滨海盐沼湿地蓝色碳汇功能、形成机制及其增汇潜力

盐沼湿地具有很高的碳捕获与存储能力, 是缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇(蓝碳)。未来气候变暖和海平面上升可能增加盐沼湿地的固碳能力, 其蓝碳功能越来越受到国际社会的重视。该文重点围绕盐沼湿地蓝碳形成的关键过程、光合碳分配过程及影响机制、碳沉积埋藏特征及其来源解析、盐沼湿地土壤碳库稳定性及其微生物机制、盐沼湿地蓝碳过程动态模拟及其增汇潜力等5个方面进行综述。在此基础上, 针对当前研究的不足, 提出今后的研究中需要进一步探究盐沼湿地植被海陆梯度分布格局对碳吸收能力和碳分配的影响, 土壤有机碳沉积和埋藏速率及其对全球变化的响应, 盐沼湿地土壤碳库的稳定性及其横向碳流动, 气候变化和海平面上升背景下盐沼湿地蓝碳模拟与增汇潜力评估, 以及盐沼湿地蓝碳的增汇技术和途径。以期为深入理解盐沼湿地蓝碳形成过程与机制, 预测全球变化背景下盐沼湿地蓝碳功能的潜在变化趋势和制定蓝碳增汇途径提供理论支持, 助力碳达峰、碳中和目标实现。     

土壤铁矿物形态转化影响有机碳固定研究进展

铁是地壳中丰度第四高的元素,其可通过多种方式影响土壤有机碳累积,尤其铁氧化物与土壤有机碳相互作用形成的稳定有机-矿物复合物,被认为是土壤可溶性有机碳长期固定的关键地球化学机制。促进土壤固定有机碳不仅可以提高土壤质量和肥力,还是应对全球气候变化的主要策略之一。然而,铁活跃的氧化还原反应和多样化的赋存形态,使其转化过程对土壤有机碳累积和稳定性的影响结果受到诸多生物和非生物因素调控。从不同角度,结合多学科的研究成果,综述了近年来国内外关于铁矿物形态转化影响土壤有机碳固定的相关研究,包括铁矿物形态转化过程、土壤有机碳固定机制、铁矿物形态转化影响土壤有机碳固定的机制及其主要影响因素(各种环境条件、自身的铁矿物性质、碳源质量等方面),强调铁在土壤有机碳固定过程中的重要作用。对铁固定土壤有机碳的相关研究提出了建议,为今后研究提供相关参考。     

海洋生态系统固碳能力估算方法研究进展

气候变化受到全球关注,大气中CO2含量与气候变化息息相关。海洋是地球上最大的活跃碳库,在气候变化中扮演着举足轻重的作用。定量估算海洋中碳元素的吸收、转移、埋藏速率在全球碳循环及全球气候变化研究中有重要意义。目前,海洋固碳能力估算研究包括:利用海-气界面CO2分压差法估算海洋海-气界面CO2交换通量,根据海水中叶绿素含量建立的生态学数理模型法估算真光层浮游生物的初级生产力,234Th—238U不平衡法估算POC输出通量,210Pb定年法估算有机碳沉积通量。但迄今为止的研究工作尚有一定局限性,碳在大气—海水—沉积物3种介质间交换通量间相互影响的研究较少,海洋中碳垂直传输过程的主要影响因素和关键控制因子尚不明确,在海洋生态系统固碳能力估算方法方面国内外还没有统一的规范和标准。为进一步完善海洋生态系统固碳能力的估算方法,今后的工作应注重海洋固碳整套观测技术、分析和估算方法研究,并建立海洋碳汇估算指标体系、指标标准体系、以及评价标准体系,为我国的碳"减排"、"增汇"国家需求提供技术支持。     

Soil carbon sequestration and land‐use change: processes and potential

When agricultural land is no longer used for cultivation and allowed to revert to natural vegetation or replanted to perennial vegetation, soil organic carbon can accumulate. This accumulation process essentially reverses some of the effects responsible for soil organic carbon losses from when the land was converted from perennial vegetation. We discuss the essential elements of what is known about soil organic matter dynamics that may result in enhanced soil carbon sequestration with changes in land‐use and soil management. We review literature that reports changes in soil organic carbon after changes in land‐use that favour carbon accumulation. This data summary provides a guide to approximate rates of SOC sequestration that are possible with management, and indicates the relative importance of some factors that influence the rates of organic carbon sequestration in soil. There is a large variation in the length of time for and the rate at which carbon may accumulate in soil, related to the productivity of the recovering vegetation, physical and biological conditions in the soil, and the past history of soil organic carbon inputs and physical disturbance. Maximum rates of C accumulation during the early aggrading stage of perennial vegetation growth, while substantial, are usually much less than 100 g C m^?2 y^?1. Average rates of accumulation are similar for forest or grassland establishment: 33.8 g C m^?2 y^?1 and 33.2 g C m^?2 y^?1, respectively. These observed rates of soil organic C accumulation, when combined with the small amount of land area involved, are insufficient to account for a significant fraction of the missing C in the global carbon cycle as accumulating in the soils of formerly agricultural land.     

海岛陆地生态系统固碳估算方法

陆地生态系统在调节全球碳平衡和减缓全球气候变化中起着重要作用。海岛作为一种特殊的生态系统,生物群落和环境与大陆基本相似。虽然海岛生态结构相对简单,物种的丰富程度比大陆低,但对全球碳循环也有一定的影响。在海岛陆地生态系统中,森林和灌草的种属相对较少,且不同纬度的海岛森林植被种属差异明显,可采用典型样地清查和生物量模型估算相结合的方法估算乔木层和灌草层的碳储量。采用模型估算固碳潜力时,根据海岛生态环境的特殊性,综合考虑岛陆面积、季节、风向、坡度、坡向、海拔、平均温度、降雨量、土壤理化性质等参数对其碳储量估算的影响。海岛植被生物多样性影响其土壤碳储存的生态服务功能,利用多元统计分析方法,建立岛陆植物物种丰度与土壤碳储量的空间回归模型,明确植物多样性的改变对岛陆土壤固碳能力的影响。此外,从土壤固碳的角度而言,海岛土壤-植物-微生物间相互作用是其重要的研究方向。利用现代分子生物学技术,研究海岛陆地生态系统的土壤-植物-微生物相互作用关系,有利于海岛土壤固碳潜力估算精度的提高。     

基于CASA模型的长江口崇明东滩湿地植被净初级生产力与固碳潜力

湿地生态系统具有很强的储碳、固碳能力,在全球碳循环中占有重要地位.为了解盐沼的固碳能力,以崇明东滩南部典型盐沼潮沟体系为对象,结合实验观测与遥感影像解译,估算了盐沼湿地的净初级生产力,并探讨了环境变化下盐沼湿地固碳潜力的变化.结果 表明:盐沼植物净初级生产力表现出显著的时空差异,时间差异体现在年际和季节差异,即2013...     

Carbon dioxide consumption during soil development

Carbon is sequestered in soils by accumulation of recalcitrant organic matter and by bicarbonate weathering of silicate minerals. Carbon fixation by ecosystems helps drive weathering processes in soils and that in turn diverts carbon from annual photosynthesis-soil respiration cycling into the long-term geological carbon cycle. To quantify rates of carbon transfer during soil development in moist temperate grassland and desert scrubland ecosystems, we measured organic and inorganic residues derived from the interaction of soil biota and silicate mineral weathering for twenty-two soil profiles in arkosic sediments of differing ages. In moist temperate grasslands, net annual removal of carbon from the atmosphere by organic carbon accumulation and silicate weathering ranges from about 8.5 g m^–2 yr^–1 for young soils to 0.7 g M^–2 yr^–1 for old soils. In desert scrublands, net annual carbon removal is about 0.2 g m^–2 yr^–1 for young soils and 0.01 g m^–2 yr^–1 for old soils. In soils of both ecosystems, organic carbon accumulation exceeds CO₂ removal by weathering, however, as soils age, rates of CO₂ consumption by weathering accounts for greater amounts of carbon sequestration, increasing from 2% to 8% in the grassland soils and from 2% to 40% in the scrubland soils. In soils of desert scrublands, carbonate accumulation far outstrips organic carbon accumulation, but about 90% of this mass is derived from aerosolic sources that do not contribute to long-term sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.     

草地土壤固碳潜力研究进展

土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力已成为全球气候变化和陆地生态系统研究的重点。草地土壤有机碳库,作为陆地土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,其较小幅度的波动,将会影响整个陆地生态系统碳循环,进而影响全球气候变化。因此,深入研究草地土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力对于适应和减缓气候变化具有重要意义。在土壤固碳潜力相关概念界定基础上,结合《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》,从样点及区域尺度上综述了目前关于草地土壤固碳潜力的一般估算方法,同时对各类方法的特点及适用性进行了评述,提出了草地生态系统固碳潜力研究概念模型。最后在对草地土壤固碳的影响因素及固碳措施总结的基础上,阐明了草地土壤有机碳固定研究中存在的问题和发展前景。     

Smallholder farms have and can store more carbon than previously estimated

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is increasingly targeted as a key strategy in climate change mitigation and improved ecosystem resiliency. Agricultural land, a dominant global land use, provides substantial challenges and opportunities for global carbon sequestration. Despite this, global estimates of soil carbon sequestration potential often exclude agricultural land and estimates are coarse for regions in the Global South. To address these discrepancies and improve estimates, we develop a hybrid, data-augmented database approach to better estimate the magnitude of SOC sequestration potential of agricultural soils. With high-resolution (30 m) soil maps of Africa developed by the International Soils Database (iSDA) and Malawi as a case study, we create a national adjustment using site-specific soil data retrieved from 1160 agricultural fields. We use a benchmark approach to estimate the amount of SOC Malawian agricultural soils can sequester, accounting for edaphic and climatic conditions, and calculate the resulting carbon gap. Field measurements of SOC stocks and sequestration potentials were consistently larger than iSDA predictions, with an average carbon gap of 4.42 ± 0.23 Mg C ha⁻¹ to a depth of 20 cm, with some areas exceeding 10 Mg C ha⁻¹. Augmenting iSDA predictions with field data also improved sensitivity to identify areas with high SOC sequestration potential by 6%—areas that may benefit from improved management practices. Overall, we estimate that 6.8 million ha of surface soil suitable for agriculture in Malawi has the potential to store 274 ± 14 Tg SOC. Our approach illustrates how ground truthing efforts remain essential to reduce errors in continent-wide soil carbon predictions for local and regional use. This work begins efforts needed across regions to develop soil carbon benchmarks that inform policies and identify high-impact areas in the effort to increase SOC globally.     

Perspective: Increasing blue carbon around Antarctica is an ecosystem service of considerable societal and economic value worth protecting

Precautionary conservation and cooperative global governance are needed to protect Antarctic blue carbon: the world's largest increasing natural form of carbon storage with high sequestration potential. As patterns of ice loss around Antarctica become more uniform, there is an underlying increase in carbon capture‐to‐storage‐to‐sequestration on the seafloor. The amount of carbon captured per unit area is increasing and the area available to blue carbon is also increasing. Carbon sequestration could further increase under moderate (+1°C) ocean warming, contrary to decreasing global blue carbon stocks elsewhere. For example, in warmer waters, mangroves and seagrasses are in decline and benthic organisms are close to their physiological limits, so a 1°C increase in water temperature could push them above their thermal tolerance (e.g. bleaching of coral reefs). In contrast, on the basis of past change and current research, we expect that Antarctic blue carbon could increase by orders of magnitude. The Antarctic seafloor is biophysically unique and the site of carbon sequestration, the benthos, faces less anthropogenic disturbance than any other ocean continental shelf environment. This isolation imparts both vulnerability to change, and an avenue to conserve one of the world's last biodiversity refuges. In economic terms, the value of Antarctic blue carbon is estimated at between £0.65 and £1.76 billion (~2.27 billion USD) for sequestered carbon in the benthos around the continental shelf. To balance biodiversity protection against society's economic objectives, this paper builds on a proposal incentivising protection by building a ‘non‐market framework’ via the 2015 Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This could be connected and coordinated through the Antarctic Treaty System to promote and motivate member states to value Antarctic blue carbon and maintain scientific integrity and conservation for the positive societal values ingrained in the Antarctic Treaty System.     

城市土壤碳循环与碳固持研究综述

城市化过程带来的土地利用变化和环境污染是全球变化的重要方面,城市为人们了解人类与自然复合生态系统对全球变化的影响及其对全球变化的响应过程提供一个独特的"天然实验室"。陆地生态系统碳循环是全球变化研究的热点领域之一,然而,人们对城市在全球碳循环中的作用和影响知之甚少,城市土壤碳循环研究处于起步阶段。介绍了城市土壤的主要特性和碳循环特征,指出强烈的人为作用是其最突出的特点;综述了城市土壤碳库、碳通量和碳固持研究方面取得的进展;探讨了城市化过程中土地利用变化、土壤中生物及土壤管护措施、城市小气候、大气污染沉降和土壤污染等对土壤碳循环的影响;提出未来城市碳循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市土壤碳循环机制研究、创新研究范式和研究方法、并将研究成果与城市景观规划与设计相结合,提升城市土壤碳管理能力。     

黑土坡耕地有机碳变化及固碳潜力分析

东北黑土区自开垦以来有机质含量逐渐降低,有机碳库长期处于亏缺状态,理论上也具有较大的固碳潜力。以典型黑土区长期传统作业的坡耕地(30—60 a)为研究对象,通过测定不同坡位(坡上侵蚀区和坡下沉积区)、不同土层(表土和底土)有机碳分布特征,估算不同开垦年限黑土固碳潜力及其恢复至固碳潜力所需的时间。结果表明:(1)总有机碳、有机碳密度以及碳饱和水平均表现为沉积区显著大于侵蚀区,表土显著大于底土,且均在开垦30a坡耕地达到最大值;(2)固碳潜力表现为侵蚀区(1.24—2.89 kg/m~2)显著大于沉积区(0.79—1.04 kg/m~2),底土(0.83—3.59 kg/m~2)显著大于表土(0.6—2.53 kg/m~2),随着开垦年限的增加表现为开垦30 a显著小于开垦40 a、60 a;(3)黑土坡耕地(30—60 a)侵蚀区和沉积区土壤(0—50 cm)达到固碳潜力分别需要20—181 a和13—66 a。黑土坡耕地固碳潜力的时空变异性在农业经营以及修复管理过程中需引起重视,以实现黑土资源的可持续利用。     

潮汐作用和干湿交替对盐沼湿地碳交换的影响机制研究进展

潮汐盐沼湿地具有高的碳积累速率和低的CH_4排放量,是地球上最密集的碳汇之一。同时,气候变暖和海平面上升可能使得盐沼湿地更迅速的捕获和埋藏大气中的CO_2,因此盐沼湿地的"蓝碳"在减缓气候变化方面扮演着重要角色。潮汐盐沼湿地与其他湿地类型最大的区别和最显著的特征是在周期性潮汐作用下出现淹没和暴露,同时伴随盐分表聚与淋洗的干湿交替,可能是控制盐沼湿地碳交换过程和碳收支平衡的关键因素。但是,当前潮汐水动力过程及其周期性干湿交替对盐沼湿地碳交换关键过程和碳汇形成机制的影响尚不十分清楚。另外,以往相关研究通常孤立地考虑垂直方向上CO_2或CH_4交换或横向方向上的可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性无机碳(DIC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)交换通量对盐沼湿地碳平衡进行评估,显然不够准确。因此,为了精确评估和预测盐沼湿地蓝碳的吸存能力,必须系统研究潮汐不同阶段对盐沼湿地碳交换过程的影响;深入分析潮汐作用下盐沼湿地碳交换的微生物机制;关注潮汐水动力作用对盐沼湿地DOC、DIC和POC产生、释放以及向邻近水体输出的影响;阐明潮汐作用对盐沼湿地碳汇形成机制的影响;纳入潮汐水动力过程作为变量,建立盐沼湿地碳循环模型。     

Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated

Yearly, per‐area carbon sequestration rates are used to estimate mitigation potentials by comparing types and areas of land management in 1990 and 2000 and projected to 2010, for the European Union (EU)‐15 and for four country‐level case studies for which data are available: UK, Sweden, Belgium and Finland. Because cropland area is decreasing in these countries (except for Belgium), and in most European countries there are no incentives in place to encourage soil carbon sequestration, carbon sequestration between 1990 and 2000 was small or negative in the EU‐15 and all case study countries. Belgium has a slightly higher estimate for carbon sequestration than the other countries examined. This is at odds with previous reports of decreasing soil organic carbon stocks in Flanders. For all countries except Belgium, carbon sequestration is predicted to be negligible or negative by 2010, based on extrapolated trends, and is small even in Belgium. The only trend in agriculture that may be enhancing carbon stocks on croplands at present is organic farming, and the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain. Previous studies have focused on the potential for carbon sequestration and have shown quite significant potential. This study, which examines the sequestration likely to occur by 2010, suggests that the potential will not be realized. Without incentives for carbon sequestration in the future, cropland carbon sequestration under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol will not be an option in EU‐15.     

不同施肥措施对我国南方稻田表土有机碳含量及固碳持续时间的影响

基于我国南方38个稻田试验点222个样本的表土有机碳数据,设5种施肥措施类型［无机氮肥(N)、无机氮磷肥配施(NP)、无机氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、单施有机肥(O)和有机无机肥配施(OF)］,研究了不同施肥措施下我国南方稻田表土有机碳含量的相对年变化量和固碳持续时间.结果表明：5种施肥措施下,稻田表土有机碳含量相对年变化量集中在0～0.4 g·kg^-1·a^-1,两熟制和三熟制的表土有机碳含量相对年均增量分别为0.20和0.26 g·kg^-1·a^-1;有机肥处理(O和OF)比无机肥处理(N、NP和NPK)的表土有机碳含量相对年增量更高,其中,OF处理最高,为0.32 g·kg^-1·a^-1;随着时间的延长,土壤有机碳的累积速率逐渐降低,N、NP、NPK、O和OF处理下表土固碳持续时间分别为22、28、38、57和54年.从土壤固碳角度考虑,有机无机肥配施为我国南方稻田最佳施肥措施.     

Warming alters the metabolic balance of ecosystems

The carbon cycle modulates climate change, via the regulation of atmospheric CO₂, and it represents one of the most important services provided by ecosystems. However, considerable uncertainties remain concerning potential feedback between the biota and the climate. In particular, it is unclear how global warming will affect the metabolic balance between the photosynthetic fixation and respiratory release of CO₂ at the ecosystem scale. Here, we present a combination of experimental field data from freshwater mesocosms, and theoretical predictions derived from the metabolic theory of ecology to investigate whether warming will alter the capacity of ecosystems to absorb CO₂. Our manipulative experiment simulated the temperature increases predicted for the end of the century and revealed that ecosystem respiration increased at a faster rate than primary production, reducing carbon sequestration by 13 per cent. These results confirmed our theoretical predictions based on the differential activation energies of these two processes. Using only the activation energies for whole ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration we provide a theoretical prediction that accurately quantified the precise magnitude of the reduction in carbon sequestration observed experimentally. We suggest the combination of whole-ecosystem manipulative experiments and ecological theory is one of the most promising and fruitful research areas to predict the impacts of climate change on key ecosystem services.     

土壤有机碳库的关键影响因素及其不确定性

土壤是陆地生态系统最大的有机碳库,比植被碳库或大气碳库的两倍还多。准确评估土壤有机碳库是预测全球变化与土壤有机碳之间反馈关系的关键。但目前对土壤有机碳库的估算还存在很大不确定性。该文综述了土壤有机碳库估算及其影响因素和土壤有机碳库估算不确定性的来源和常用的采样方法,以及计算土壤碳汇的最新研究进展。未来技术进步以及模型的不断完善可能会降低土壤有机碳库估算的不确定性,提高其估算的精度     

采伐对豫西退耕还林工程固碳的影响

以豫西退耕还林工程重点县嵩县为研究对象,收集了嵩县2002—2010年退耕还林工程逐年实施的造林面积、树种等数据,利用合适的人工林蓄积量生长方程和和中国退耕还林后的土壤有机碳变化的研究结果,结合各树种的木材密度、生物量扩展因子、碳含量等参数,在采伐和无采伐两种情景模式下对其退耕还林工程在2002—2050年的碳储量及其变化进行估算。结果表明:2010年,工程林总碳储量为0.470 Tg(Tg=10~(12)g),工程实施期间,工程前期碳储量高于后期;土壤有机碳库在2002—2010年期间年固碳量均为负值,表现为碳排放,2011年后土壤年固碳量开始增加;在两种情境模式下,工程林年固碳量最高峰都在2015年,2033年以后采伐情景的年固碳量大于无采伐情景。预计到2020、2030、2040和2050年,嵩县退耕还林工程在无采伐情境下的固碳增汇潜力分别为0.760、1.464、1.852和1.985 Tg,在采伐情景下的固碳增汇潜力分别为0.760、1.240、1.657和2.000 Tg,从长时间来看,豫西退耕还林工程林在采伐情景下具有较大的碳汇潜力,因此,对退耕还林工程林实施适度的采伐可以提高工程的碳汇能力。     

Stocks and losses of soil organic carbon from Chinese vegetated coastal habitats

Global vegetated coastal habitats (VCHs) represent a large sink for organic carbon (OC) stored within their soils. The regional patterns and causes of spatial variation, however, remain uncertain. The sparsity and regional bias of studies on soil OC stocks from Chinese VCHs have limited the reliable estimation of their capacity as regional and global OC sinks. Here, we use field and published data from 262 sampled soil cores and 181 surface soils to report estimates of soil OC stocks, burial rates and losses of VCHs in China. We find that Chinese mangrove, salt marsh and seagrass habitats have relatively low OC stocks, storing 6.3 ± 0.6, 7.5 ± 0.6, and 1.6 ± 0.6 Tg C (±95% confidence interval) in the top meter of the soil profile with burial rates of 44 ± 17, 159 ± 57, and 6 ± 45 Gg C/year, respectively. The variability in the soil OC stocks is linked to biogeographic factors but is mostly impacted by sedimentary processes and anthropic activities. All habitats have experienced significant losses, resulting in estimated emissions of 94.2–395.4 Tg CO₂e (carbon dioxide equivalent) over the past 70 years. Reversing this trend through conservation and restoration measures has, therefore, great potential in contributing to the mitigation of climate change while providing additional benefits. This assessment, on a national scale from highly sedimentary environments under intensive anthropogenic pressures, provides important insights into blue carbon sink mechanism and sequestration capacities, thus contributing to the synchronous progression of global blue carbon management.     

贺兰山地区植被固碳功能空间分异特征及其驱动因素

贺兰山作为守护西北生态安全的最后一道屏障,既遏制了腾格里沙漠的东移,又削弱了西北寒流的侵扰,其植被功能对于维护区域气候变化和北方干旱荒漠带生态安全具有重要意义。以气象、NDVI和植被类型为输入数据,利用CASA模型模拟2000—2020年贺兰山地区NPP值并估算了该地区的植被固碳量,探讨了植被固碳功能的空间分异特征及其主要驱动因子。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年间贺兰山地区植被固碳量显著增加,植被固碳功能得到提升。空间上呈现四周低中间高、西部低东部高、南部低北部高的分布特征;(2)植被固碳量随海拔升高呈现先增后减的趋势,且东西坡差异明显;随着坡度的增加,东西坡植被单位面积固碳量增加;(3)研究区温度、降水及潜在蒸散发对植被固碳的驱动能力有差异性,其中降水为主要驱动因子;贺兰山大部分土地利用类型转换对植被固碳功能的提升有促进作用。本研究以期为贺兰山地区的生态建设提供科学参考。