可激活细胞的多肽将使植物栽培发生巨变

“简单地说．这种多肽具有使细胞‘保持年轻和娇嫩’的作用。”名古屋大学研究生院生命农学研究院副教授松林嘉克说道。松林副教授等人在全球首次发现了植物肽类激素PSK。假如使用这种由5种氨基酸组成的PSK，即使是对栽培法尚未确立的植物．人们也极有可能自由地对其进行操作。     

植物肽激素受体激活的新机制

植物磺化肽类激素(phytosulfokine,PSK)是植物肽类激素的典型代表,它是有两个酪氨酸磺酸化修饰的直链五肽,在植物体的生长和发育过程中有广泛而重要的调控作用。PSK发挥作用需要被细胞膜上的受体激酶PSKR(phytosulfokine receptor)识别来进行信号转导。但目前该肽激素的信号识别和其受体激活的分子机制还不清楚。该实验室通过解析PSKR胞外结构域没有结合PSK和结合PSK以及结合PSK和共受体这三种状态的晶体学结构,直观而全面地揭示了激素识别和受体激活的分子机制。PSK通过形成反向β片层与PSKR岛区中的β片层互作而结合,PSK的两个磺酸化基团直接参与同PSKR的结合。通过遗传和生化等实验的验证,发现PSK可以介导PSKR和体细胞胚胎发育受体激酶(somatic embrogenesis receptor like kinases,SERKs)的结合。进一步通过解析PSK-PSKR-SERK的受体激活复合物的晶体学结构发现,PSK没有同SERK结合,而是通过诱导PSKR岛区的构象变化来别构介导PSKR与SERK结合,这一机制区别于经典的"分子胶"模式。该研究揭示了PSK识别的分子机制和受体PSKR的激活新机制。     

植物多肽信号分子的特点和功能

近几年研究表明,植物体内存在类似动物和酵母的多肽信号分子,调控植物生长发育以及对环境的响应.介绍了植物中的系统素、迅速碱化因子(RALF)、早期结瘤蛋白40(ENOD40)、植物磺化激动素(PSK)、S位点富含半胱胺酸蛋白(SCR)、CLV3以及相应受体的特点和功能研究进展,并且对多肽信号在植物中的作用及其应用前景进行了探讨.     

高等植物多肽生长因子PSKα

PSKα是高等植物体内一种重要的多肽生长因子,具有促进细胞增殖、分化,促进器官发生和体细胞胚胎发生等多种作用。本文对PSKα的结构、功能、前体、受体等几个方面进行了阐述。     

过表达OsPSK3基因增加水稻叶片叶绿素含量

植物磺肽激素(Phytosulfokine,PSK)是新发现的一种能促进细胞分裂和分化的植物激素。水稻中该基因家族共有7个成员,迄今为止PSK基因在水稻体内的功能和调控机制仍不清楚。文章首先利用生物信息学手段对OsPSK家族基因进行了结构比较和进化分析,依据对水稻和拟南芥中PSK基因家族成员的分析认为:PSK祖先基因形成两个PSK基因的发生要早于单、双子叶植物的分化;其中OsPSK1与其余的OsPSK2-OsPSK7进化自不同的祖先基因。对PSK家族成员在不同组织的表达分析发现不同基因具有不同的表达模式。文章通过基因枪转化的方法获得了水稻OsPSK3转基因系。文章着重研究了OsPSK3过量表达对水稻植株生长的影响。结果表明:在转基因阳性株系中OsPSK3的表达量提高了约40%;且OsPSK3ox-1有明显优于对照的营养性状,表现在幼苗期产生更多的须根和根毛;在各生长阶段直至结穗期与对照相比表现出更高的株高;尤其在叶片叶绿素含量上,转基因系较对照提高了2.3倍。     

植物病毒的运动蛋白（Movement Protein）

植物病毒的运动蛋白是由病毒编码的一种蛋白,在病毒的细胞间运动中起重要作用。现在,发现的运动蛋白越来越多,对其一级结构、在植物体内的表达、定位和功能日益清楚。但运动蛋白在体内的修饰及其与运动蛋白功能的关系的研究还刚开始,对与运动蛋白作用的寄主因子了解很少。植物运动蛋白的研究对植物病毒细胞间运动和植物体内特有的胞间连丝的研究提供了很好的突破口。     

植物肉桂醇脱氢酶及其基因研究进展

肉桂醇脱氢酶(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD)作为植物次生代谢特别是木质素合成的关键酶,与植物生长发育和抵御病原菌入侵关系密切,研究CAD基因表达调控及其与组织木质化的关系具有重要的植物生理学意义.该文综述了植物CAD的蛋白特征、酶学性质、基因分布和分类、基因结构和表达调控以及CAD表达与木质素合成的关系,为研究CAD在植物生长发育和抗病中的作用提供理论指导.     

植物MicroRNA

MicroRNA (miRNA)是一类长度约为22个核苷酸的内源单链非编码RNA,在结构上相当保守,因而可以借助生物信息学方法进行预测. 从2002年证实miRNA在植物中的存在以来,关于植物miRNA的研究进展异常迅速,短短几年内就已发现200多种. 植物miRNA主要通过切割靶mRNA,或抑制靶mRNA翻译,来调控植物个体生长发育并影响其生理过程,是一种新的基因调控方式. 本文将就植物miRNA的形成、特征、作用机制、生物功能及其与siRNA的关系进行综述.     

植物多糖研究进展:功能活性及潜在机制

植物多糖广泛分布于自然界中各植物类群之中.温度、酸碱度、酶、能量(微波、超声)等不同的提取方式会导致植物多糖提取物具有不同的分子量、形态等特征,最终可能会影响其生物活性.随着提取、分离、纯化等技术的进步和结构特征的解析,发现植物多糖具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗糖尿病、改善机体免疫等多种活性功能.本文总结了近年来比较热门的植物多糖研究,重点阐述植物多糖的生物活性功能以及潜在的作用机制.植物多糖的作用机制涉及其自身复杂的构效关系和宿主免疫调控.其中, NF-κB、PI3K/AKT、MAPK等经典炎症信号通路,免疫器官、免疫细胞以及肠道微生物均参与了植物多糖维持宿主健康.总之,植物多糖提取方式、结构特征、活性功能及其作用机制的解析推动了基础研究的进一步深入,有助于植物多糖更好的开发利用,对疾病防治和人类健康维护意义重大.     

高等植物中的多肽激素

高等植物的第一个多肽激素(系统素)发现已经有10多年的历史。到目前为止, 被普遍认可的植物多肽激素有4种: 系统素、PSK、CLV3和SCR, 分别参与了植物的防御反应、细胞的分裂、茎端生长点干细胞数目维持和花粉-柱头的识别过程。这些小分子多肽化合物以配基的形式与细胞膜表面的受体激酶相互作用, 从而实现细胞之间的信号交流。本文对这4种多肽激素及其相应受体的研究进展做了简要评述, 并着重介绍当前研究比较热门的CLV3多肽, 最后对相关领域的发展前景进行探讨。     

Chemical nursing: phytosulfokine improves genetic transformation efficiency by promoting the proliferation of surviving cells on selective media

The relative growth rate of plant cells in vitro is considerably affected by initial cell density. This troublesome effect has interfered with the establishment of efficient plant cell culture systems, especially when only a small number of cells are expected to survive, such as in the genetic transformation of cells under antibiotic selection. To improve the recovery of antibiotic-resistant cells, we examined the use of the peptide plant hormone phytosulfokine (PSK), which has been shown to promote cellular growth and development in vitro. The addition of PSK to selective media increased the recovery of transformed callus from Agrobacterium-infected carrot hypocotyl explants from 7% to 39%, which is more than a fivefold improvement over the control. Most calluses developed into normal plantlets with cotyledons and primary roots and, eventually, formed foliage leaves. Thus, chemical nursing using PSK shows promise as a tool for basic research in plant biology and biotechnological applications.Abbreviations BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine - GUS -Glucuronidase - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid - nptII Neomycin phosphotransferase II - PSK Phytosulfokine - X-gluc 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl glucuronide     

Database mining of plant peptide homologues

In plant-pathogen interactions, pathogens employ secreted molecules, known as effectors to overcome physical barriers, modulate plant immunity, and facilitate colonization. Among these diverse effectors, some are found to mimic the plant peptides, to target host’s peptide receptors, and intervene in the peptide-regulated defense pathways and/or plant development. To better understand how pathogens have co-evolved with their plant hosts in order to improve disease management, we explored the presence of plant peptide mimics in microbes by bioinformatic analysis. In total, 36 novel peptide mimics belong to five plant peptide families were detected in bacterial and fungal kingdoms. Among them, phytosulfokine homologues were widely distributed in 22 phytopathogens and one bacterium, thereby constituted the largest proportion of the identified mimics. The putative functional peptide region is well conserved between plant and microbes, while the existence of a putative signal peptide varies between species. Our findings will increase understanding of plant-pathogen interactions, and provide new ideas for future studies of pathogenic mechanisms and disease management.     

Phytosulfokine stimulates cell divisions in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) mesophyll protoplast cultures

The aim of this work was to improve plating efficiency of sugar beet mesophyll protoplast cultures. Preliminary experiments showed that cultures of good quality, viable protoplasts were obtained in rich media based on the Kao and Michayluk formulation and with the calcium alginate as an embedding matrix. Nevertheless, in these cultures cell divisions were either not observed or very seldom confirming earlier reported recalcitrance of sugar beet protoplasts. The recalcitrant status of these cultures was reversed upon application of exogenous phytosulfokine (PSK)—a peptidyl plant growth factor. The highest effectiveness of PSK was observed at 100 nM concentration. Plating efficiencies obtained in the presence of PSK reached approximately 20% of the total cultured cells. The stimulatory effect of phytosulfokine was observed for all tested breeding stocks of sugar beet. Our data indicate that PSK is a powerful agent able to overcome recalcitrance of plant protoplast cultures.     

新型植物生长调节物质——激素性多肽的研究进展

多肽是生物体内一种非常重要的物质,它以信号的形式调控着生物的生活周期。在动物、细菌、真菌上作为激素、信息素和生长因子已进行了广泛的研究。然而,在植物上１９９１年才首次报道名叫系统素的伤害信号物质的内生多肽。最近,已从植物中分离出多种肽性植物生长调节因子。本文简要介绍系统素、早期结瘤素、植物硫素、豆胰岛素等四种激素性多肽的发现与分离,以及其结构与生理作用。     

新型植物生长调节物质——激素性多肽的研究进展

多肽是生物体内一种非常重要的物质,它以信号的形式调控着生物的生活周期。在动物、细菌、真菌上作为激素、信息素和生长因子已进行了广泛的研究。然而,在植物上1991年才首次报道名叫系统素的伤害信号物质的内生多肽。最近,已从植物中分离出多种肽性植物生长调节因子。本文简要介绍系统素、早期结瘤素、植物硫素、豆胰岛索等四种激素性多肽的发现与分离,以及其结构与生理作用。     

Plant cytokine or phytocytokine

Peptide hormones play an important role in plant growth and development. Some of them are secreted by stem cells and also regulate plant immunity through cell-cell communication and reprogramming the expression of immune related genes, such as CLAVATA3p (CLV3p) and phytosulfokine (PSK). These peptides play similar roles as cytokines in plant innate immunity. As explosive progress of plant omics, more and more such functional peptides will be discovered. I recommend that they should be named as plant cytokines or phytocytokines. This nomenclature will be convenient for study of plant secretory peptides and plant innate immunity.     

Phytosulfokine alpha enhances microspore embryogenesis in both triticale and wheat

Isolated microspore culture (IMC) has been used to develop doubled haploid lines and to generate homozygous lines in a single generation for varietal development. Phytosulfokine has been previously used in promoting cell growth and embryo development in various systems. In this study, phytosulfokine alpha (PSK-α) supplemented IMC induction medium was evaluated in triticale and wheat cultivars, and the production of embryo-like structures (ELS), green and albino plants were recorded. In addition, the contribution of ovary co-culture was also evaluated in IMC on a NPB99 + 10F induction medium. Over a range of concentrations up to 10^?7M, PSK-α yielded more ELS and green plants in wheat and triticale cultivars at the highest dose, when compared to the control. It also minimized albinism in wheat cultivars, but not in triticale. Interestingly, 10^?7M PSK-α also supported the formation of a large number of embryos and a few green plants in the absence of nursing ovaries.     

Phytosulfokine stimulates somatic embryogenesis in Cryptomeria japonica

Phytosulfokine (PSK), which has been identified as a plant growth factor, had a dramatic stimulatory effect on the formation of somatic embryos of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) in the presence of polyethylene glycol. The resultant somatic embryos germinated with synchronous sprouting of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots, and most of the seedlings grew normally. A cDNA clone for the precursor to the PSK peptide of C. japonica was identified in an expressed sequence tags database. Our results support the existence of a PSK signaling pathway in C. japonica.     

植物多肽激素研究概况

目前发现的植物多肽多达9 种。基于配基- 受体的胞间互作模式, 目前公认的植物多肽激素包括4种: 系统素(Systemin) 、植物硫肽激素(Phytosulfokine) 、SCR􊄯SP11 和CLV3 , 分别参与了植食性昆虫防御反应、细胞增殖、自交不亲和的识别, 以及茎分生组织干细胞分裂与分化平衡的维持。本文对四种植物多肽激素基因家族的研究进展做了较为详尽的综述, 并结合本试验室的研究进展做了展望。     

植物肽类信号分子

近年来研究表明植物中也存在着肽类信号分子,类似于动物的肽激素。目前可分成三类：即EN-OD40、植物硫动蛋白（phytosulfokine）和系统素。ENOD40影响着细胞分裂,可能是参与控制了细胞对生长素的反应所致。植物硫动蛋白最初从芦笋叶肉细胞培养中分离,是一种减数分裂诱导因子,为细胞增殖必需,但具体机制还不清楚。系统素的研究较为深入,巳提出了它所激发的植物伤诱信号传导过程和模型。