设立云南金沙江干热河谷萨王纳植被自然保护地的建议

滇西北丽江-宁蒗北纬27°的金沙江干热河谷具有大面积的原生性萨王纳植被, 是云南最北的连片分布的萨王纳植被类型, 被认为是世界萨王纳植被的干热河谷残存者, 也是我国一类珍稀濒危的植被。它包含特有单种属菊科乔木栌菊木(Nouelia insignis)群落, 在沟箐和局部地段, 还存在典型热带季雨林树种白头树(Garuga forrestii)占优势的群落, 这些情况非常罕见。该地区植物区系特殊, 生物多样性丰富, 生态系统完整, 在科学研究和自然保护上具有重要价值, 符合建立自然保护地的条件, 建议设立为保护金沙江干热河谷萨王纳植被的自然保护地(区)。     

The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, in Japan: Assessment of impact on species diversity of ant communities in urban environments

The Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Mayr) invaded the Hiroshima Prefecture in south‐west Japan some time before 1990. In this report, we describe the distribution of this exotic ant species and assess its impact on indigenous ant communities in urban areas. L. humile is now widely distributed mainly in urban areas and surrounding secondary vegetation of the cities Hatsukaichi and Hiroshima. The impact assessment suggested that L. humile reduced species diversity of local, indigenous ant communities. There was differential sensitivity of indigenous ant species to the invasion of L. humile. Some ant species disappeared in parks infested with L. humile; for example, Pheidole noda, Pheidole indica and Lasius japonicus. L. humile seemed to be superior to these ant species in certain traits and habits, such as mobility, recruitment ability, aggressiveness and omnivory. In contrast, Paratrechina sakurae and Camponotus vitiosus were less affected by L. humile infestation. The mechanisms allowing such coexistence seemed to be small body size (P. sakurae) and arboreal nesting habits (C. vitiosus).     

Densities and population sizes of raptors in Uganda’s conservation areas

Projected increases in Africa's human population over the next 40 years point to further, large-scale conversion of natural habitats into farmland, with far-reaching consequences for raptor species, some of which are now largely restricted to protected areas (PAs). To assess the importance of PAs for raptors in Uganda, we conducted an annual road survey through savanna, pastoral and agricultural land during 2008–2015. Here, we present density estimates for 34 diurnal raptor species, 17 of which were encountered largely or entirely within PAs. These included seven out of eight globally threatened or near-threatened species surveyed. Based mainly on published demographic values, we converted density estimates (birds 100 km?2) to numbers of adult pairs, for 10 resident, savanna-dependent species. We then estimated adult population sizes within conservation areas (individual PAs and clusters of contiguous PAs), based on the area of savanna in each site. This suggested that two threatened residents, Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos, have national breeding populations of just 53–75 and 74–105 pairs, respectively. A third species, White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis, may have a breeding population of just 22–32 pairs. In each case, at least 90% of pairs are thought to reside within Uganda's five largest conservation areas. In three cases our estimates of pair density were markedly lower than in other studies, while in six cases they were broadly consistent with published findings, often derived using more intensive survey methods. Further work is required to determine the accuracy of our estimates for individual conservation areas, and to assess the long-term viability of Uganda's threatened raptor populations.     

Does the Type of Disturbance Matter When Restoring Disturbance‐Dependent Grasslands?

The reintroduction of burning is usually viewed as critical for grassland restoration; but its ecological necessity is often untested. On the one hand, fire may be irreplaceable because it suppresses dominant competitors, eliminates litter, and modifies resource availability. On the other hand, its impacts could be mimicked by other disturbances such as mowing or weeding that suppress dominants but without the risks sometimes associated with burning. Using a 5‐year field experiment in a degraded oak savanna, we tested the impacts of fire, cutting and raking, and weeding on two factors critical for restoration: controlling dominant invasive grasses and increasing subordinate native flora. We manipulated the season of treatment application and used sites with different soil depths because both factors influence fire behavior. We found no significant difference among the treatments—all were similarly effective at suppressing exotics and increasing native plant growth. This occurred because light is the primary limiting resource for many native species and each treatment increased its availability. The effectiveness of disturbance for restoration depended more on the timing of application and site factors than on the type of treatment used. Summer disturbances occurred near their reproductive peak of the exotics, so their mortality approached 100%. Positive responses by native species were significantly greater on shallow soils because these areas had higher native diversity prior to treatment. Although likely not applicable to all disturbance‐dependent ecosystems, these results emphasize the importance of testing the effectiveness of alternative restoration treatments prior to their application.     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

加拿大的保护区系统

加拿大及其保护区系统在国际自然保护界居领先地位。这个世界第三大保护区系统[3] 具有 4个主要的层次 :国家级、省 /地区级、区域级和地方级。其子系统也有跨两个以上层次的 ,还有的成为国际遗产组织的成员。本文拟对这一庞大而有序的保护区系统进行分析研究。1　国家系统加拿大的国家级自然保护区系统主要有 :由加拿大文化遗产部的加拿大公园局管理的国家公园和国家海洋保护区 ,由加拿大环境部的加拿大野生动植物保护局管理的国家候鸟禁猎区和国家野生动植物保护区 ,由国家首都委员会管理的国家首都保护地。这些系统形成加拿大国家级保护…     

中国自然保护区网络现状分析与优化设想

我国的自然保护区已覆盖了近15%的国土面积。利用生物多样性保护的地理学方法（Geographic approach to protection of biological diverstiy,GAP）分析了自然保护区的布局和现状。结果表明：我国自然保护区已基本上形成了较完整的体系,但现有保护区网络布局有待进一步合理化：许多重要的、我国特有的或分布狭域的自然生态系统类型、一些珍稀濒危动植物的栖息地、许多稀有或具有重要战略价值的自然资源的产地等尚未被全部纳入保护体系内。作者建议未来自然保护区建设要从以保护物种为中心转向以保护生态系统为中心。应立足现有保护区网络,以扩建原有保护区为主;将具有重要意义的地方保护区升级为国家级保护区;加强与周边国家的合作,建立跨国自然保护区等。保护区规划要因地制宜、形式多样,如在西部应以建立大型自然保护区为主;中、东部人口稠密地区以建立中小型保护区和保护点为主;在候鸟越冬、繁殖与停歇地,可建立季节性保护区等。     

中国植物资源的基本特点及其合理开发利用的途径

植物是人类生潘的重要资源,没有植物将是不可想像的。我国植物种类繁多,资源丰富,但分布不均匀,贮藏量有限;人们对植物资源利用过分,缺乏适当的保护措施;对各种植物研究不够,利用潜力很大;利用野生植物的经验丰富,但推广不够。为了合理开发我国丰富的植物资源,急需把自然保护区建为植物资源开发利用的战略基地,把它建为一个管理自然的基本单位。     

Experimental evidence that the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, does not competitively suppress co-occurring ants in a disturbed habitat

1. The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a globally distributed invasive ant that is largely restricted to disturbed habitats in its introduced range. For more than half a century, biologists have believed its success results from superior competitive abilities relative to native ant species, as well as an escape from their natural enemies. 2. We used large volumes of hot water to kill fire ant colonies, and only fire ant colonies, on experimental plots in pastures, and found that populations and diversity of co-occurring ants did not subsequently increase. 3. These results are contrary to classical predictions and indicate that S. invicta is not a superior competitor that suppresses native ants, and that the low diversity and abundance of native ants in degraded ecosystems does not result from interaction with fire ants. Instead, other factors such as prior disturbance and recruitment limitation may be the primary limiting factors for native species in these habitats.     

台湾拉拉山的水青冈林及其与广西越城岭水青冈林的生态比较

水青冈林是北半球重要的森林类型之一,广泛分布在欧洲、北美和东亚的平原和山地．东亚拥有水青冈属植物种类最多,特别是在中国,但对它们研究较少,在林业上几乎还没有得到应有的利用．本文主要概略地介绍台湾拉拉山台湾水青冈林的群落学特点,并与广西越城岭的长柄水青冈林和光叶水青冈林作生态比较,为今后进一步开展水青冈林的研究提供一些参考资料．     

保护区的分类系统与标准

保护区是一个泛称,根据建立的目的和本身的特点可以划分不同的类型,以利于管理工作的开展。每一个国家都应制订一个与本国资源和要求相适应的保护区分类系统。本文着重讨论按保护对象和保护区性质划分的保护区类型,以供判断每一个保护区的归属和管理重点。