长白山高山苔原带雪斑地段牛皮杜鹃群落的土壤氮矿化与净初级生产力

采用土壤温度连续观测和土壤原位培养,研究了长白山高山苔原带雪斑地段牛皮杜鹃群落的土壤温度、土壤氮矿化及净初级生产力.结果表明: 在非生长季的积雪期(10月下旬-5月上旬),土壤养分呈上升趋势,土壤以氮矿化为主,为翌年植物的生长提供了充足的氮素.其中雪斑地段土壤(平均温度-3.0 ℃)的氮矿化能力更强,速效氮增加量为3.88 g·m^-2,非雪斑地段(平均温度-7.5 ℃)为1.21 g·m^-2. 在生长季节(5月中旬-8月下旬),土壤氮素含量下降,以固持为主;秋季植物停止生长后,土壤速效氮又呈上升趋势;到冬季,由于积雪的作用,雪斑地段土壤温度维持在0 ℃左右或略低,促进了土壤氮的矿化,而非雪斑地段土壤温度则处于冻结状态.氮素矿化能力的差异是雪斑地段牛皮杜鹃群落净初级生产力高于非雪斑地段群落的主要原因,也是植被空间分异的重要驱动因子.     

高山带雪斑对牛皮杜鹃群落生产力的影响

研究了长白山高山带雪斑牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron aureum)群落的生产力特征及其同微生境条件的关系,以阐明寒冷条件下碳蓄积特征.结合土壤温度连续观测,测定了雪斑不同部位的群落生产力以及土壤养分特征.牛皮杜鹃群落的积雪时间超过240d,土壤温度在-1～0℃的时间长达150d,是非雪斑地段的3倍以上.尽管雪斑的热量条件不如周围优越,但是群落生产力相对高出很多.雪斑中心的牛皮杜鹃群落近3a的现存量(1707g/m2)是边缘无雪地段(288g/ m2)的6倍.雪斑中心的土壤养分水平比周围高,雪斑同时为植物提供了极端低温条件下的避难场所.苔原生态系统生产力的维持依赖于寒冷季节的相对温暖环境,而不是生长季节的热量水平.     

长白山高山苔原季节性雪斑土壤呼吸对温度响应的模拟研究

利用LI-8100土壤呼吸测定系统, 在室内控制温度条件下测定了长白山高山苔原季节性雪斑大白花地榆(Sanguisorba sitchensis (=S. stipulata))群落土壤呼吸对温度的响应过程, 并根据野外连续测定的全年温度, 估算了雪斑群落土壤呼吸的季节变化, 同时模拟气温升高对土壤呼吸的影响。雪斑土壤温度全年大部分时间维持在0 ℃以上, 极端温度变动幅度不超过20 ℃。模拟计算了10 cm深土壤的呼吸强度, 海拔2 036 m处为307.1 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 海拔2 260 m处的呼吸量为270.9 g C·m^-2·a^-1。由于积雪时间长, 冬季呼吸占很大比例, 而且随着海拔的升高比例加大。从海拔2 036 m到2 260 m, 积雪期土壤呼吸分别占全年的42.5% (125.4 g C·m^-2·a^-1)和49.7% (128.7 g C·m^-2·a^-1)。模拟气温升高1 ℃并假设积雪时间减少20天, 冬天的呼吸量减少8%左右, 但全年总呼吸量增加8%左右。升温后, 平均增加的呼吸量为0.25 g C·kg^-1·a^-1 (或22.65 g C·m^-2·a^-1), 冬季呼吸量减少0.118 g C·kg^-1·season^-1 (或10.81 g C·m^-2·season^-1)。     

松嫩平原草地群落物种多样性与生产力关系的研究

 物种多样性对生态系统功能的作用是生物多样性研究的核心领域之一,而生态系统生产力水平是其功能的重要表现形式。自然群落的物种多样性常与生产力密切相关,其相关性格局主要表现为3种形式,即单调上升、单调下降和单峰关系。本研究结果支持单峰格局,即中等生产力水平物种多样性最高。并认为水的作用导致草地群落养分资源的空间异质性降低,物种竞争增大,从而物种多样性下降,但生产力明显增加。物种的共存依赖于进化上稳固的物种之间利用资源能力的交换,而物种在竞争能力和生产能力上的交换使具有更高生产力的物种是竞争的弱者。物种多样性与生     

尿素肥斑扩散对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

磷脂脂肪酸 (PL FA)被认为是有效指示活体土壤微生物群落结构变化的标记物之一 ,该方法已在土壤微生物的研究中被大量应用。采用特制容器 ,模拟尿素肥斑在土壤中的扩散行为 ,观察距尿素肥斑不同距离微域中养分形态和浓度变化及其对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。试验结果表明 ,培养 7d后 ,No.7(距肥斑 7cm)和 No.8(距肥斑 8cm )微域的 NH 4、NO- 2 、NO- 3浓度最高 ,NO- 2 是尿素扩散区域的主要离子存在形态。对提取到的 2 5种 PL FA进行主成分分析 (PCA) ,发现 PL FA组成随不同微域养分浓度变化而变化 ,说明微生物群落结构发生了改变。就标记性 PL FA而言 ,尿素扩散导致真菌 PL FA在高浓度养分微域浓度增加 ,细菌 PL FA浓度下降 ,其中 ,No.7微域的真菌 PL FA18∶ 2ω6 ,9和 PL FA18∶ 1ω9浓度分别比对照 (No.2 0微域 )增加 173%和 4 7.2 %。然而 ,放线菌 PL FA 10 Me18∶ 0浓度变化不大     

高寒草甸不同草地群落物种多样性与生产力关系研究

生态系统的结构和功能、生物多样性与生产力的关系问题是近年来群落生态学中研究的中心问题,其中,生态系统生产力水平是其功能的重要表现形式,用4种不同草地类型探讨自然群落的物种多样性与生产力关系.结果表明,矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落中物种多样性与生产力的关系呈线性增加关系,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中线性增加关系不显著,这表明群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响.不同的环境资源和环境异质性是形成群落结构特征、物种多样性分布格局差异的主要原因之一.     

氮添加对亚热带毛竹林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

氮沉降会影响森林生态系统地上(如植物生产力和组成)和地下特性(如土壤养分循环),进而影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能。本研究以亚热带戴云山毛竹林为对象,设置N0(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、N20(20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、N80(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) 3个施氮水平,进行3年的氮沉降模拟实验。通过测定土壤基本理化性质、腐殖化指数和微生物磷脂脂肪酸等指标,研究氮添加对毛竹林土壤养分、腐殖化指数和微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示,N20显著增加土壤腐殖化指数,降低土壤中碱性阳离子总量(K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺)、革兰氏阳性菌(G⁺)、革兰氏阴性菌(G^-)、总磷脂脂肪酸含量和G⁺/G^-。与N20相比,N80处理土壤NO₃^-     

藏北高山嵩草草甸群落特征及生产力对模拟增温幅度的响应

青藏高原气候严酷,陆地表层生态系统脆弱,其高寒植物群落特征及生态系统生产力对气候变化的响应极其敏感。利用开顶箱(OTCs,Open Top Chambers)式装置在藏北高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸设置不同增温梯度实验(W1、W2、W3、W4),探究增温对高寒草甸植物群落特征及地上生产力的影响。研究结果表明:1)与对照样地相比,增温减少了植物群落总盖度(2015年,W1、W2、W3、W4分别显著减少了28%、23%、59%、60%; 2016年,W4显著减少了83%)和高山嵩草盖度(2015年,W1、W2、W3、W4分别显著减少了26%、33%、681%、64%; 2016年,W4显著减少了85%),而低幅度增温(W1、W2)对委陵菜属植物盖度无显著影响,高幅度增温(W3、W4)显著减少了委陵菜属植物盖度(2015年,W3、W4分别显著减少了58%和60%;2016年,W4显著减少了71%); 2)对整个植物群落而言,增温幅度较低时,增温对群落的生长和生物量的积累有促进作用,当温度升高超过一定程度,这种促进作用会逐渐减弱甚至变成抑制作用(2015年,W4显著减少了地上生物量69%; 2016年,W4显著减少了地上生物量82%); 3)高山嵩草盖度和其他物种总盖度存在显著的年际差异,而委陵菜属植物盖度无明显的年际变化。研究结果预示着,一定程度的升温会促进高寒草甸植物群落的生长,但温度升高超过一定幅度时,会导致草地生产力下降,草地退化加剧,同时当地群落中委陵菜属植物在全球变化背景下相对稳定,这类物种在未来气候变暖的背景下可能具有更强的竞争力。     

长白山两种主要林型下土壤氮矿化速率与温度的关系

在实验室条件下,控制土壤的温度与含水量,测定长白山两种森林类型,阔叶红松林和云冷杉林土壤的氮净矿化速率。将含水量适度和饱和的原样土柱置于5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃恒温箱中培养30d。分析培养前后的NH^ 4-N和NO^-3-N含量,确定土壤有机氮的矿化速率。结果表明,对于不同的土壤和不同的含水量,土壤的净的净矿化速率与温度呈正相关;而净硝化速率在低温段与温度正相关,在高温段则呈负相关,而且整个培养期硝态氮的变化不大。建立两种森林类型土壤氮净矿化速率与温度的一次线性和指数回归方程,发现指数回归效果较好,用回归方程模拟两种森林类型土壤的年矿化量分别为111．8kg/(hm^2.a)和57．4kg/(hm^2.a),与实测值1217．36kg(hm^2.a)和47．41kg/(hm^2.a)很接近。     

锡林河河漫滩草甸群落的结构与生产力及其排序

 锡林河河漫滩主要草甸群落的植物组成、群落构成规律、地上植物量、群落间生态关系的研究表明：1)踏头草甸以中间型荸荠(Eleocharis intersita)、无脉苔草(Carex enervis)、巨序剪股颖(Agrostis gigantea)和湿中生杂类草共同建群,其地上植物量为445.64gDM·m-2,是该区草原群落的2—4倍;密花凤毛菊(Saussurea acuminata)杂类草草甸的地上植物量为3584.50gFM·m-2(鲜重);马蔺(Iris lactea)杂类草草甸的地上现存量为1444.02gFM·m-2(鲜重)。2)与该区草原群落相比,草甸群落或没有单种建群植物,或单种建群植物的作用不很突出。说明了草甸优越的生境可满足多种植物共同充分生长。3)河漫滩不同草甸群落的排序表明：在积水生境中沼泽植被的外围、较为湿润的地段上分布着以莎草科植物为主的莎草(苔草)草甸;中度湿润的地段分布着以禾本科植物为主的禾草草甸;而相对较干的地段分布着以双子叶植物为主的杂类草草甸。     

Changes in Production and Nutrient Cycling across a Wetness Gradient within a Floodplain Forest

Floodplain forest ecosystems are highly valuable to society because of their potential for water quality improvement and vegetation productivity, among many other functions. Previous studies have indicated that hydrology influences productivity but that the relationship between hydroperiod and productivity is a complex one. Consequently, we compared multiple indexes of productivity, nutrient circulation, and hydroperiod among three communities on the Flint River floodplain, Georgia, that differed in terms of inundation frequency. We hypothesized that (a) the wettest community would have the lowest total net primary production (NPP) values because of saturated soil conditions; (b) as wetness increases, nutrient circulation in litterfall would decrease because of the hypothesized lower productivity in the wetter community; and (c) as wetness increases, internal translocation would become more efficient. The study site was partitioned into three wetness types—somewhat poorly drained (SPD), intermediate (I) and poorly drained (PD). We found that belowground biomass was greatest on the SPD, litterfall was similar for all three sites, and that woody biomass current annual increment (CAI) was greatest in the PD community. However, when the three variables were totaled for each site, the PD had the greatest NPP, thus disproving hypothesis (a). For hypothesis (b), we observed that P content in litterfall, although not significant, followed the predicted trend; nitrogen (N) content displayed the opposite pattern (PD > I > SPD). As wetness increased, internal translocation became more efficient for phosphorus (support for hypothesis [c]), but the SPD community was more efficient at retranslocating N (contradiction of hypothesis [c]). Received 19 June 2000; accepted 19 October 2000.     

积雪覆盖变化对大兴安岭多年冻土区土壤微生物群落结构的影响

高纬度多年冻土区是全球变化的敏感区域,揭示不同雪被覆盖条件下土壤微生物群落结构的演变规律,对于预测寒区森林生态系统对全球变化的响应具有重要意义。以大兴安岭多年冻土区白桦次生林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)对比分析自然积雪和遮雪处理土壤微生物群落结构的动态变化特征。结果表明:土壤总磷脂脂肪酸含量在植被生长季初期最高,积雪稳定期最低,其中含量较高的PLFA为18:2ω6,9c、a15:0、i16:0、17:1ω8c、18:1ω9c和16:1ω5c,不同时期各优势PLFA含量存在一定差异。遮雪显著降低积雪稳定期细菌PLFA含量、增加真菌PLFA含量(P<0.05),但对其他时期土壤微生物群落结构和多样性均未产生显著影响。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤总磷脂脂肪酸、真菌、真菌/细菌和革兰氏阴性菌与土壤含水量、pH和铵态氮均呈显著正相关,细菌和革兰氏阳性菌受土壤总磷、总氮和硝态氮影响较大。     

Analysis of factors regulating ecosystemdevelopment on Mauna Loa using the Century model

We used the Century model to evaluateenvironmental controls over ecosystem developmentduring the first 3500 y of primary succession onpahoehoe (i.e., relatively smooth, solid) lava flowsof wet, windward Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The Century modelis a generalized ecosystem model that simulatescarbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics forplant-soil systems. Preliminary results indicated theneed to modify the model to include the effects ofsoil C accumulation on soil water storage anddrainage. The modified model was parameterized tosimulate observed values of aboveground productivity,biomass and soil element pools on a 3400-y-old site at700 m elevation. Testing the model parameters at 1660m elevation indicated that N inputs were lower andsoil water drainage rates were slower at the higherelevation. We applied the modified and fullyparameterized model to simulate ecosystem attributesduring primary succession at five elevations, andconducted single-factor experiments with the model toidentify the specific influences of variations intemperature, nutrient inputs, and rainfall on modeledecosystem characteristics.Simulated aboveground productivity (ANPP), net N andP mineralization, and biomass element pools allincreased through time at each elevation, and alldeclined with increasing elevation at each point intime. After 3500 y of succession none of theseattributes had reached a stable asymptote, butasymptotes were approached more quickly, andsuccession was therefore faster, at lower than athigher elevations. Simulated soil organic matter(SOM) pools increased with elevation, despite thatplant productivity declined. These results, andsimilar comparisons among rainfall regimes, suggestthat SOM pools were more sensitive to factorscontrolling decay than production rates.Within elevations and temperature regimes, nutrientavailability was the most important factor controllingsimulated rates of plant productivity, biomass, anddetritus accumulation during ecosystem development. Through time, SOM accumulations alleviated nutrientlimitations to plants, but simulated productivityremained highly dependent upon externally suppliednutrients even after 20,000 y. Rainfall had two maineffects on nutrient availability within the model: (1)it increased rates of leaching, and thus depletednutrient supplies; and (2) it exacerbated soil floodingand thereby decreased nutrient turnover rates. Highrainfall on windward Mauna Loa maintains oligotrophicconditions through time despite continuous N and Pinputs.     

Long term 15N studies in a catena of the shortgrass steppe

A set of long term¹⁵N studies was initiated during the summers of 1981 and 1982 on the backslope and footslope, respectively, of a catena in the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado. Microplots labeled with¹⁵N urea were sampled for¹⁵N and total N content in 1981 and 1982 and again in 1992. In November, 1982, 100% of the added N was recovered in the soil-plant system of the finer-textured footslope, compared to 39% in the coarser-textured backslope microplots. Ten years later,¹⁵N recovery of the applied N decreased at both topographic positions to 85% in the footslope and 29% in the backslope. Average losses since the time of application were 3.5 g N m^–2yr^–1 in the backslope and 0.8 g N m^–2yr^–1 in the footslope. In 1992, soil organic matter was physically fractionated into particulate (POM) and mineral associated (MAON) fractions and 21-day mineralization incubations were conducted to assess the relative amounts of¹⁵N that were in the slow, passive and active soil organic matter pools, respectively, of the two soils. Our findings confirm the assumptions that POM represents a large portion of the slow organic compartment and that the MAON represents a large fraction of the passive compartment defined in the Century model. The N located in the MAON had the lowest availability for plant uptake. Isotopic data were consistent with textural effects and with the Century model compartmentalization of soil organic N based on the residence time of the organic N.     

季节性雪被对高山生态系统土壤氮转化的影响

在高山生态系统中,季节性雪被对土壤氮含量及转化有着重大影响.降雪是氮沉降的一种重要形式,直接影响着土壤中的有效氮含量;降雪形成不同厚度和持续期的雪被后,造成环境因子(土壤温度和含水量)和生物因子(土壤微生物、高山植物和高山动物)的异质性,进而对土壤中氮素矿化和微生物固持过程产生复杂的影响.本文重点介绍了持续性雪被消融期冻融交替影响土壤氮素矿化和流失的机制,并针对高山地区未来季节性雪被可能发生的变化,综述了野外原位模拟实验的主要研究成果,最后提出了开展季节性雪被对土壤氮影响研究的一些建议.     

Soil–Nitrogen Cycling in a Pine Forest Exposed to 5 Years of Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Empirical and modeling studies have shown that the magnitude and duration of the primary production response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) can be constrained by limiting supplies of soil nitrogen (N). We have studied the response of a southern US pine forest to elevated CO₂ for 5 years (1997–2001). Net primary production has increased significantly under elevated CO₂. We hypothesized that the increase in carbon (C) fluxes to the microbial community under elevated CO₂ would increase the rate of N immobilization over mineralization. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the pool sizes and fluxes of inorganic and organic N in the forest floor and top 30 cm of mineral soil during the first 5 years of CO₂ fumigation. We observed no statistically significant change in the gross or net rate of inorganic N mineralization and immobilization in any soil horizon under elevated CO₂. Similarly, elevated CO₂ had no statistically significant effect on the concentration or flux of organic N, including amino acids. Microbial biomass N was not significantly different between CO₂ treatments. Thus, we reject our hypothesis that elevated CO₂ increases the rate of N immobilization. The quantity and chemistry of the litter inputs to the forest floor and mineral soil horizons can explain the limited range of microbially mediated soil–N cycling responses observed in this ecosystem. Nevertheless a comparative analysis of ecosystem development at this site and other loblolly pine forests suggests that rapid stand development and C sequestration under elevated CO₂ may be possible only in the early stages of stand development, prior to the onset of acute N limitation.