Segnalazione di piante nuove,inedite, o notevoli per la regione marchigiana. III

Abstract

A report about new or interesting plants in the Marche region. III. — The authors report about the occurrence in the Marche of 61 entities of specific or infraspecific rank, 22 of which are new or unpublished concerning the region, while the remaining 39 have been previously very little or imprecisely mentioned; as to the latter new localities and stations are shown or general information on the distribution over the Marche district has been supplied. Out of the first 22 entities, 18 (Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis, Cardamine flexuosa, Lunaria annua subsp. pachyrhiza, Colutea arborescens subsp. gallica, Astragalus monspessulanas subsp. illyricus, Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis, Galium verrucosum, Hedypnois rhagadioloides subsp. tubaeformis, Andryala tenuifolia, Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens, Rheichardia picroides var. maritima, Podospermum canum, Scorzonera austriaca, S. hirsuta, Bidens frondosa, Guizotia abyssinica, Ambrosia elatior, A. trifida) are, as far as the authors know, quite new or unpublished concerning the Marche, while 4 (Rumex angiocarpus, Trifolium repens subsp. prostratum, Epilobium lanceolatum, Picris hieracioides subsp. spinulosa) are generally reported in Middle Italy or over the whole Italian territory by the general Floras, but till now have not been mentioned in works dealing with regional flora.     

Characterization of a spontaneously polarizing HT-29 cell line,HT-29/cl.f8

Summary A cloned cell line that spontaneously polarizes in standard glucose-containing media was derived from a single cell of the adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. The cloned line, designated HT-29/cl.f8, has remained stable over 2 yr in culture, maintained high transepithelial resistance (300 ohm cm² or higher), and correctly sorted influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus to apical or basolateral domains, respectively. The newly cloned cells also displayed apical microvilli, tight junctions, and desmosomes, the morphological characteristics of mature epithelia. The cloned HT-29/cl.f8 cells function as epithelial enterocytes as shown by the apical expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, the expression of vimentin and cytokeratin, and lack of expression of mucin. We propose that the newly cloned HT-29/cl.f8 cells offer a viable alternative for studies of enterocyte function that will readily yield interpretable data not complicated by cell alterations due to the presence of drugs or chemicals that induce differentiation.     

Contributo alla conoscenza dell'ecologia delle biocenosi sulle cascade travertinose nella regione Carstica Jugoslava

Riassunto Il nostro lavoro di molti anni sulle cascade travertinose dei fiumi carstici jugoslavi era diretto verso le esplorazioni delle condizioni di vita su questi specifici biotopi. A causa di questa specificità loro erano potuti popolati solo da determinati specie di piante e di animali, i queli sono adattati su queste condizioni speciali. Esse creano le associazioni, ai queli fa la base la vigorosa vegetazione di muschi e di alghe, e un po'di meno anche di altri piante. Questa vegetazione e accompagnata da numerosi rappresentanti dai diversi gruppi di animali, come queli di Turbellaria, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Amphipoda, Insecta ed a.Dai fattori ecologici erano esplorati le condizioni di vita fisicochimiche e biologiche. In estate la temperatura dell'aqua era sempre oltre la temperatura-limite di deposizione (oltre 14° C), e durante l'inverno generalmente erano le condizioni inconvenienti per i processi di deposizione.Nella parte superficiale delle cascade abiamo constatato due specie di abitazione in relazione della luce. Forte illuminate cascade erano popolate dalle associazioni della luce, ed a causa di meno calcificata vegetazione erano molto più. ricche di animali. Meno illuminate cascade avevano più favorevoli condizioni per il sviluppo della vegetazione travertinosa, la quale era molto calcificata, the cosa non porgeva favorevoli condizioni per il sviluppo del mondo animale.Abiamo constatato the la più favorevole velocità dell'aqua per lo sviluppo dei organismi, i quali popolano i posti delle cascade travertinose, è tra 0,5 e l,5 m/sec., sebbene sui singoli abitazioni la velocita dell'aqua era fra 0,5–3,5 m/sec.A causa di una favorevole alcalità, la quale nelle aque esplorate ammonta tra 2,8 e 5,2, i processi di deposizione sono molto attivi. E costattato un graduale abassamento dell'alcalità in direzione scendente del flume, the cosa si mette in relazione colla perdita del carbonato durante il processo di deposizione.La quantità del ossigeno ammontava da 3,5–9 ccm/l. e perciò generalmente tutte queste aque si possono considerare come poliossitipiche.Per le biocenosi delle cascade travertinose e caratteristica una grande dinamica nel Toro sviluppo. Le più primitive forme delle associazioni sono composte principalmente dai idrofiti. Con un avanzato sviluppo delle formazioni travertinose appariscono nuove stazioni con nuove associazioni. Il climax presenta la vegetazione fanerogama, la quala crew stazioni ombreggiate, dove si sviluppa speciale vegetazione travertinosa dell' ombra. Questi cambiamenti di vegetazione vengono accompagnati da numerose specie di animali dei gruppi Amphipoda, Ephemerida, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera ed a.In fine sono dimostrate le principali caratteristiche di vita in relazione colle condizioni fisico-chimiche e biologiche.

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Summary For a number of years, our work on travertine cascades of Yugoslav Karstic rivers has been directed towards the study of living conditions in these specific biotypes. Owing to their specificity, they could have been inhabited only by certain plant and animal species which have been adapted to these specific conditions. Their communities have been created on a rich moss and seaweed vegetation basis and, to a somewhat smaller extent, also on that of other plants. This vegetation is accompanied by numerous representatives of various animal groups such as: turbellaria, gastropods, oligochaeta, hirudinoids, amphipods, insects et al.As far as ecologic factors are concerned, physical, chemical and biological living conditions have been studied. In summer, water temperature is always above the deposition boundary (above 14°C), while in winter, conditions are generally unfavourable for deposition processes.In connection with light, two habitats were observed on the surface parts of the cascades. The strongly lighted cascades were inhabited by light communities which were considerably richer in animal population, owing to poorly calcified vegetation. As to the development of travertine vegetation, poorly lighted cascades which had been amply calcified, were in a much more favourable position and thus provided unfavourable conditions for the development of animal life.The water speed most favourable for the development of organisms inhabiting travertine cascades has been found to lie between 0.5 and 1.5 meters per second, although in individual habitats water speed amounted to between 0.5 and 3.5 meters per second.Owing to favourable alkalinity, amounting, in the waters investigated, to between 2.8 and 5.2, depositing processes have been very intense. The gradual lowering of alkalinity in the downstream course of rivers, which is brought into connection with the losing of carbonates during the deposition process, has also been established.As the quantity of oxygen amounted to between 3.5–9 ccm/l, these waters can be considered to be polyoxitypical.The biocenosis on travertine cascades are characterized by their very dynamic development. The most primitive forms of communities are mainly composed of hydrophytes. The further development of travertine forms brings about new habitats with new communities. The climax is represented by phanerogamic vegetation, creating rocky habitats where special travertine shade vegetation develops. These changes in vegetation have been accompanied by numerous animal species of the afore-mentioned groups.Finaly, the main characteristics of life in terms of physical, chemical and biological conditions have been presented.

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Zusammenfassung Die mehrjärige Arbeit der Autoren auf den Kalktuffbildenden Wasserfällen der jugoslawischen Karstgewässer war den Erforschungen der Lebensbedingungen auf diesen spezifischen Biotopen gewidmet. Wegen ihrer Eigentümlichkeit konnten die Kalktuffwasserfälle nur von bestimmten Pflanzen- und Tierarten besiedelt werden, die an these besonderen Bedingungen angepasst sind. Sie bilden Gemeinschaften auf eine üppige Moos- und Algenvegetation und etwas weniger auch auf anderen Pflanzen. Diese Vegetation wird von zahlreichen Vertretern verschiedener Tiergruppen begleitet, wie Turbellaria, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Amphipoda, Insecta u.a.Von ökologischen Faktoren wurden die physikalisch-chemischen und biologischen Bedingungen untersucht. Im Sommer war die Wassertemperatuur immer über der Grenztemperatur der Ablagerung (über 14°C), während die Ablagerungsbedingungen im Winter im allgemeinen ungünstig waren.In den oberflächenlichen Teilen der Wässer\:falle wurden, im Verhältnis zu dem Licht, zwei Arten von Standorten festgestellt. Die stark belichteten Wasserfälle sind von Lichtgerneinschaften besiedelt, die wegen der weniger kalzifizierten Vegetation viel mehr Tiere enthalten. Weniger belichtete Wasserfälle zeigen günstigere Bedingungen für eine Entwicklung der Kalktuffvegetation. Diese Vegetation wird sehr kalzifiziert und ist für der Entwicklung der Tierwelt ungünstig.Es wurde festgestellt, dass die günstige Wassergeschwindigkeit für die Entwicklung von Organismen, die die Standorte der Kalktuffwasserfälle besiedeln, zwischen 0,5 and 1,5 m-Sek ist, wiewohl die Wassergeschwindigkeit an einzelnen Standorten zwischen 0,5 and 3,5 m-Sek betrug.Wegen der günstigen Alkalität (2,8–5,2) sind die Ablagerungsvorgänge sehr aktiv. Flussabwärts wurde ein allmählicher Fall der Alkalitätwerte festgestellt, was auf den Verlust des Karbonates während der Ablagerungsvorgänge zurückgeführt wird.Die Sauerstoffmenge beträgt zwischen 3,5–9 ccm/l; im allgemeinen können wir deshalb all these Gewässer als polyoxytypisch betrachten.Für die Gemeinschaften der Kalktuffwasserfälle ist eine grosse Dynamik in ihrer Entwicklung charakteristisch. Die primitivsten Formen der Lebensgemeinschaften sind hauptsächlich aus Hydrophyten zusammengesetzt. Mit der weiteren Entwicklung der Kalktufformen erscheinen neue Standorte mit neuen Gemeinschaften. Das Klimax stellt die Vegetation der höheren Pflanzen tar, die Schattenstandorte macht, wo sich eine besondere Schattenkalktuf-vegetation entwickelt. Diese Vegetationsänderungen werden von zahlreichen Tierarten der genanten Gruppen begleitet.Zum Schluss wird die Hauptcharakteristik des Lebens in Bezug auf die physikalisch-chemischen und biologischen Bedingungen dargestellt.

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Botaniki institut Univerziteta Zagreb

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Bioloki institut Univerziteta Zagreb     

Swelling-induced, CFTR-independent ATP release from a human epithelial cell line: lack of correlation with volume-sensitive cl(-) channels.

To examine a possible relation between the swelling-induced ATP release pathway and the volume-sensitive Cl(-) channel, we measured the extracellular concentration of ATP released upon osmotic swelling and whole-cell volume-sensitive Cl(-) currents in a human epithelial cell line, Intestine 407, which lacks expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Significant release of ATP was observed within several minutes after a hypotonic challenge (56-80% osmolality) by the luciferin/luciferase assay. A carboxylate analogue Cl(-) channel blocker, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate, suppressed ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibition concentration of 6.3 microM. However, swelling-induced ATP release was not affected by a stilbene-derivative Cl(-) channel blocker, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene at 100 microM. Glibenclamide (500 microM) and arachidonic acid (100 microM), which are known to block volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl(-) channels, were also ineffective in inhibiting the swelling-induced ATP release. Gd(3+), a putative blocker of stretch-activated channels, inhibited swelling-induced ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the trivalent lanthanide failed to inhibit VSOR Cl(-) currents. Upon osmotic swelling, the local ATP concentration in the immediate vicinity of the cell surface was found to reach approximately 13 microM by a biosensor technique using P2X(2) receptors expressed in PC12 cells. We have raised antibodies that inhibit swelling-induced ATP release from Intestine 407 cells. Earlier treatment with the antibodies almost completely suppressed swelling-induced ATP release, whereas the activity of VSOR Cl(-) channel was not affected by pretreatment with the antibodies. Taking the above results together, the following conclusions were reached: first, in a CFTR-lacking human epithelial cell line, osmotic swelling induces ATP release and increases the cell surface ATP concentration over 10 microM, which is high enough to stimulate purinergic receptors; second, the pathway of ATP release is distinct from the pore of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channel; and third, the ATP release is not a prerequisite to activation of the Cl(-) channel.     

Operculum development inEucalyptus clöeziana andEucalyptus informal subg.Monocalyptus (Myrtaceae)

Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.     

Phylogeny of novel naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised

Naked filose and reticulose protozoa were long lumped as proteomyxids or left outside higher groups. We cultivated eight naked filose or reticulose strains, did light microscopy, 18S rDNA sequencing and phylogeny (showing all are Cercozoa), and sequenced 80 environmental 18S-types. Filose species belong in subphylum Filosa and reticulose ones in subphylum Endomyxa, making proteomyxids polyphyletic. We therefore transfer the classically mainly reticulose Proteomyxidea to Endomyxa, removing evident filosans as new class Granofilosea (including Desmothoracida, Acinetactis and new heliomonad family Heliomorphidae (new genus Heliomorpha (=Dimorpha)). Five new species of Limnofila gen. n. (L. mylnikovi; L. anglica; L. longa; L. oxoniensis; L. borokensis, previously misidentified as Biomyxa (=Gymnophrys) cometa) form a large freshwater clade (new order Limnofilida). Mesofila limnetica gen., sp. n. and Nanofila marina gen., sp. n. group separately in Granofilosea (Cryptofilida ord. n.). In Endomyxa, a new genus of reticulose proteomyxids (Filoreta marina, F. japonica, F. turcica spp. n., F. (=Corallomyxa) tenera comb. n.) forms a clade (Reticulosida) related to Gromiidea/Ascetosporea. Platyreta germanica gen., sp. n. and Arachnula impatiens are related vampyrellids (Aconchulinida) within a large clade beside Phytomyxea. Biomyxidae and Rhizoplasmidae fam. n. remain incertae sedis within Proteomyxidea. Gymnophrydium and Borkovia are revised. The reticulose Corallomyxa are unlike Filoreta and possibly Amoebozoa, not Cercozoa.     

Biphasic increase of apical Cl− conductance by muscarinic stimulation of ht-29cl.19a human colon carcinoma cell line: Evidence for activation of different cl− conductances by carbachol and forskolin

Summary The modulation of ion transport pathways in filtergrown monolayers of the Cl^–-secreting subclone (19A) of the human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 by muscarinic stimulation was studied by combined Ussing chamber and microimpalement experiments.Basolateral addition of 10^–4 m carbachol induced a complex poly-phasic change of the cell potential consisting of (i) a fast and short (30-sec) depolarization of 15±1 mV from a resting value of –52±1 mV and an increase of the fractional resistance of the apical membrane (first phase), (ii) a repolarization of 22±1 mV leading to a hyperpolarization of the cell (second phase), (iii) a depolarization of 11±1 mV and a decrease of the fractional resistance of the apical membrane (the third phase), (iv) and sometimes, a hyperpolarization of 6±1 mV and an increase of the fractional resistance of the apical membrane (fourth phase). The transepithelial potential increased with a peak value of 2.4±0.3 mV (basolateral side positive). The transepithelial PD started to increase (serosa positive), coinciding with the start of the second phase of the intracellular potential change, and continued to increase during the third phase. Ion replacements and electrical circuit analyses indicate that the first phase is caused by increase of the Cl^– conductance in the apical and basolateral membrane, the second phase by increased K⁺ conductance of the basolateral membrane, and the third phase and the fourth phase by increase and decrease, respectively, of an apical Cl^– conductance. The first and second phase of the carbachol effect could be elicited also by ionomycin. They were strongly reduced by EGTA. Phorbol dibutyrate (PDB) induced a sustained depolarization of the cell and a decrease of the apical fractional resistance. The results suggest that two different types of Cl^– channels are involved in the carbachol response: one Ca²⁺ dependent and a second which may be PKC sensitive.In the presence of a supramaximal concentration of forskolin, carbachol evoked a further increase of the apical Cl^– conductance.It is concluded that the short-lasting carbachol/Ca²⁺-dependent Cl^– conductance is different from the forskolin-activated conductance. The increase of the Cl^– conductance in the presence of forskolin by carbachol may be due to activation of different Cl^– channels or to modulation of the PKA-activated Cl^– channels by activated PKC.The authors are grateful to Drs. Laboisse and Augeron for providing the cell clone, and we thank Prof. Dr. F.H. Lopes da Silva for his comments. This work was supported by a grant from the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research, NWO.