共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
JOSEPH S. WILSON JAMES P. PITTS 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,101(2):360-375
Understanding the history of diversification in the North American deserts has long been a goal of biogeographers and evolutionary biologists. Although it appears that a consensus is forming regarding the patterns of diversification in the Nearctic deserts in vertebrate taxa, little work has been done exploring the historical biogeography of widespread invertebrate taxa. Before a robust model of geobiotic change in the North American deserts can be proposed, it needs to be determined whether the same historical events affected vertebrate and invertebrate taxa in the same way. We explore the phylogeographic patterns in a widespread nocturnal wasp genus Dilophotopsis using two rDNA loci, the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2). We use Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network analysis to determine whether a consistent geographic pattern exists among species and populations within Dilophotopsis. We also used molecular dating techniques to estimate divergence dates of the major phylogenetic clades. Our analyses indicates that the species‐level divergences in Dilophotopsis occurred in the Neogene, and likely were driven by mountain building during the Miocene–Pliocene boundary (approximately 5 Mya) similar to the divergences in many vertebrate taxa. The population‐level divergences within species occurred during the Pleistocene (0.1–1.8 Mya). The present study shows that similar patterns of diversification exist in vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 360–375. 相似文献
2.
Wei‐Ping Huang Hang Sun Tao Deng Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison Ze‐Long Nie Jun Wen 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,171(2):395-412
Mitchella is a small genus of the Rubiaceae with only two species. It is the only herbaceous semishrub of the family showing a disjunct distribution in eastern Asia and eastern North America, extending to Central America. Its phylogeny and biogeographical diversification remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses for Mitchella and its close relative Damnacanthus based on sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and four plastid markers (rbcL, atpB‐rbcL, rps16 and trnL‐F). Mitchella is monophyletic, consisting of an eastern Asian M. undulata clade and a New World M. repens clade. Our results also support Michella as the closest relative to the eastern Asian Damnacanthus. The divergence time between the two intercontinental disjunct Mitchella species was dated to 7.73 Mya, with a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 3.14?12.53 Mya, using the Bayesian relaxed clock estimation. Ancestral area reconstructions suggest that the genus originated in eastern Asia. The semishrub Mitchella appears to have arisen from its woody ancestor in eastern Asia and then migrated to North America via the Bering land bridge in the late Miocene. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
3.
Natalia C. Moreno Leonardo D. Amarilla María L. Las Peñas Gabriel Bernardello 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2015,177(2):263-277
Changes in chromosome structure and number play an important role in plant evolution. This was investigated in the Neotropical epiphytic cacti: all Lepismium spp. and some related Rhipsalis spp. Both genera have species with disjunct distributions between the paranas of south‐eastern Brazil and north‐eastern Argentina and the yungas forests of the eastern Andes. Karyotypes, fluorescent banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using rDNA probes were performed. A time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree was generated to place the karyological information and biogeographical history in an explicit evolutionary context. All species were 2n = 22 and showed symmetrical karyotypes comprising only metacentric chromosomes of similar sizes. The heterochromatin bands were always associated with chromosome satellites coinciding with the location and number of the 18S–5.8S–26S rDNA loci. The 5S rDNA loci had more heterogeneous profiles with one or two loci per haploid genome. Phylogenetic analysis suggested an ancient duplication event of the 5S rDNA loci and more recent post‐speciation translocation and deletion events. These genome restructurings are estimated to have occurred approximately 13.98 Mya in the middle Miocene, after Lepismium and Rhipsalis diverged. The ancestor of Lepismium may have had a similar karyotype to L. lumbricoides and the Rhipsalis spp. (i.e. one 5S locus on chromosome 2). Both genera hypothetically originated in the yungas (north‐eastern Argentina and southern Bolivia), but diversification of the Lepismium crown group probably originated from populations with duplicated 5S loci in the parana forests of south‐eastern Brazil (8.70 Mya in the late Miocene). Two migration events between the yungas and parana forests were suggested to explain the extant distribution of Lepismium spp. These results make Lepismium a model system for the study of the complex chromosomal evolution in plants. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177 , 263–277. 相似文献
4.
A tale of North and South America: time and mode of dispersal of the amphitropical genus Munroa (Poaceae,Chloridoideae) 下载免费PDF全文
Leonardo D. Amarilla Jorge O. Chiapella Victoria Sosa Natalia C. Moreno Ana M. Anton 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2015,179(1):110-125
Plant disjunctions have provided some of the most intriguing distribution patterns historically addressed by biogeographers. We evaluated the three hypotheses that have been postulated to explain these patterns [vicariance, stepping‐stone dispersal and long‐distance dispersal (LDD)] using Munroa, an American genus of grasses with six species and a disjunct distribution between the desert regions of North and South America. The ages of clades, cytology, ancestral characters and areas of distribution were investigated in order to establish relationships among species, to determine the time of divergence of the genus and its main lineages, and to understand further the biogeographical and evolutionary history of this genus. Bayesian inference recovered the North American M. pulchella as sister species to the rest. Molecular dating and ancestral area analyses suggest that Munroa originated in North America in the late Miocene–Pliocene (7.2 Mya; 8.2–6.5 Mya). Based on these results, we postulate that two dispersal events modelled the current distribution patterns of Munroa: the first from North to South America (7.2 Mya; 8.2–6.5 Mya) and the second (1.8 Mya; 2–0.8 Mya) from South to North America. Arid conditions of the late Miocene–Pliocene in the Neogene and Quaternary climatic oscillations in North America and South America were probably advantageous for the establishment of populations of Munroa. We did not find any relationship between ploidy and dispersal events, and our ancestral character analyses suggest that shifts associated with dispersal and seedling establishment, such as habit, reproductive system, disarticulation of rachilla, and shape and texture of the glume, have been important in these species reaching new areas. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 110–125. 相似文献
5.
TIMOTHY E. MOORE G. ANTHONY VERBOOM FÉLIX FOREST 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,162(3):435-452
Thesium is a large genus of parasitic shrubs belonging to tribe Thesieae of Santalaceae. It has a principally Old World distribution, with the greatest diversity being found in southern Africa. Little is known about the relationships within Thesium or its relationships with its closest relatives. In this article, we present a first estimate of species‐level phylogenetic relationships in Thesium based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL–trnF sequence data, and use this to explore the biogeographical history of the group. One hundred and four samples representing 72 Thesium spp. were included in a phylogenetic analysis. Plastid and combined data resolve Thesium as paraphyletic relative to Thesidium and Austroamericium with high posterior probability and bootstrap support. ITS sequence data place Thesidium as sister to a large Thesium clade, but with weak support. Ancestral range reconstruction and dating analysis suggest a southern African origin for the group, with a crown age of 39.1 ± 11.9 Mya, followed by dispersal into Europe and South America. A large clade of Cape species split in the Miocene from a clade comprising tropical species (25.5 ± 7.3 Mya) with the diversification of extant species beginning at 16.7 ± 6.3 Mya. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 162 , 435–452. 相似文献
6.
Claudia A. M. Russo Beatriz Mello Annelise Frazão Carolina M. Voloch 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2013,169(4):765-775
Drosophila is the genus responsible for the birth of experimental genetics, but the taxonomy of drosophilids is difficult because of the overwhelming diversity of the group. In this study, we assembled sequences for 358 species (14 genera, eight subgenera, 57 species groups, and 65 subgroups) to generate a maximum‐likelihood topology and a Bayesian timescale. In addition to sampling an unprecedented diversity of Drosophila lineages, our analyses incorporated a geographical perspective because of the high levels of endemism. In our topology, Drosophila funebris (Fabricius, 1787) (the type species of Drosophila) is tightly clustered with the pinicola subgroup in a North American clade within subgenus Drosophila. The type species of other drosophilid genera fall within the Drosophila radiation, presenting interesting prospects for the phylogenetic taxonomy of the group. Our timescale suggests that a few drosophilid lineages survived the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K‐Pg) extinction. The drosophilid diversification began during the Palaeocene in Eurasia, but peaked during the Miocene, an epoch of drastic climatic changes. The most recent common ancestor of the clades corresponding to subgenera Sophophora and Drosophila lived approximately 56 Mya. Additionally, Hawaiian drosophilids diverged from an East Asian lineage approximately 26 Mya, which is similar to the age of the oldest emerging atoll in the Hawaiian–Emperor Chain. Interestingly, the time estimates for major geographical splits (New World versus Asia and Africa versus Asia) were highly similar for independent lineages. These results suggest that vicariance played a significant role in the radiation of fruit flies. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
7.
CLAUS RASMUSSEN SYDNEY A. CAMERON 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,99(1):206-232
Stingless bees (Meliponini) are one of only two highly eusocial bees, the other being the well studied honey bee (Apini). Unlike Apini, with only 11 species in the single genus Apis, stingless bees are a large and diverse taxon comprising some 60 genera, many of which are poorly known. This is the first attempt to infer a phylogeny of the group that includes the world fauna and extensive molecular data. Understanding the evolutionary relationships of these bees would provide a basis for behavioural studies within an evolutionary framework, illuminating the origins of complex social behaviour, such as the employment of dance and sound to communicate the location of food or shelter. In addition to a global phylogeny, we also provide estimates of divergence times and ancestral biogeograhic distributions of the major groups. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses strongly support a principal division of Meliponini into Old and New World groups, with the Afrotropical+Indo‐Malay/Australian clades comprising the sister group to the large Neotropical clade. The meliponine crown clade is inferred to be of late Gondwanan origin (approximately 80 Mya), undergoing radiations in the Afrotropical and Indo‐Malayan/Australasian regions, approximately 50–60 Mya. In the New World, major diversifications occurred approximately 30–40 Mya. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 206–232. 相似文献
8.
Pierre‐Henri Fabre Marie Pagès Guy G. Musser Yuli S. Fitriana Jon Fjeldså Andy Jennings Knud A. Jønsson Jonathan Kennedy Johan Michaux Gono Semiadi Nanang Supriatna Kristofer M. Helgen 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2013,169(2):408-447
We describe Halmaheramys bokimekot Fabre, Pagès, Musser, Fitriana, Semiadi & Helgen gen. et sp. nov. , a new genus and species of murine rodent from the North Moluccas, and study its phylogenetic placement using both molecular and morphological data. We generated a densely sampled mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data set that included most genera of Indo‐Pacific Murinae, and used probabilistic methodologies to infer their phylogenetic relationships. To reconstruct their biogeographical history, we first dated the topology and then used a Lagrange analysis to infer ancestral geographic areas. Finally, we combined the ancestral area reconstructions with temporal information to compare patterns of murine colonization among Indo‐Pacific archipelagos. We provide a new and comprehensive molecular phylogenetic reconstruction for Indo‐Pacific Murinae, with a focus on the Rattus division. Using previous results and those presented in this study, we define a new Indo‐Pacific group within the Rattus division, composed of Bullimus, Bunomys, Paruromys, Halmaheramys, Sundamys, and Taeromys. Our phylogenetic reconstructions revealed a relatively recent diversification from the Middle Miocene to Plio‐Pleistocene associated with several major dispersal events. We identified two independent Indo‐Pacific dispersal events from both western and eastern Indo‐Pacific archipelagos to the isolated island of Halmahera, which led to the speciations of H. bokimekot gen. et sp. nov. and Rattus morotaiensis Kellogg, 1945. We propose that a Middle Miocene collision between the Halmahera and Sangihe arcs may have been responsible for the arrival of the ancestor of Halmaheramys to eastern Wallacea. Halmaheramys bokimekot gen. et sp. nov. is described in detail, and its systematics and biogeography are documented and illustrated. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
9.
Evolutionary history of Gymnocarpos (Caryophyllaceae) in the arid regions from North Africa to Central Asia 下载免费PDF全文
Shu‐Wen Jia Ming‐Li Zhang Eckhard V. Raab‐Straube Mats Thulin 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,119(2):511-522
Gymnocarpos has only about ten species distributed in the arid regions of Asia and Africa, but it exhibits a geographical disjunction between eastern Central Asia and western North Africa and Minor Asia. We sampled eight species of the genus and sequenced two chloroplast regions (rps16 and psbB–psbH), and the nuclear rDNA (ITS) to study the phylogeny and biogeography. The results of the phylogenetic analyses corroborated that Gymnocarpos is monophyletic, in the phylogenetic tree two well supported clades are recognized: clade 1 includes Gymnocarpos sclerocephalus and G. decandrus, mainly the North African group, whereas clade 2 comprises the remaining species, mainly in the Southern Arabian Peninsula. Molecular dating analysis revealed that the divergence age of Gymnocarpos was c. 31.33 Mya near the Eocene and Oligocene transition boundary, the initial diversification within Gymnocarpos dated to c. 6.69 Mya in the late Miocene, and the intraspecific diversification mostly occurred during the Quaternary climate oscillations. Ancestral area reconstruction suggested that the Southern Arabian Peninsula was the ancestral area for Gymnocarpos. Our conclusions revealed that the aridification since mid‐late Miocene significantly affected the diversification of the genus in these areas. 相似文献
10.
ABDERRAOUF BEN FALEH LAURENT GRANJON CAROLINE TATARD ZBYSZEK BORATYŃSKI JEAN FRANCOIS COSSON KHALED SAID 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2012,107(1):27-38
The lesser Egyptian jerboa Jaculus jaculus is a desert dwelling rodent that inhabits a broad Arabian–Saharan arid zone. Recently, two distant sympatric lineages were described in North‐West Africa, based on morphometric and molecular data, which may correspond to two cryptic species. In the current study, phylogenetic relationships and phylogeographical structure among those lineages and geographical populations from North Africa and the Middle East were investigated. The phylogeographical patterns and genetic diversity of the cytochrome b gene (1110 bp) were addressed on 111 jerboas from 41 localities. We found that the variation in Africa is partitioned into two divergent mitochondrial clades (10.5% divergence relating to 1.65–4.92 Mya) that corresponds to the two cryptic species: J. jaculus and J. deserti. Diversifications within those cryptic species/clades were dated to 0.23–1.13 Mya, suggesting that the Middle Pleistocene climatic change and its environmental consequences affected the evolutionary history of African jerboas. The third distant clade detected, found in the Middle East region, most likely represents a distinct evolutionary unit, independent of the two African lineages. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ??, ??–??. 相似文献
11.
Biogeography and molecular phylogeny of the genus Schizothorax (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in China inferred from cytochrome b sequences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aim To test a vicariant speciation hypothesis derived from geological evidence of large‐scale changes in drainage patterns in the late Miocene that affected the drainages in the south‐eastern Tibetan Plateau. Location The Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas. Methods The cytochrome b DNA sequences of 30 species of the genus Schizothorax from nine different river systems were analysed. These DNA sequences were analysed using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The approximately unbiased and Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests were applied to evaluate the statistical significance of the shortest trees relative to alternative hypotheses. Dates of divergences between lineages were estimated using the nonparametric rate smoothing method, and confidence intervals of dates were obtained by parametric bootstrapping. Results The phylogenetic relationships recovered from molecular data were inconsistent with traditional taxonomy, but apparently reflected geographical associations with rivers. Within the genus Schizothorax, we observed a divergence between the lineages from the Irrawaddy–Lhuit and Tsangpo–Parlung rivers, and tentatively dated this vicariant event back to the late Miocene (7.3–6.8 Ma). We also observed approximately simultaneous geographical splits within drainages of the south‐eastern Tibetan Plateau, the Irrawaddy, the Yangtze and the Mekong–Salween rivers in the late Miocene (7.1–6.2 Ma). Main conclusions Our molecular evidence tentatively highlights the importance of palaeoriver connections and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in understanding the evolution of the genus Schizothorax. Molecular estimates of divergence times allowed us to date these vicariant scenarios back to the late Miocene, which agrees with geological suggestions for the separation of these drainages caused by tectonic uplift in south‐eastern Tibet. Our results indicated the substantial role of vicariant‐based speciation in shaping the current distribution pattern of the genus Schizothorax. 相似文献
12.
13.
LINLIN ZHOU YVONNE C. F. SU PIYA CHALERMGLIN RICHARD M. K. SAUNDERS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,163(1):33-43
An extended molecular phylogenetic analysis of Uvaria (Annonaceae) is presented, using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, based on sequences of four plastid DNA regions (matK, psbA‐trnH spacer, rbcL and trnL‐F). The additional taxa include the monotypic West African genus Balonga, the monotypic South‐East Asian genus Dasoclema and seven Australian representatives of the genus Melodorum. The results indicate that all of these taxa are nested within a well‐supported clade otherwise consisting of Uvaria species, indicating that their taxonomic treatment needs to be reassessed. The distinguishing morphological characteristics of the taxa are re‐evaluated and interpreted as specialized adaptations of the basic Uvaria structure. The genus Uvaria is accordingly extended following the transfer of these species, necessitating six new nomenclatural combinations and two replacement names. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163 , 33–43. 相似文献
14.
Daniel J. Schmidt Roger Grund Matthew R. Williams Jane M. Hughes 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2014,111(2):473-484
Not all butterflies are innocuous plant‐feeders. A small number of taxa in the family Lycaenidae have graduated from mutualistic partnerships with ants to predatory or parasitic associations. These highly‐specialized life histories, involving butterfly larvae living inside ant colonies, are often associated with rarity and vulnerability to extinction. In the present study, we examined the evolutionary relationships of a poorly‐known group of seven taxa herein referred to as the idmo‐group within the Australian lycaenid genus Ogyris. The idmo‐group has a relictual distribution across southern Australia and includes taxa with highly‐specialized phytophagous and myrmecophagous life histories. A phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b] and the nuclear DNA locus elongation factor 1α (EF1α), generally agrees with current taxonomy and supports the recent elevation of endangered taxon Ogyris halmaturia to full species status. The transition to myrmecophagy was dated to the mid‐Miocene (approximately 16 Mya), when southern Australia experienced a humid climate and extensive mesic biome. The arid Nullarbor Plain, a major biogeographical feature of central southern Australia, divides the remnants of this mesic biome into south‐eastern and south‐western isolates. Late‐Miocene to Pliocene divergence estimates for polytypic Ogyris species across the Nullarbor were older than estimates made for similarly distributed birds, butterflies, mammals, and reptiles, which mostly date to the Pleistocene. The concept of highly‐specialized life histories as evolutionary dead‐end strategies is well exemplified by the idmo‐group. Data compiled on the known extant subpopulations for idmo‐group taxa show that all of these extraordinary butterflies are scarce and several face imminent threat of extinction. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111 , 473–484. 相似文献
15.
16.
PATRICIA FERNANDES NERES VERÔNICA GOMES DA FONSECA‐GENEVOIS RODRIGO AUGUSTO TORRES MARIANA DA FONSECA CAVALCANTI FRANCISCO JOSÉ VICTOR DE CASTRO NEYVAN RENATO RODRIGUES DA SILVA TANIA TASSINARI RIEGER WILFRIDA DECRAEMER 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2010,158(1):1-15
A new species of Daptonema is described based upon morphological characters and 18S rRNA sequence. Daptonema matrona sp. nov. was collected in Pina Basin (north‐eastern Brazil). It differs from all other species of the genus by the presence of reduced cephalic setae and straight spicules. These features require an adaptation of the generic diagnosis. Moreover, the females are characterized by intra‐uterine development of the offspring, considered herein as their major autapomorphic feature. Molecular systematic analyses supported Daptonema matrona sp. nov. as a distinct genetic and evolutionary lineage. The data also indicate hypotheses of taxonomic synonymies amongst some related taxa from Xyalidae as well as the paraphyly of Daptonema. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158 , 1–15. 相似文献
17.
R. EDUARDO PALMA ENRIQUE RODRÍGUEZ‐SERRANO ERIC RIVERA‐MILLA CRISTIAN E. HERNANDEZ JORGE SALAZAR‐BRAVO MARIA I. CARMA SEBASTIAN BELMAR‐LUCERO PABLO GUTIERREZ‐TAPIA HORACIO ZEBALLOS TERRY L. YATES 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2010,160(3):551-566
Sequences from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and NADH1) were used to produce a molecular phylogeny for 12 named and two undescribed species of the genus Oligoryzomys. All analyses placed Oligoryzomys microtis as the most basal taxon, a finding consistent with previous studies that suggested the west‐central Amazon as a centre of origin for the tribe Oryzomyini to which Oligoryzomys belongs. Biogeographically, this suggests that Oligoryzomys had a South American origin, and later advanced northwards, entering Central America and Mexico more recently. Different analyses have provided consistent support for several additional clades that did not necessarily agree with the species groups hypothesized by previous studies. A molecular clock derived for these data suggests an origin for the genus of 6.67 Mya, with most speciation within the genus occurring between 3.7 and 1.5 Mya. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 160 , 551–566. 相似文献
18.
MATTHEW C. BRANDLEY HIDETOSHI OTA TSUTOMU HIKIDA ADRIÁN NIETO MONTES DE OCA MANUEL FERÍA‐ORTÍZ XIANGUANG GUO YUEZHAO WANG 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2012,165(1):163-189
Blue‐tailed skinks (genus Plestiodon) are a common component of the terrestrial herpetofauna throughout their range in eastern Eurasia and North and Middle America. Plestiodon species are also frequent subjects of ecological and evolutionary research, yet a comprehensive, well‐supported phylogenetic framework does not yet exist for this genus. We construct a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Plestiodon using Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of a nine‐locus data set comprising 8308 base pairs of DNA, sampled from 38 of the 43 species in the genus. We evaluate potential gene tree/species tree discordance by conducting phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated and individual locus data sets, as well as employing coalescent‐based methods. Specifically, we address the placement of Plestiodon within the evolutionary tree of Scincidae, as well as the phylogenetic relationships between Plestiodon species, and their taxonomy. Given our sampling of major Scincidae lineages, we also re‐evaluate ‘deep’ relationships within the family, with the goal of resolving relationships that have been ambiguous in recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. We infer strong support for several scincid relationships, including a major clade of ‘scincines’ and the inter‐relationships of major Mediterranean and southern African genera. Although we could not estimate the precise phylogenetic affinities of Plestiodon with statistically significant support, we nonetheless infer significant support for its inclusion in a large ‘scincine’ clade exclusive of Acontinae, Lygosominae, Brachymeles, and Ophiomorus. Plestiodon comprises three major geographically cohesive clades. One of these clades is composed of mostly large‐bodied species inhabiting northern Indochina, south‐eastern China (including Taiwan), and the southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The second clade comprises species inhabiting central China (including Taiwan) and the entire Japanese archipelago. The third clade exclusively inhabits North and Middle America and the island of Bermuda. A vast majority of interspecific relationships are strongly supported in the concatenated data analysis, but there is nonetheless significant conflict amongst the individual gene trees. Coalescent‐based gene tree/species tree analyses indicate that incongruence amongst the nuclear loci may severely obscure the phylogenetic inter‐relationships of the primarily small‐bodied Plestiodon species that inhabit the central Mexican highlands. These same analyses do support the sister relationship between Plestiodon marginatus Hallowell, 1861 and Plestiodon stimpsonii (Thompson, 1912), and differ with the mitochondrial DNA analysis that supports Plestiodon elegans (Boulenger, 1887) + P. stimpsonii. Finally, because the existing Plestiodon taxonomy is a poor representation of evolutionary relationships, we replace the existing supraspecific taxonomy with one congruent with our phylogenetic results. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165 , 163–189. 相似文献
19.
Robin van Velzen Niklas Wahlberg Marc S. M. Sosef Freek T. Bakker 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,108(3):546-564
Extant clades may differ greatly in their species richness, suggesting differential rates of species diversification. Based on phylogenetic trees, it is possible to identify potential correlates of such differences. Here, we examine species diversification in a clade of 82 tropical African forest butterfly species (Cymothoe), together with its monotypic sister genus Harma. Our aim was to test whether the diversification of the Harma–Cymothoe clade correlates with end‐Miocene global cooling and desiccation, or with Pleistocene habitat range oscillations, both postulated to have led to habitat fragmentation. We first generated a species‐level phylogenetic tree for Harma and Cymothoe, calibrated within an absolute time scale, and then identified temporal and phylogenetic shifts in species diversification. Finally, we assessed correlations between species diversification and reconstructed global temperatures. Results show that, after the divergence of Harma and Cymothoe in the Miocene (15 Mya), net species diversification was low during the first 7 Myr. Coinciding with the onset of diversification of Cymothoe around 7.5 Mya, there was a sharp and significant increase in diversification rate, suggesting a rapid radiation, and correlating with a reconstructed period of global cooling and desiccation in the late Miocene, rather than with Pleistocene oscillations. Our estimated age of 4 Myr for a clade of montane species corresponds well with the uplift of the Eastern Arc Mountains where they occur. We conclude that forest fragmentation caused by changing climate in the late Miocene as well as the Eastern Arc Mountain uplift are both likely to have promoted species diversification in the Harma–Cymothoe clade. Cymothoe colonized Madagascar much later than most other insect lineages and, consequently, had less time available for diversification on the island. We consider the diversification of Cymothoe to be a special case compared with other butterfly clades studied so far, both in terms of its abrupt diversification rate increase and its recent occurrence (7 Myr). It is clear that larval host plant shift(s) cannot explain the difference in diversification between Cymothoe and Harma; however, such a shift(s) may have triggered differential diversification rates within Cymothoe. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, ●● , ●●–●●. 相似文献
20.
Ying Meng Ze‐Long Nie Tao Deng Jun Wen Yong‐Ping Yang 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2014,176(4):435-451
Polygonatum is the largest and most complex genus in tribe Polygonateae, comprising approximately 57 species widely distributed in the warm temperate, subtropical and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere. However, phylogenetic relationships in the genus remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the genus using four plastid markers, and to examine the evolution of leaf arrangement in Polygonatum in the phylogenetic context of its closely related taxa. Thirty Polygonatum species were sampled to infer phylogenetic relationships using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The evolution of leaf arrangements was reconstructed using Bayesian, parsimony and likelihood methods. The phylogenetic analyses supported the current generic delimitation of Polygonatum, with Heteropolygonatum recognized as a distinct genus. Three major lineages in Polygonatum were well supported, largely correlated with geographical distribution and the most recent classification at the sectional level. However, our results did not support the currently recognized series, especially the two large series Verticillata and Alternifolia. Bayesian analyses support the alternate‐leaf arrangement as the ancestral state for Polygonatum, but parsimony and maximum‐likelihood analyses suggest an equivocal state for crown Polygonatum. Leaf arrangement was found to be evolutionarily labile. A new nomenclatural combination was made: P olygonatum section S ibirica (L.I.Abramova) Y.Meng, comb. nov. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 435–451. 相似文献