversity concerns the management of the development process, not only at the national but also at the global level. Individual countries have made their development choices independently but relatedly, too often following the precise form of the choices of other countries preceding them in the development process. Development via imitation is pursuing the form, rather than the substance of a successful development strategy. Countries should instead be developing upon a base of assets that provides them with a relatively unique set of goods and services to place upon global markets. When the first countries developed, this criterion indicated that they should convert their countries to new forms of production; when the last countries are developing, relatively unique goods and services flow from their lands as they stand. What is required is the development of global institutions that encourage countries to see that their best development opportunities lie down these alternative development pathways, based upon their already-existing but relatively unique national assets.