高粱抗病虫资源创新与利用研究

利用"八五"、"九五"期间,发掘和鉴定出的一些具有单一抗病虫特性和优良农艺性状的资源,通过有性杂交和人工接种鉴定,有目的进行抗性基因转移和优良基因聚合,从而获得了具有多抗、农艺性状优良的LR625、LR622、2381等3个恢复系和L405A、L407A 2个不育系等新种质资源,并用新创资源组配了一批高产、多抗、综合农艺性状好的杂交组合.     

实验昆虫人工饲养技术与管理

实验昆虫在生物学学科的多个领域越来越被广泛应用。通过对昆虫的环境要求、营养、疾病控制和管理,用人工饲料成功饲养了多种实验昆虫。     

Forward Genetics by Genome Sequencing Reveals That Rapid Cyanide Release Deters Insect Herbivory of Sorghum bicolor

Whole genome sequencing has allowed rapid progress in the application of forward genetics in model species. In this study, we demonstrated an application of next-generation sequencing for forward genetics in a complex crop genome. We sequenced an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant of Sorghum bicolor defective in hydrogen cyanide release and identified the causal mutation. A workflow identified the causal polymorphism relative to the reference BTx623 genome by integrating data from single nucleotide polymorphism identification, prior information about candidate gene(s) implicated in cyanogenesis, mutation spectra, and polymorphisms likely to affect phenotypic changes. A point mutation resulting in a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of dhurrinase2, which encodes a protein involved in the dhurrin catabolic pathway, was responsible for the acyanogenic phenotype. Cyanogenic glucosides are not cyanogenic compounds but their cyanohydrins derivatives do release cyanide. The mutant accumulated the glucoside, dhurrin, but failed to efficiently release cyanide upon tissue disruption. Thus, we tested the effects of cyanide release on insect herbivory in a genetic background in which accumulation of cyanogenic glucoside is unchanged. Insect preference choice experiments and herbivory measurements demonstrate a deterrent effect of cyanide release capacity, even in the presence of wild-type levels of cyanogenic glucoside accumulation. Our gene cloning method substantiates the value of (1) a sequenced genome, (2) a strongly penetrant and easily measurable phenotype, and (3) a workflow to pinpoint a causal mutation in crop genomes and accelerate in the discovery of gene function in the postgenomic era.     

Plant Volatiles-based Insect Pest Management in Organic Farming

Organic agriculture is increasing in popularity worldwide due to the rapidly growing market for organic products. In organic production, insects present a major pest challenge that negatively impacts crop health and yield. To successfully manage an organic farmland, an effective insect pest management program is key. In this review, we first describe the approaches currently used for pest management in organic farming. Next, we review natural plant defense mechanisms, especially those based on plant volatile organic compounds. Chemically complex, plant volatiles have multiple ecological roles in plant-insect interactions including attracting pollinators, acting as cues for foraging herbivores as well as functioning as direct defense, indirect defense, or interplant priming. Based on the ecological roles of plant volatiles, we then discuss in-depth how pest management may be improved through a variety of strategies including using resistant cultivars, polyculture, using beneficial microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes, and using plant-derived pesticides, all of which are reviewed in the context of plant volatiles. Lastly, integration of these different strategies based on the trait of plant volatiles for a successful and sustainable pest management program in organic farming is discussed.     

植物的虫瘿与成瘿昆虫

虫瘿是植物组织遭受昆虫取食或产卵的刺激后,细胞加速分裂和异常分化而长成的畸形瘤状物或突起,它们是昆虫生活的"房子".介绍了虫瘿的形态多样性和形成过程,成瘿昆虫的多样性、生活史、寄生、食性和寄食现象,成瘿昆虫与寄主植物的关系以及人类对虫瘿的利用.     

Theory,Technology, and Practice of Site-Specific Insect Pest Management

Insects are usually unevenly distributed throughout an area in nature. Despite this knowledge, analytical methods and technology have limited insect pest management to uniform management decisions in the field. Recently, the methods and technology to map and analyze insect spatial distribution have been developed to a level where the uneven nature of insect populations can be considered for application of pest management tactics. This new approach to insect management is termed site-specific pest management. Site-specific pest management utilizes spatial information about pest distribution to apply control tactics only where pest density is economically high within a field. This review will detail the current status of site-specific insect pest management in agriculture, technological requirements, its limitations, and future potential.     

Biocontrol: The Potential of Entomophilic Nematodes in Insect Management

A review of the development of entomophilic nematology and a commentary on the potential of entomophilic nematodes in controlling insect pests. The paper considers some of the major contributions to our knowledge of entomophilic nematology; factors involved in insect pest management and how they are applicable to the use of nematodes; nematodes which are most promising as biological control agents; and problems to be solved to facilitate the use of entomophilic nematodes in insect management.     

宠物的社会问题与管理

随着社会的演进,宠物数量和宠物产业的需求高速增长,宠物与人类生活、生态以及经济活动的关系也愈加密切。与此同时,城市生物链被破坏、宠物饲养规范及防疫管理难度加大、流浪动物收留和领养困难、宠物密度及总量宏观调控等社会问题相继提出。今后,我们应在发展高质量的宠物繁育体系、规范宠物交易、提高国有品牌宠物食品市场占有度、建立宠物服务行业标准、确保流浪动物福利与控制流浪动物数量等方面进一步开展工作,适时调整法律和政策体系,科学引导社会需求,积极促进新兴产业健康发展。     

昆虫消化酶抑制剂与害虫防治

生物源昆虫消化酶抑制剂主要包括蛋白酶抑制剂和淀粉酶抑制剂。昆虫消化酶抑制剂能通过降低或抑制昆虫蛋白酶或淀粉酶的活性,而影响昆虫的正常生长发育,使其生长缓慢,虚弱,甚至导致死亡。本文就生物源昆虫消化酶抑制剂对昆虫生化、生理代谢和生长发育的影响,消化酶抑制剂的作用机理,植物中昆虫消化酶抑制剂的诱导产生等进行了介绍。同时,探讨了生物源蛋白酶和淀粉酶抑制剂在害虫防治中的应用前景。     

以症状化学物质治理害虫——概念与实际

<正> 此书由E.R.Mitchell编,1981年版,528页。为在美国佛罗里达、盖恩斯维尔举行“以症状化学物质治理害虫的国际讨论会”的论文集。所谓症状化学物质是指影响昆虫行为的性外激素、利他激素、产卵阻止等的物质。全书计分为生物监测(biomoniforing)大量诱捕(mass trapping)、破坏交尾(mating disruption),产卵破坏及反     

昆虫与仿生学浅淡

昆虫个体小,种类和数量庞大,占现存动物的75%以上,遍布全世界.它们有各自的生存绝技,有些技能连人类也自叹不如.人们对自然资源的利用范围越来越广泛,特别是仿生学方面的任何成就,都来自生物的某种特性,本文简要介绍昆虫与仿生学.     

昆虫生态地理学与入侵危险性害虫控制

昆虫的起源、地质变动、气候、生态环境以及人类活动对昆虫的分布有极其重要的影响．昆虫生态地理学是从种的生态学来阐明昆虫地理分布的规律性的科学,它是害虫检疫的重要基础,在入侵危险性害虫种的鉴定、适生性分析和控制策略特别是生物防治策略的制定等方面有广泛的应用     

利用转基因技术培育抗病虫水稻进展中的问题与对策

近年来,转基因技术在水稻抗病、虫育种的研究得到广泛开展。人们利用转基因手段,已获得一批对病、虫害有一定抗性的水稻植株。并利用这些抗性植株转育得到了一批具有应用潜力的籼、粳稻栽培品系。但要将这些品系真正应用于商品化生产仍有一段距离。针对国内外在这一领域的研究进展作一简单介绍,并就水稻抗虫、抗病分子育种中存在的问题发表一些看法,同时提出解决这些问题的初步思路。     

我国森林食叶害虫种群生态控制可行性分析

我国是世界上森林病虫害发生比较严重的国家之一。建国以来 ,森林病虫害发生面积一直呈上升趋势。据资料显示 ,随着造林面积的增加 ,森林病虫害发生面积也相应增加。从 2 0世纪 50年代开始 ,全国人工林面积每 1 0年分别递增 2 2 .2 %、 8.7%、1 1 .2 %和 5.0 % ,而同期病虫害的发生面积的递增率相应为 2 2 .6%、2 .9%、1 2 .9%和 4.6% [1]。我国森林病虫害发生的特点之一是范围广、区域性灾害严重。如我国历史性森林害虫松毛虫 (Den-drolimus spp.) ,全国共有 2 9种 (含 4个亚种 ) ,发生范围达 2 4个省 (区、市 ) ,并随人工林面积迅速增加…