黑土表层土壤颗粒的分形特征

基于第二次全国土壤普查结果,应用土壤颗粒的质量分布计算了36个典型剖面表层土壤颗粒的分形维数值.结果表明:土壤颗粒分形维数值D在2.5831～2.8230,其变异性极弱,且分形维数值随质地变细而增大;土壤机械组成中,砂粒(2～0.02mm)含量、粉粒(0.02～0.002mm)含量与分形维数值均呈显著负相关(P<0.05);粘粒(<0.002mm)含量与土壤分形维数值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);分形维数值D与土壤中的有机质、全N、全P、全K含量及pH值相关性均不显著.土壤分布的分形维数可以作为反映黑土退化程度的一个综合性定量指标.     

溶液pH值及模拟酸雨对两种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中行为的影响

采用平衡振荡法和土柱淋洗法,研究了溶液pH及模拟酸雨对土壤中苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆行为的影响.结果表明,Freundlich方程能较好地描述苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆的吸附等温线,水-土壤系统pH升高能明显地降低这两种除草剂在土壤中的吸附,促进其在土壤中的迁移,且吸附常数(K_f)与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH呈负相关.pH值高的模拟酸雨对除草剂在土壤中淋溶贡献较大,且淋溶量随雨量的增大而增大.除草剂在土壤中的淋溶与土壤性质密切相关,有机质含量和粘粒含量较高的土壤对除草剂的持留能力较强.     

侵蚀泥沙、有机质和全氮富集规律研究

在自然降雨下,研究降雨,坡度,耕作和施肥对侵蚀泥沙,有机质和全N富集率的影响,分析土壤和泥沙颗粒组成,富集与泥沙有机质和全N富集的关系,揭示土壤有机质和全N在泥沙中的富集规律,结果表明,泥沙粘粒的富集导致有机质和全N的富集,泥沙粘粒,有机质和全N富集率分别平均为1．77,2．09和1．61,土壤侵蚀模数与泥沙有机质和全N富集率呈显著的负相关关系,降雨,坡度,施肥和耕作措施对泥沙有机质富集作用的影响通过减少土壤侵蚀模数来实现的,减少土壤侵蚀的措施可增加泥沙有机质和全N的富集。     

苔藓植物的化学元素含量及其特点

苔藓植物是化学元素最有效的积累者,在指示环境质量变化方面有其独到之处。本文阐述了苔藓植物体内地球化学元素的组成、含量、来源及其特点,用以揭示影响苔藓植物地球化学元素的因素,从而为苔藓植物作为指示生物提供更可靠的理论依据。苔藓植物体内所含的元素种类很多,主要来自大气沉降(如降水、降尘、扬尘、树冠淋溶等)和生长基质(如土壤、岩石等),元素含量受到区域空间、生态系统、苔藓种类以及时间季节的影响。苔藓植物体内地球化学元素含量可以指示环境条件(如区域空间、生态系统和时间)的差异。     

石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系

以黄土高原土壤类型和土壤肥力差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,研究了土壤微生物量碳（BC）、微生物量氮（BN）与土壤氮素矿化势（NO）、全氮（TN）、有机碳（OC）及土壤颗粒组成的关系．结果表明：BC、BN与TN、OC呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,表明BC、BN与土壤肥力关系密切,可作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标．BC、BN与NO均呈高度正相关,相关系数分别为0．665和0．741（P〈0．01）．BC、BN、TN、OC、NO与土壤物理性粘粒（〈0．01mm）呈显著或极显著正相关,而与物理性砂粒（〉0．01mm）呈显著或极显著负相关,与物理性粘粒和砂粒比值呈显著或极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质主要通过与土壤物理性粘粒复合而形成有机无机复合体．     

火灾对马尾松林地土壤特性的影响

通过与马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(对照)对比的方法,研究了广东河源马尾松火灾4 a后土壤(0-20 cm)的物理性质、有机质和养分含量、土壤微生物及酶活性的变化,为了解火灾后的马尾松林土壤退化机理提供依据.火灾引起的土壤升温和灰分沉积改变了土壤的物理、化学和生化特性,造成了土壤质量的全面下降.火灾使土壤变得紧实,恶化了通气透水性.与对照相比,火灾的土壤容重显著增加了11％,土壤毛管孔隙比例增加了6％,非毛管孔隙和总孔隙的比例分别显著减少了30％和8％,土壤毛管持水量下降了5％,土壤中＜0.01 mm粘粒的比例显著下降了16％.火灾通过氧化、挥发、淋溶和侵蚀等途径减少土壤养分含量.火灾对土壤pH影响不显著,仅下降了3％,但是土壤有机质、全N、全P和全K含量比对照分别减少了43％、29％、23％和36％,水解N、速效P和速效K含量分别比对照减少了43％、20％和47％,均达到极显著水平.火灾引起的高温和环境改变影响了土壤微生物的生存,火灾后的土壤细菌显著下降了16％,真菌和放线菌数量分别下降了3％和2％,土壤脲酶、土壤磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照显著下降了46％、61％和19％.火灾通过氧化、挥发、淋溶和侵蚀等途径减少了有机质和养分含量,导致土壤孔隙减少,保持水分功能减弱,微生物数量减少和酶活性下降,引起地力衰退.     

黑土中几种重金属的化学形态

在自然界中,重金属元素的总浓度不能正确反映出它们对生物的效应和地球化学的过程。重金属的毒性在很大程度上取决于它们存在的化学形态。重金属进入土壤这个有机、无机复合体后,通过溶解、沉淀、凝聚、络合、吸附等各种反应,形成重金属的不同化学形态,并表现出不同的活性。东北地区的黑土,其主要特征是富含有机质,为了探索土壤有机质含量与土壤重金属的亲合力及其在土壤中存在的各种形态,我们用A.Tesser等提出的连续浸提法,作了重金属元素在黑土中存在形态的研究,这对进一步研究土壤净化功能与土壤环境容量具有一定意义。     

农牧交错带土地沙化的本质及其形成研究

通过对陕北农牧交错带不同类型沙化土地土体构型、土壤质地、元素组成和理化性质的分析,研究了土地沙化的本质。结果表明：受风沙作用影响,土壤中细粒物质逐渐减少,颗粒组成变粗;表层消失,最终被流沙所取代,原土壤剖面被覆盖在沙层之下;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能降低,生产力不断下降;现代土壤形成过程以侵蚀和风沙沉积为主,物质淋溶和化学风化微弱。研究区土地沙化可划分为：风沙侵蚀为主、风沙蚀积平衡、风沙沉积为主和土壤形成发育4个阶段;沙化土地的类型有：肥力衰退质地粗化、表层剥蚀、片沙覆盖、流动沙丘与固定沙丘等5种。     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤物理性质的时空分异及成因

运用经典统计方法,以桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地4个植被演替阶段(草地、灌木林、次生林、原生林)土壤表层(0～15 cm)和剖面为研究对象,采用冗余分析(RDA)方法分析土壤物理性质的时空分异成因.结果表明： 灌木林和原生林表土的粘粒(＜0.002 mm)和粉粒(0.002～0.05 mm)含量分别与其他3个演替阶段有显著差异;草地与次生林之间各粒级颗粒含量差异不显著;各演替阶段土壤砂粒(0.05～2.0 mm)含量均无显著差异;草地的容重与其他3个演替阶段差异极显著.草地粘粒含量随坡位升高而增加,其他植被类型为中坡位粘粒含量最高,且同一植被类型下不同坡位之间差异不显著.原生林0～30 cm土壤各层次间的粘粒含量变化幅度(14.55%)大于草地(7.12%)、灌木林(11.24%)和次生林(13.77%),人类干扰对表层土壤颗粒组成有很大影响.土壤物理性质主要受土壤有机碳和各演替阶段植被类型的影响,其中砂粒含量受裸岩率的影响较大.     

农田不同种植模式与土壤质量的关系

以山东省黄泛区茌平县为研究区,在对农田土壤理化性状进行全面调查分析和质量评价的基础上,以数理统计方法对小麦/玉米轮作、露天蔬菜、日光温室蔬菜和塑料大棚蔬菜4种种植模式下20种土壤的理化性状和土壤质量的差异性进行分析,探讨了不同种植模式与土壤理化性状和质量的关系.结果表明：不同种植模式下土壤含水量、有机质和氮、磷、钾等大量元素、有效硫、有效锌、土壤pH值和全盐有显著或极显著差异;各模式下有效磷和日光温室蔬菜模式下有效硫具有相对较大的变异性.不同种植模式对土壤质量的影响显著,总的趋势为设施蔬菜高于露天蔬菜,菜田模式高于粮田模式,对化学性状的影响高于物理性状,对有机质和大量元素的影响高于中量元素,对微量元素的影响较小.其原因主要是由于小麦玉米作物秸秆还田、含硫肥料和锌肥的施用及设施蔬菜长期大量施肥的影响.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

Identification of the site of glycation of human insulin

This study evaluates the nature of glycated human insulin formed following exposure to hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. Glycated insulin was purified by RP-HPLC and its molecular mass (5971.3 Da) determined by plasma desorption mass spectrometry (MS). The difference in mass (163.7 Da) from nonglycated insulin (5807.6 Da) corresponds to a single reduced glucose (glucitol) residue. Following reduction of insulin disulfide bridges, MS confirmed that the B-chain was glycated. Enzymatic digestions with trypsin, endoproteinase Glu-C, and thermolysin, followed by RP-HPLC and identification of fragments by MS, localized glycation to the B-chain (1–5) region. Electrospray tandem MS identified the site of glycation as the B-chain NH₂-terminal Phe¹ residue. This was confirmed by automated Edman degradation with glycated human insulin.