降水控制对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

在全球气候变化背景下,干旱和极端降水事件将对荒漠区植物群落物种多样性和生产力产生深远影响,研究植物群落应对降水变化的响应机制对于荒漠生态系统的科学管理具有重要意义。通过人工增减雨措施利用遮雨棚和滴灌技术对研究区的降水量进行人为调控,探究极端干旱、干旱和降水增加等条件对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明:经过一年的降水控制处理,发现灌木和草本层片物种多样性指数在极端干旱、干旱和降水增加等试验处理中差异不显著;灌木的生物量对不同降水控制条件的响应也不显著,而草本层片地上生物量对降水变化的响应最为明显,并随着降水量的增加呈线性增长趋势,极端干旱处理(D1)条件下草本生物量为(10.54±2.36)g/m~2,当降水增加50%(W1)后,草本生物量可达到(105.69±28.60)g/m~2;草本地上生物量与土壤浅表层(40cm)的含水量之间显著相关(P0.05),草本层片生物量与短期(一年)降水波动显著相关。通过定位控制试验进一步探究长时间序列降水变化如何作用于荒漠植物群落特征,研究结果对全球气候变化背景下荒漠生态系统响应机制方面的研究提供数据和理论支撑。     

Advances in the carbon use efficiency of forest

植物碳利用效率(CUE)指净初级生产力与总初级生产力的比率, 它不仅反映了植被生态系统将大气中CO₂转化为生物量的能力和固碳潜力, 而且可确定呼吸对植被生产力的影响。CUE是比较不同生态系统碳循环差异的重要参数, 了解生态系统CUE有助于分析陆地生态系统是碳源还是碳汇, 对于预测全球变化和人类干扰对森林碳收支的影响具有重要意义。我国在森林CUE研究方面还十分欠缺。该文在介绍森林CUE计算方法和测定技术的基础上, 综述了植被、气象、森林经营等因子对森林CUE的影响, 得出主要结论: (1)关于不同森林植被类型CUE变化有两种截然相反的观点, 即: 恒定CUE和变量CUE。越来越多的研究支持第二种观点, 不同生态系统、不同森林类型、不同物种和植物发育阶段的CUE存在较大差异, 森林CUE较灌丛和草地低, 落叶林比混交林和常绿林具有较高的CUE, 热带森林CUE通常低于温带森林, CUE与植被演替和林龄相关, 森林地上、地下部分和不同组织的CUE不同, 以树干为最高; (2)植被的CUE与气温相关, 全球尺度上, 森林植被年平均CUE与年平均气温呈抛物线关系, 温带、寒带、干旱地区植物呼吸的温度适应驱动其较高的CUE; CUE随着降水量的增加而减少, 在水分充足或过剩的地区保持不变; 光照减弱降低维持呼吸系数, 增加生长呼吸系数, 导致植物CUE降低, 生长在高光照下的植物CUE高于低光照下的植物; (3) CO₂浓度升高引起植物CUE的升高或降低, 也有人认为CO₂浓度升高对森林CUE没有影响, CO₂浓度升高对CUE的影响可能取决于树木年龄或基因型; (4)生长在土壤瘠薄、低温、干旱等胁迫环境下的植物CUE通常比生长在适宜环境下的植物具有较大的可塑性, 施肥、灌溉和择伐等管理措施影响森林CUE; (5)植物CUE具有明显的季节变化, 温带森林以春季CUE为最高。建议今后森林CUE研究应着重围绕以下3个关键问题: (1)从不同空间尺度和生态系统层次, 探讨森林CUE的变异特征及其驱动机制; (2)从不同时间尺度, 探讨森林CUE动态过程与机制; (3)森林CUE对气候变化的响应与适应。     

不同光合类型牧草对干旱-复水的光合生理响应及生长适应策略

基于干旱频率增加、强度增大这一全球降水变化背景, 探究干旱-复水条件下不同功能群(C₃和C₄)植物的光合生理响应及生长适应策略有助于预测降水格局变化条件下草地的植被组成和生态系统功能。该研究采用盆栽实验, 以松嫩草地生长的一年生C₃ (4种)和C₄ (3种)牧草为实验材料, 设置了对照、中度干旱和重度干旱3个水分处理水平, 在干旱末期及复水期对植物进行气体交换、生物量和比叶质量的测量。在干旱条件下, 各物种净光合速率和气孔导度均呈下降趋势, 水分利用效率呈上升趋势。干旱对不同植物光合指标的影响存在功能群差异, 随干旱程度的增加C₄植物逐渐丧失光合优势, 重度干旱对C₄植物净光合速率的影响较C₃植物更加明显。由于干旱条件下C₃植物光合固碳主要受气孔限制而C₄植物主要受代谢限制, 因此复水后C₄植物净光合速率恢复速度较C₃植物慢。干旱条件下, 各物种的生物量降低, 根冠比和比叶质量升高, 干旱对C₃植物各生长指标的影响均大于C₄植物; 复水处理后, C₃植物生物量随干旱强度增加呈下降趋势, 而C₄植物的生物量与对照相比无显著差异。     

1992-2015年鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构动态

季风常绿阔叶林是中国南亚热带地区的地带性植被, 其群落结构及其动态变化直接影响着该森林能为该地区提供的生态系统服务功能质量。该文利用1992-2015年共24年的长期定点监测数据, 从群落种类组成、生物量、径级、密度等数量特征方面研究了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构的动态变化。结果表明: 1)到2015年该森林群落林分个体密度增加了42.7%, 总生物量减少了5.1%; 24年间基于生物量的β多样性指数群落差异为37.4%, 基于个体数的差异则高达65.6%; 2)灌木和小乔木的个体数剧增, 生物量增大, 中乔木和大乔木的个体数变化虽不显著, 但生物量显著降低; 3)小径级(胸径<15 cm)个体数呈显著增加趋势, 其他径级个体数也有显著变化, 但各径级生物量变化基本不显著; 4)香楠(Aidia canthioides)、鼎湖血桐(Macaranga sampsonii)、柏拉木(Blastus cochinchinensis)等物种个体数急剧增加, 锥(Castanopsis chinensis)、木荷(Schima superba)、黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)等树种生物量大量减少, 白颜树(Gironniera subaequalis)、窄叶半枫荷(Pterospermum lanceifolium)等树种生物量增加, 这些物种是群落结构变化的主要贡献者。鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构在1992-2015年发生了巨大变化, 与演替、虫害和气候变化等影响有关。     

气候变化下中国不同植被区总初级生产力对干旱的响应

干旱变化具有明显的空间分异,不同植被类型对干旱的响应亦有差别。开展气候变化下不同植被覆盖类型对干旱响应的差异分析,厘清温升干旱化进程对植被的影响,对了解植被发展动态及预测未来格局有着非常重要的意义。基于1982—2017年的总初级生产力(GPP)数据和同时期东安格利亚大学气候研究中心(CRU)时间序列(TS)气候数据,分析了中国8个植被区GPP和干旱的变化趋势,通过对比标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)的趋势差异识别了典型的温升干旱化区域,在此基础上研究气温上升如何影响GPP对干旱的响应,进一步讨论了不同植被类型对干旱的敏感性差异。结果表明：(1) 36年来8个植被区除青藏高原高寒植被区呈湿润化,其他植被区均呈现变干趋势;(2)气温上升大面积加剧了温带荒漠区和温带草原区的变干趋势;(3)亚热带常绿阔叶林区和热带季风雨林、雨林区的GPP受温度和干旱影响相当,青藏高原高寒植被区和针叶、落叶林混交林区的GPP受温度主导,其他植被区GPP均受干旱主导。     

北京东灵山地区金龟群落物种组成及多样性变化

本文研究了北京西部东灵山地区金龟群落的物种组成和多样性变化。选择11种不同的生境类型,分别代表该地区的植被类型与环境变化;野外取样重复3年（1998～2000年）,共获得金龟标本1721号,其中,腐食性金龟有6属20种,占总数的89.2%,植食性金龟有20属26种,占总数的10.8%。分别按样地内腐食性和植食性金龟的种类和数量对生境进行主成分分析排序,以及按样地内物种种类对生境进行系统聚类分析,两者的计算结果基本一致,可以将东灵山地区的生境类型划分为3组：即梨园岭退耕区的灌丛植被、小龙门林区的森林植被和东灵山主峰区的亚高山植被,梨园岭退耕区的辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）萌生丛被合并到小龙门林区森林植被类型中,反映了海拔高度和植被类型可能是决定该地区金龟群落组成和分布的主要因素。对这3组生境类型内的金龟群落进行物种多样性分析：腐食性和植食性金龟的个体数量、物种丰富度（S）及多样性指数（H′）的变化趋势相似,均以灌丛植被内较高,而在亚高山植被内较低。腐食性金龟的均匀度指数（J）在森林植被内较高,在亚高山植被内较低;而植食性金龟的均匀度指数在亚高山植被内较高,灌丛内较低。比较常见种的生境选择,并进行种间的相关分析,可以看出：腐食性金龟4个常见种间没有达到显著相关,但中华嗡蜣螂（Onthophagus sinicus）与西伯利亚蜣螂（Caccobius sibiricus）、凹背利蜣螂（Liatongus phanaeoides）、嗡蜣螂属一种（Onthophagus sp1.）间均呈负相关关系,后三者间呈正相关关系;植食性金龟5个常见种中,东方绢金龟（Serica orientalis）和福婆鳃金龟（Brahmina faldermanni）间呈显著的正相关关系,脊臀毛绢金龟（Trichoserica heydeni）与拟凸眼鳃金龟（Trichoserica heydeni）和白斑跗花金龟（Clinterocera mandarina）也呈显著的正相关关系;常见种间相关关系分析与它们在样地内的数量分布趋势相符,表明它们对不同生境类型有明显的选择倾向。     

极端干旱对草甸草原优势植物非结构性碳水化合物的影响

植物光合作用产生的非结构性碳水化合物(NSCs)水平可以反映植物和生态系统对环境变化的响应程度。近年来, 草原极端干旱事件的发生频率和持续时间增加趋势明显, 对生态系统结构和功能产生深远影响。该研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象, 通过连续4年减少66%生长季降水量的控制实验来模拟极端干旱事件, 分析草原6种优势物种和植物功能群NSCs各组分对极端干旱的响应规律与机制。结果显示, 由于植物生物学、光合特性以及生理生态等特性的差异, 不同物种对干旱胁迫的响应具有明显差异。这表明草地植物NSCs组分及其利用策略对干旱胁迫的响应具有物种特异性, 从而导致其生物量的不同响应。将6种植物分为禾草和非禾草两类, 发现干旱显著增加了禾草的淀粉含量, 但对其可溶性糖含量无显著影响; 相反, 干旱显著增加了非禾草功能群的可溶性糖含量, 对其淀粉含量无显著影响, 表明不同功能群采取了不同的干旱应对策略。禾草选择将光合作用固定的能量进行储存以应对干旱胁迫, 其生物量对干旱响应不敏感; 而非禾草选择将能量以可溶性糖的形式直接供植物生长利用以及抵御干旱胁迫, 其生物量对干旱响应较为敏感。这一发现可为预测在全球气候变化背景下草甸草原生态系统结构与功能对极端干旱的响应提供科学参考。     

荒漠草原异常降水对不同载畜率植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

放牧和异常降水对荒漠草原生态系统产生了显著的影响,群落物种组成及多样性因降水和载畜率的改变而变化。然而不同载畜率下荒漠草原植物群落物种组成及多样性对异常降水的响应尚不明晰。本研究以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,调查并分析不同载畜率(绵羊,CK:不放牧、LG:0.93、MG:1.82和HG:2.71羊单位hm^-2半年^-1)放牧区植物群落物种组成及其数量特征。结果表明：降水增加对群落数量特征和物种多样性促进作用显著,但对群落物种优势度指数有显著抑制作用;降水增加使得不同功能属性物种数目增多,引起建群种物种综合优势度降低,从而改变群落物种组成及多样性;不同功能属性物种对载畜率的响应存在差异,群落物种组成及多样性在响应异常降水变化时,降水与载畜率之间协同变化和相互制约,但直根系C3植物和群落总密度的变化主要受载畜率影响。异常降水可影响长期过度放牧引起的生态系统过程,对草地生态系统恢复有积极作用。     

植物多样性对亚热带森林土壤微生物群落的影响

植物群落组成的改变能够直接或间接地影响土壤生态过程并调节参与这些过程的土壤生物,树种特性和多样性是影响土壤微生物多样性和群落结构的关键因素。本项目利用江西新岗山建立的中国亚热带森林生物多样性与生态系统功能(Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China)BEF-China研究平台,观测了样方水平下不同多样性组成(单物种、2物种、4物种和8物种)对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:在森林生态系统演替初期,植物多样性的改变对土壤微生物群落结构具有显著影响,在不同多样性水平处理下,微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量随着植物多样性的增加,表现出先升高后降低的趋势,但各类群微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量并未表现出对植物多样性的明显响应。其中,土壤和凋落物的理化指标能够分别解释微生物群落结构变异的28.4%和12.3%。森林生态系统较高的异质性和地下生态过程响应的滞后性,导致了土壤微生物对植物多样性组成的响应需要较长时间才能显现出来,因此,为了更好地评价地上生物多样性与生态系统功能的关联,应长期监测森林生态系统多样性组成对地下生态过程的影响。     

Extreme drought effects on nonstructural carbohydrates of dominant plant species in a meadow grassland

植物光合作用产生的非结构性碳水化合物(NSCs)水平可以反映植物和生态系统对环境变化的响应程度。近年来, 草原极端干旱事件的发生频率和持续时间增加趋势明显, 对生态系统结构和功能产生深远影响。该研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象, 通过连续4年减少66%生长季降水量的控制实验来模拟极端干旱事件, 分析草原6种优势物种和植物功能群NSCs各组分对极端干旱的响应规律与机制。结果显示, 由于植物生物学、光合特性以及生理生态等特性的差异, 不同物种对干旱胁迫的响应具有明显差异。这表明草地植物NSCs组分及其利用策略对干旱胁迫的响应具有物种特异性, 从而导致其生物量的不同响应。将6种植物分为禾草和非禾草两类, 发现干旱显著增加了禾草的淀粉含量, 但对其可溶性糖含量无显著影响; 相反, 干旱显著增加了非禾草功能群的可溶性糖含量, 对其淀粉含量无显著影响, 表明不同功能群采取了不同的干旱应对策略。禾草选择将光合作用固定的能量进行储存以应对干旱胁迫, 其生物量对干旱响应不敏感; 而非禾草选择将能量以可溶性糖的形式直接供植物生长利用以及抵御干旱胁迫, 其生物量对干旱响应较为敏感。这一发现可为预测在全球气候变化背景下草甸草原生态系统结构与功能对极端干旱的响应提供科学参考。     

Nutrient dynamics along a precipitation gradient in European beech forests

Precipitation as a key determinant of forest productivity influences forest ecosystems also indirectly through alteration of the nutrient status of the soil, but this interaction is not well understood. Along a steep precipitation gradient, we studied the consequences of reduced precipitation for the soil and biomass nutrient pools and dynamics in 14 mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests on Triassic sandstone. We tested the hypotheses that lowered summer precipitation (1) is associated with less acid soils and (2) a reduced accumulation of organic matter on the forest floor, and (3) reduces nutrient supply from the soil and leads to decreasing foliar and root nutrient concentrations. Soil acidity, the amount of forest floor organic matter, and the associated organic matter N and P pools decreased to about a half from wet to dry sites; the C/P and N/P ratios, but not the C/N ratio, of forest floor organic matter were reduced as well. Net N mineralization and P and K pools in the mineral soil did not change with decreasing precipitation. Foliar P and K concentrations (beech sun leaves) increased while N remained constant, resulting in decreasing foliar N/P and N/K ratios. Estimated N resorption efficiency increased toward the dry sites. We conclude that a reduction in summer rainfall significantly reduces the soil C, N and P pools but does not result in decreasing foliar N and P contents in beech. However, the decreasing foliar N/P ratios towards the dry stands indicate that the importance of P limitation for tree growth declines with decreasing precipitation.     

Spatial variation and temporal instability in climate-growth relationships of sessile oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus petraea</Emphasis> [Matt.] Liebl.) under temperate conditions

Temporal instability of forest climate-growth relationships has been evidenced at high elevations and latitudes, and in Mediterranean contexts. Investigations under temperate conditions, where growth is under the control of both winter frost and summer water stress, are scarce and could provide valuable information about the ability of forest to cope with climate change. To highlight the main climatic factors driving the radial growth of Quercus petraea forests and to detect their possible evolutions over the last century, dendroecological analyses were performed along a longitudinal gradient of both decreasing summer water stress and increasing winter frost in northern France (from oceanic to semi-continental conditions). The climate-growth relationships were evaluated from 31 tree-ring chronologies (720 trees) through the calculation of moving correlation functions. Q. petraea displayed a rather low sensitivity to climate. High temperature in March and water stress from May to July appeared to be the main growth limiting factors. The sensitivity to winter precipitation and summer water stress decreased from oceanic to semi-continental conditions, whilst the correlation to winter frost tended to increase. Moving correlations revealed a general instability of climate-growth relationships, with a moderate synchronicity with climatic fluctuations. The main changes occurred during previous autumn for both temperature and precipitation whilst climatic trends were rather low or non-significant. The most coherent trends were pointed out (i) in April with a cooling (−0.9°C) leading to positive correlation to temperature at the end of the century, and (ii) in July with a decreasing inter-annual variability of precipitation resulting in a loss of correlation. On the contrary, the decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation in May and June led to few significant changes climate-growth relationships.     

Diverging climate trends in Mongolian taiga forests influence growth and regeneration of Larix sibirica

Central and semiarid north-eastern Asia was subject to twentieth century warming far above the global average. Since forests of this region occur at their drought limit, they are particularly vulnerable to climate change. We studied the regional variations of temperature and precipitation trends and their effects on tree growth and forest regeneration in Mongolia. Tree-ring series from more than 2,300 trees of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) collected in four regions of Mongolia’s forest zone were analyzed and related to available weather data. Climate trends underlie a remarkable regional variation leading to contrasting responses of tree growth in taiga forests even within the same mountain system. Within a distance of a few hundred kilometers (140–490 km), areas with recently reduced growth and regeneration of larch alternated with regions where these parameters remained constant or even increased. Reduced productivity could be correlated with increasing summer temperatures and decreasing precipitation; improved growth conditions were found at increasing precipitation, but constant summer temperatures. An effect of increasing winter temperatures on tree-ring width or forest regeneration was not detectable. Since declines of productivity and regeneration are more widespread in the Mongolian taiga than the opposite trend, a net loss of forests is likely to occur in the future, as strong increases in temperature and regionally differing changes in precipitation are predicted for the twenty-first century.     

Increased Summer Temperatures Reduce the Growth and Regeneration of Larix sibirica in Southern Boreal Forests of Eastern Kazakhstan

The larch forests at the southern limit of the Siberian boreal forest in Central Asia have repeatedly experienced strong recent growth declines attributed to decreasing summer precipitation in the course of climate warming. Here, we present evidence from the southernmost Larix sibirica forests in eastern Kazakhstan that these declines are primarily caused by a decrease in effective moisture due to increasing summer temperatures, despite constant annual, and summer precipitation. Tree-ring chronologies (>800 trees) showed a reduction by 50–80% in mean ring width and an increase in the frequency of missing rings since the 1970s. Climate-response analysis revealed a stronger (negative) effect of summer temperature (in particular of the previous year’s June and July temperature) on radial growth than summer precipitation (positive effect). It is assumed that a rise in the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, which typically increases with temperature, is negatively affecting tree water status and radial growth, either directly or indirectly through reduced soil moisture. Larch rejuvenation ceased in the 1950s, which is partly explained by increasing topsoil desiccation in a warmer climate and a high drought susceptibility of larch germination, as was demonstrated by a germination experiment with variable soil moisture levels. The lack of regeneration and the reduced annual stem increment suggest that sustainable forest management aiming at timber harvesting is no longer feasible in these southern boreal forests. Progressive climate warming is likely to cause a future northward shift of the southern limit of the boreal forest.     

1982—2015年新疆地区植被生长对气温的响应

基于1982-2015年归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据集、植被类型和气象数据,采用滑动偏相关分析、线性趋势分析和GIS空间分析方法,揭示了新疆地区生长季植被对气温响应的变化特征.结果表明:研究期间,在整个生长季,新疆地区植被活动对气温变化的响应强度呈现明显的降低趋势;季节尺度上,这种响应关系的变化趋势在夏、秋两季较为明显,春季植被活动对气温变化响应的变化趋势与之相反.在整个生长季,不同类型植被对气温变化的响应呈现减弱态势;在春季,草地和森林对气温变化的响应呈现显著增强趋势,而灌丛和荒漠对气温变化的响应趋势正好相反;在夏季,4种植被(草地、灌丛、荒漠、森林)对气温变化的响应均呈现显著降低趋势;在秋季,4种植被对气温变化的响应均没有显著的统计学特征.新疆地区生长季气温对植被的影响力减弱具有区域的普遍性特征,这可能与研究区降雨和太阳辐射活动变化的有关.     

Recent drought stress leads to growth reductions in Larix sibirica in the western Khentey,Mongolia

Trends in air temperature and precipitation in the forest‐steppe ecotone of the western Khentey, northern Mongolia were studied and related to stem increment and shoot water relations in Mongolia's most common tree species, Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). The area has been subject to a significant increase of summer temperature and a decrease of summer precipitation during the last 47 years. Tree‐ring width series from >400 larch trees show a strongly decreasing annual increment since the 1940s. The onset of this decrease is independent of the age of the trees and, therefore, can be attributed to the increasing aridity in the 20th century. Simultaneously to the declining annual increment, regeneration of Siberian larch decreased as well; today regeneration is virtually lacking in the larch forests on mountain slopes of the western Khentey. Measurements of shoot water potentials during the growing season exhibited daily minimum water potentials close to the point of zero turgor for extended periods. The drought stress indicated by these results is in line with the current low annual increment. Trees in the forest interior were more severely stressed and grow more slowly than trees at the forest line to steppe. This is attributable to the recent increase in aridity, as the stand density and probably also the trees themselves in the forest interior are adapted to moister conditions, whereas the trees at the forest edge have always been exposed to a more extreme microclimate. The progressing increase in aridity during the 21st century that is predicted for the western Khentey, suggests a future decline of larch forests. A widespread increase of aridity predicted for most parts of the Mongolian forest belt, suggests even a supra‐regional decline of larch.     

Higher climate warming sensitivity of Siberian larch in small than large forest islands in the fragmented Mongolian forest steppe

Forest fragmentation has been found to affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in multiple ways. We asked whether forest size and isolation in fragmented woodlands influences the climate warming sensitivity of tree growth in the southern boreal forest of the Mongolian Larix sibirica forest steppe, a naturally fragmented woodland embedded in grassland, which is highly affected by warming, drought, and increasing anthropogenic forest destruction in recent time. We examined the influence of stand size and stand isolation on the growth performance of larch in forests of four different size classes located in a woodland‐dominated forest‐steppe area and small forest patches in a grassland‐dominated area. We found increasing climate sensitivity and decreasing first‐order autocorrelation of annual stemwood increment with decreasing stand size. Stemwood increment increased with previous year's June and August precipitation in the three smallest forest size classes, but not in the largest forests. In the grassland‐dominated area, the tree growth dependence on summer rainfall was highest. Missing ring frequency has strongly increased since the 1970s in small, but not in large forests. In the grassland‐dominated area, the increase was much greater than in the forest‐dominated landscape. Forest regeneration decreased with decreasing stand size and was scarce or absent in the smallest forests. Our results suggest that the larch trees in small and isolated forest patches are far more susceptible to climate warming than in large continuous forests pointing to a grim future for the forests in this strongly warming region of the boreal forest that is also under high land use pressure.     

The greening and browning of Alaska based on 1982–2003 satellite data

Aim To examine the trends of 1982–2003 satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at several spatial scales within tundra and boreal forest areas of Alaska. Location Arctic and subarctic Alaska. Methods Annual maximum NDVI data from the twice monthly Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI 1982–2003 data set with 64‐km² pixels were extracted from a spatial hierarchy including three large regions: ecoregion polygons within regions, ecozone polygons within boreal ecoregions and 100‐km climate station buffers. The 1982–2003 trends of mean annual maximum NDVI values within each area, and within individual pixels, were computed using simple linear regression. The relationship between NDVI and temperature and precipitation was investigated within climate station buffers. Results At the largest spatial scale of polar, boreal and maritime regions, the strongest trend was a negative trend in NDVI within the boreal region. At a finer scale of ecoregion polygons, there was a strong positive NDVI trend in cold arctic tundra areas, and a strong negative trend in interior boreal forest areas. Within boreal ecozone polygons, the weakest negative trends were from areas with a maritime climate or colder mountainous ecozones, while the strongest negative trends were from warmer basin ecozones. The trends from climate station buffers were similar to ecoregion trends, with no significant trends from Bering tundra buffers, significant increasing trends among arctic tundra buffers and significant decreasing trends among interior boreal forest buffers. The interannual variability of NDVI among the arctic tundra buffers was related to the previous summer warmth index. The spatial pattern of increasing tundra NDVI at the pixel level was related to the west‐to‐east spatial pattern in changing climate across arctic Alaska. There was no significant relationship between interannual NDVI and precipitation or temperature among the boreal forest buffers. The decreasing NDVI trend in interior boreal forests may be due to several factors including increased insect/disease infestations, reduced photosynthesis and a change in root/leaf carbon allocation in response to warmer and drier growing season climate. Main conclusions There was a contrast in trends of 1982–2003 annual maximum NDVI, with cold arctic tundra significantly increasing in NDVI and relatively warm and dry interior boreal forest areas consistently decreasing in NDVI. The annual maximum NDVI from arctic tundra areas was strongly related to a summer warmth index, while there were no significant relationships in boreal areas between annual maximum NDVI and precipitation or temperature. Annual maximum NDVI was not related to spring NDVI in either arctic tundra or boreal buffers.     

不同时间尺度小流域径流变化及其归因分析

流域径流的变化及其原因的研究,是森林水文领域的一个重要的科学问题。当前,大部分研究基于年尺度定量分析了流域径流变化及其影响因素的贡献率,而季节尺度上的研究较少。因此,季节尺度上径流变化的归因分析值得深入研究。基于彭冲涧小流域1983—2014年降水、径流等水文气象资料,通过Mann-Kendall检验法对降水、径流序列进行突变分析,采用累积量斜率变化率比较法计算季节及年尺度上降水变化、蒸发散和植被恢复对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:2003年为降水与径流的一致突变点;春、夏、秋、冬季及年降水变化的贡献率分别为50.88%、42.60%、-10.39%、-3.28%和31.26%,蒸发散的贡献率分别为32.89%、40.71%、29.33%、47.43%和42.64%,植被恢复的贡献率分别为16.23%、16.69%、81.06%、55.85%和26.10%。季节尺度上,春、夏季,降水变化和蒸发散是径流深减少的主要原因,而秋、冬季,植被恢复居主导地位;年尺度上,蒸发散对径流深减少的贡献率最大。该研究揭示了彭冲涧小流域近30年来径流变化规律以及不同时间尺度上影响径流的主要驱动因子,为流域水资源合理配置和管理提供科学依据。     

呼伦湖流域径流对气候变化的响应

根据呼伦湖流域1961—2010年的气温、降水、蒸发量资料以及1961—2008年径流量资料,利用非参数检验Mann-Kendall法,分析了近50年呼伦湖流域气候变化特征及其对流域径流量的影响。结果表明:呼伦湖流域近50年来气温整体呈显著上升趋势;年降水量受夏季降水量影响最为明显,经历了1961—1964年的上升,1964—1983年的下降,1983—2003年的上升和2003—2010年下降4个阶段;年蒸发量在1973年以前相对平稳,1973—1998年呈下降趋势,1999—2005年呈显著上升趋势,2005年为突变点,出现从高到低突变。夏、秋季节蒸发量趋势在时间段上与夏季降水量有很好的对应关系;径流量基本表现为1961—1965年偏丰,1965—1987年偏枯,其中1975—1980年间表现为显著下降趋势(P<0.05),1987—2002年偏丰,2002—2008年偏枯;在气温普遍升高的前提下,降水量整体呈减少趋势,其变化趋势在很大程度上决定蒸发量的变化,呼伦湖流域暖干化趋势显著。以径流自身的变化特征为时段划分基础,对比径流、气温、降水量和蒸发量的变化过程,经相关统计分析检验,发现夏、秋季气温、降水量和蒸发量是引起呼伦湖流域径流量变化的根本原因。