强光下SO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-对盐藻叶绿素荧光的影响

强光下（1000μmolm-2s-1）用低浓度（1mmol／L）处理盐藻1h,其Fv／Fm、qN,qp和PSⅡ都较暗对照高。随着SO浓度（5,25,50,100mmol／L）的提高,Fv／Fm、qN、qp和ΦPSⅡ下降。20mmol／L的HCO3-可减缓这种下降趋势。强光下1mmol／LHCO3-对25mmol／LSO产生的光抑制不但没在减弱反而有所加强,提高HCO3-浓度则有减弱作用,尤以50mmol／L的效果最好,而且qN可随HCO3-浓度的增高而上升,至100mmol／L才略有下降。低浓度下SO（5mmol／L）强光的光抑制在随后的低光条件下（40μmolm-2s-1）放置2h能完全恢复,高于此浓度引起的光抑制不能完全逆转。低光下HCO3-能促进光抑制的恢复。     

高强光下SO^2—3和F^—对盐藻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

高强光下,盐藻以５０ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１和ＳＯ６２－３和Ｆ＾－处理１ｈ后,其体内ＭＤＡ含量上升,ＳＯＤ活性,Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ,Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ,ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性和游离－ＳＨ含量均下降;２．以ＳＯ＾２－３处理后转置于低强江下３ｈ,ＤＮＡ含量下降,Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ,Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ,ΦＰＳⅡ和ＳＯＤ活性回升,游离－ＳＨ含量增加,暗下不能恢复;９３０以Ｆ＾－处理后无论在低强江或暗下上述指标都不能恢复,甚至继续发展。     

高强光下SO_3~(2-)和F~-对盐藻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

高强光（1000μmol·m－2·s－1）下,盐藻（1）以50mol·L－1的SO32-和F-处理1h后,其体内MDA含量上升,SOD活性、Fv／Fm、Fv／Fo、PSII电子传递活性（φPSII）和游离-SH含量均下降;（2）以SO32-处理后转置于低强光（40μmol·m-2·m－2·s-1）下3h,MDA含量下降,Fv／Fm、Fv／Fo、φPSII和SOD活性回升,游离-SH含量增加,暗下不能恢复;（3）以F-处理后无论在低强光或暗下上述指标都不能恢复,甚至继续发展。     

强光及外源活性氧对莴苣叶绿素荧光的影响

莴苣叶绿体在强光处理下发生光抑制,主要表现为叶绿素荧光参数Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ和ΦＰＳⅡ降低;外源活性氧Ｈ３Ｏ２,Ｏ＾－２,ＯＨ和＾１Ｏ２均能引起叶绿体ＰＳⅡ光化学效率Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ不同程度的下降,其中以＾１Ｏ２影响最明显：Ｈ２Ｏ２在诱导叶绿体荧光猝灭过程中,引起荧光产量降低,而使ｑｐ,ｑＮ,ΦＰＳⅡ,ＫＤ上升;     

强光诱导叶片和盐藻在505nm的差示吸收和叶绿素荧光的变化

用分光光度计直接测定几种植物叶圆片和单细胞盐藻照强光（1500μmolm-2s-1）前后在505nm（玉米黄质吸收峰）的光一暗差示吸收变化。短期照光的时问进程中,芦荟（Aloevera）、芒果（Mangiferaindica）、白菜（BrassicaChinensiS）和苦卖菜（SonchusOleraceus）的AA505持续增高,达最大值后有所下降。加入抗坏血酸能刺激光下AA505增大。光诱导的AA505可在暗下消失。单细胞盐藻M50,受光诱导的变化趋势与高等植物叶片相似。研究表明,强光下植物体内出现活跃的与紫黄质去环氧化反应有关的光保护机制的运行,其状况可直接用M505作为检测指标。与白光相比,红色强光只有照射5min时才引·起盐藻AA505上升,在5-90min照光过程中对Fv／Fm的影响比白光小,对AA540的影响比白光大,但两种光反对光合色素的影响没有差异。     

强光及外源活性氧对莴苣叶绿素荧光的影响

莴苣叶绿体在强光处理下发生先抑制,主要表现为叶绿素荧光参数Fv／Fm和ΦPSⅡ降低;外源活性氧H2O2、O2·OH和1O2均能引起叶绿体PSⅡ光化学效率Fv／Fm不同程度的下降,其中以1O2影响最明显;H2O2在诱导叶绿体荧光猝灭过程中,引起荧光产量降低,而使qp、qN、ΦPSⅡ、KD上升;在H2O2诱导的叶绿体荧光猝灭过程中,Fe2 能使qN和KD低于对照;由于1O2的产生对PSⅡ反应中心造成了损伤,引起qp和ΦPSⅡ下降。     

氮源对杜氏盐藻生长及光合系统Ⅱ的影响

以NaNO3、CO(NH_2)_2、NaNO2、NH4Cl作为氮源,并设无氮处理,研究杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)生长及其PSⅡ对不同氮源的响应特征,以明确杜氏盐藻对不同氮源的利用情况,为盐藻培养基的优化和营养盐的筛选提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)杜氏盐藻在CO(NH_2)_2环境中具更高的比增长速率[μmax,(0.482±0.032)/d]。(2)NaNO2、NaNO3、CO(NH_2)_2作氮源时,杜氏盐藻快速光响应曲线的初始斜率(α)、最大光量子产率(Fv/Fm)及反应活性中心所捕获的光能(ABS/RC)、反应活性中心捕获的激发能用于还原QA的能量(TR0/RC)、最大光化学效率(φP0)、t=0时捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA的其他电子受体的概率(ψ0)和t=0时用于电子传递的量子产额(φE0)在处理间均差异不显著(P0.05),但三者与无氮和NH4Cl处理组相比均具有显著差异。(3)与NaNO2、NaNO3、CO(NH_2)_2处理组相比,无氮环境使得盐藻相对可变荧光(Vj)显著升高,盐藻光合电子从QA-到QB的传递受阻,导致QA-大量积累;而NH4Cl做氮源时,杜氏盐藻叶绿素荧光动力学曲线的K相出现,使得其PSⅡ放氧复合体(OEC)受损。研究认为,杜氏盐藻在NaNO3、CO(NH_2)_2、NaNO2作为唯一氮源时均可良好生长,并在CO(NH_2)_2环境中生长得更快;缺氮胁迫使得盐藻生长受到显著抑制,PSⅡ反应活性中心的数量降低,电子传递受阻;而NH4Cl对杜氏盐藻的毒性效应使得其PSⅡ放氧复合体(OEC)受损,藻体在短期内开始死亡。     

强光和短期高浓度CO2对玉米和大豆光能转化效率的影响

盆栽和人工光源条件下,玉米叶片在普通空气中对强光照射不敏感,在高浓度CO2中强光照射0～5h后,光合速率(Pn)逐渐降低,无机磷(Pi)限制是其主要原因之一;大豆叶片在普通空气中受强光照射5h后,Fv／Fm、Pn、羧化效率(CE)和表观量子效率(AOY)明显降低,Fo升高,在高浓度CO2和强光下大豆Fo上升、Fv／Fm和气体交换参数下降的幅度减小。研究表明,高浓度CO2可减轻强光对植物尤其是C3植物光合功能的损伤,有限地缓解光抑制,但不能完全消除强光导致的大豆Pn和气孔导度(Gs)的降低。     

盐胁迫对植物叶绿素荧光影响的研究进展

盐胁迫是制约植物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫之一, 研究植物的耐盐机理对开发和有效利用盐碱地有重要的意义。叶绿素荧光动力技术作为研究植物光合生理状况及植物与逆境胁迫关系的理想方法, 可表明外界胁迫环境对植物光合器官的伤害程度。通过总结性阐述盐胁迫对植物叶绿素荧光的影响, 分别从盐分类型、植物类型、光照强度以及盐旱交互作用等方面分析了植物叶绿素荧光对盐胁迫的响应, 进而反映盐胁迫对植物光合能力的影响程度, 并提出增强植物抗盐性的途径, 包括施加外源物质、利用转基因技术、真菌的协同效应和培育耐盐品种。最后对叶绿素荧光动力技术在抗盐胁迫的运用前景进行了展望, 提出了当前研究需要解决的问题, 旨在为提高植物耐盐能力提供一定的理论依据。     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对沙枣苗木光合与叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了揭示盐胁迫下AM真菌对苗木光合生理特性的影响,试验采用盆栽法,对接种AM真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)与未接种AM真菌(CK)的沙枣幼苗进行浓度为0、100、200、300mmol/L Na Cl处理,测定不同处理沙枣苗木叶片的净光合速率Pn、气体交换参数(蒸腾速率Tr,气孔导度Gs,胞间二氧化碳Ci)、色素含量(叶绿素a、b,叶绿素,类胡萝卜素)、叶绿素荧光参数(最大荧光效率Fv/Fm,光系统Ⅱ效率ФPS Ⅱ,光化学淬灭系数q P,非光化学淬灭系数NPQ,表观电子传递速率ETR,光反应中心PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo,热耗散速率HDR)等指标。结果表明:(1)随着盐浓度的增加,GI和CK处理对沙枣幼苗叶片Pn、Tr、Gs及Ci影响的变化趋势基本一致,均显著下降,但是在同一个盐浓度下,接种GI沙枣叶片的这些指标显著高于CK处理组(P0.05),并且与不加盐处理为对照,其各参数的变化幅度显著低于CK组。(2)接种GI组和CK组的沙枣幼苗叶片随着盐浓度的增加色素含量各参数变化趋势基本一致,均降低或升高,但是与不加盐处理相比,CK处理组的变化幅度显著高于GI处理。(3)随着各处理盐浓度增加,接种GI处理的Fv/Fm、ФPS Ⅱ、q P、ETR、Fv/Fo呈先升高后下降的趋势,NPQ、HDR呈先降低后升高的趋势,相对应的CK处理组各值呈显著下降的趋势,而NPQ和HDR则呈先降低后升高以及逐渐升高的趋势,与不加盐处理为对照,GI处理组的变化幅度显著低于CK组。研究结果进一步揭示了AM真菌在盐生境中通过提高植物的光合和叶绿素荧光特性发挥重要的作用,而盐胁迫强度也是AM真菌发挥这一作用的影响因素。盐生植物与AM真菌共生用于盐碱地的改良具有一定的应用前景。     

Photosynthesis and apparent affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon by cells and chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown at high and low CO2 concentrations

Chloroplasts with high rates of photosynthetic O₂ evolution (up to 120 mol O₂· (mg Chl)^-1·h^-1 compared with 130 mol O₂· (mg Chl)^-1·h^-1 of whole cells) were isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells grown in high and low CO₂ concentrations using autolysine-digitonin treatment. At 25° C and pH=7.8, no O₂ uptake could be observed in the dark by high- and low-CO₂ adapted chloroplasts. Light saturation of photosynthetic net oxygen evolution was reached at 800 mol photons·m^-2·s^-1 for high- and low-CO₂ adapted chloroplasts, a value which was almost identical to that observed for whole cells. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) saturation of photosynthesis was reached between 200–300 M for low-CO₂ adapted chloroplasts, whereas high-CO₂ adapted chloroplasts were not saturated even at 700 M DIC. The concentrations of DIC required to reach half-saturated rates of net O₂ evolution (K_m(DIC)) was 31.1 and 156 M DIC for low- and high-CO₂ adapted chloroplasts, respectively. These results demonstrate that the CO₂ concentration provided during growth influenced the photosynthetic characteristics at the whole cell as well as at the chloroplast level.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll - DIC dissolved inorganic carbon - K_m(DIC) coneentration of dissolved inorganic carbon required for the rate of half maximal net O₂ evolution - PFR photon fluence rate - SPGM silicasol-PVP-gradient medium     

Photosynthetic metabolism of cyanate by the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625

Intact cells of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625 degraded exogenously supplied cyanate (as KOCN) to CO₂ and NH₃ in a light-dependent reaction. NH₃ release to the medium was as high as 80 mol(mgChl)^-1h^-1 and increased 1.7-fold in the presence of methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor. Cyanate also supporte photosynthetic O₂ evolution to a maximum rate of 188 mol O₂(mgChl)^-1h^-1 at pH 8 and 30°C. Cyanate decomposition in cell-free extracts, measured by mass spectrometry as ¹³CO₂ production from KO¹³CN, occurred in the soluble enzyme fraction, but not in the thylakoid/carboxysome fraction, and was enhanced by HCO₃^– and inhibited by the dianion oxalate. CO₂, rather, than HCO₃^–, was a product of cyanate decomposition. The ability to decompose cyanate was not dependent upon pre-exposure of cells to cyanate to induce activity. The collective results indicate that Synechococcus UTEX 625 possesses a constitutive, cytosolic cyanase (EC 4.3.99.1), similar in mechanism to that found in some species of heterotrophic bacteria. The reaction catalyzed was: OCN+HCO₃+2H⁺2CO₂+NH₃. In intact cells, the CO₂ produced by the action of cyanase on OCN^- was either directly fixed by the Calvin cycle enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, leading to O₂ evolution, or leaked into the medium where it was returned to the cell by the active CO₂/HCO₃^– transport systems for fixation. However, leakage of CO₂ from air-grown cells was only observed when the active CO₂ transport system was inhibited by darkness or the CO₂ analogue carbon oxysulfide.Abbreviations BTP bistrispropane - C_i inorganic carbon (=CO₂+HCO₃^-+CO₃^2-) - CA carbonic anhydrase - Chl chlorophyll - COS carbon oxysulfide - MSX methionine sulfoximine - PAR photosynthetically active radiation - Rubisco ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase     

Expression of Na+/HCO3- cotransporter and its role in pH regulation in mouse parotid acinar cells

Ion transporters such as Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE), Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger (AE), and Na(+)/HCO(3)(-) cotransporter (NBC) are known to contribute to the intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulation during agonist-induced stimulation. This study examined the mechanisms for the pH(i) regulation in the mouse parotid and sublingual acinar cells using the fluorescent pH-sensitive probe, BCECF. The pH(i) recovery from agonist-induced acidification in the sublingual acinar cells was completely blocked by EIPA, a NHE inhibitor. However, the parotid acinar cells required DIDS, a NBC1 inhibitor, in addition to EIPA in order to block the pH(i) recovery. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis detected the expression of pancreatic NBC1 (pNBC1) only in the parotid acinar cells. These results provide strong evidence that the mechanisms for the pH(i) regulation are different in the two types of acinar cells, and pNBC1 contributes to pH(i) regulation in the parotid acinar cells, whereas NHE is likely to be the exclusive pH(i) regulator in the sublingual acinar cells.     

Variable HCO 3 - affinity of Elodea canadensis Michaux in response to different HCO 3 - and CO2 concentrations during growth

Summary Elodea canadensis grows over a wide range of inorganic carbon, nutrient, and light conditions in lakes and streams. Affinity for HCO₃^-use during photosynthesis ranged from strong to weak in Elodea collected from seven localities with different HCO₃^-and CO₂ concentrations. The response to HCO₃^-was also very plastic in plants grown in the laboratory at high HCO₃^-concentrations and CO₂ concentrations varying from 14.8 to 2,200 M. Bicarbonate affinity was markedly reduced with increasing CO₂ concentrations in the growth medium so that ultimately HCO₃^-use was not detectable. High CO₂ concentrations also decreased CO₂ affinity and induced high CO₂ compensation points (360M CO₂) and tenfold higher half-saturation values (800 M CO₂).The variable HCO₃^-affinity is probably environmentally based. Elodea is a recently introduced species in Denmark, where it reproduces only vegetatively, leaving little opportunity for genetic variation. More important, local populations in the same water system had different HCO₃^-affinities, and a similar variation was created by exposing one plant collection to different laboratory conditions.Bicarbonate use enabled Elodea to photosynthesize rapidly in waters of high alkalinity and enhanced the carbon-extracting capacity by maintaining photosynthesis above pH 10. On the other hand, use of HCO₃^-represents an investment in transport apparatus and energy which is probably not profitable when CO₂ is high and HCO₃^-is low. This explanation is supported by the findings that HCO₃^-affinity was low in field populations where HCO₃^-was low (0.5 and 0.9 m M) or CO₂ was locally high, and that HCO₃^-affinity was suppressed in the laboratory by high CO₂ concentrations.Abbreviations DIC dissolved inorganic carbon (CO₂+ HCO₃^-+CO₃^-) - CO₂ compensation point - K_1/2 apparent halfsaturation constant - P_HCO3^– interpolated photosynthesis in pure HCO₃^-and zero CO₂ - P_max photosynthetic rate under carbon and light saturation     

盐生杜氏藻细胞光合特性的研究

研究了盐生杜氏藻细胞的光合特性获知：⑴在７００－３００ｎｍ波长范围,出现三个吸收峰,分别位于６８０．４８５和４００ｎｍ处;⑵测定了该藻细胞内ＡＴＰ／ＡＤＰ比值,钒酸钠处理可以提高ＡＴＰ／ＡＤＰ比值;⑶以培养液为反应介质,测出该藻细胞的光合放氧,钒酸钠抑制放氧速率;⑷用调制式荧光计测出该藻细胞的Ｆｏ,Ｆｍ以及经间隔饱和光脉冲引起的Ｆｍ,表明盐生杜氏藻具有正常的光系统结构;⑸该藻细胞可诱导可逆的光状态     

北京市PM2.5化学组分特征

对2012年8月至2013年7月期间北京市定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡4个站点的15种PM_(2.5)化学组分进行分析,探讨各组分的时空分布特征以及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的污染特征。结果表明,4个站点PM_(2.5)组分中OC、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的含量较高,年均浓度分别为(22.62±21.86)、(19.39±21.06)、(18.89±19.82)、(13.20±12.80)μg/m3。各组分浓度在时间分布上多为冬季最高,夏季最低;在空间分布上多为南部高,北部低;另外NH+4浓度水平明显高于早年间的监测结果。受燃煤的影响,冬季OC和EC平均浓度分别为夏季浓度的3倍和2.5倍。春、夏、秋、冬季4个站点平均OC/EC比值分别为4.9、7.0、8.1和8.4,表明北京市全年均存在较严重的SOC污染。采用OC/EC比值法估算得出全年定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡站二次有机碳(SOC)占OC的比例分别为57.7%、60.0%、45.6%和57.6%。定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡站年均[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值分别为1.01、1.25、1.08和1.12,表明目前北京市排放源表现出固定源和移动源并重的特征。     

Response of lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) to Fe deficiency induced by low concentrations of Fe in solution or by addition of HCO3 -

Lupins appear to be more sensitive than peas to Fe deficiency. However, when grown in nutrient solutions between pH 5–6, little difference existed between them in their ability to acidify the solution or to release Fe^III reducing compounds. This experiment was aimed at determining whether differences between species which occurred when Fe deficiency was induced by withholding Fe from an acid solution, are maintained when Fe deficiency is induced by addition of HCO₃ ^-. Lupins and peas were grown in nutrient solutions at 0, 2 and 6 μM of Fe^III EDDHA and either with or without HCO₃ ^- (6 mM). Bicarbonate induced symptoms of Fe deficiency (chlorosis) in both lupins and peas, and markedly decreased the growth of shoots. Symptoms appeared sooner and were more severe in lupins than in peas. Growing plants without HCO₃ ^-, but at the lowest Fe level, decreased the growth and Fe concentration of shoots of lupins but did not induce chlorosis. Growing peas in this treatment, decreased Fe concentrations, but to a lesser extent than in lupins, and did not decrease growth. H⁺-ion extrusion and release of Fe^III reducing compounds was greater in lupins than in peas. Bicarbonate also decreased the growth of roots of lupins but increased the growth of roots of peas. Results indicate that when Fe deficiency is induced by HCO₃ ^-, then the response of lupins and peas are similar to their response in acid solution culture. Differences between species therefore could not be explained by their relative abilities to acidify or release Fe^III reducing compounds. Greater control of the distribution of Fe within the shoots, the presence of a pool of Fe within the roots, a lower threshold for Fe uptake, or a higher content of seed-Fe, may therefore be the reason for the lower sensitivity of peas than lupins to Fe deficiency.     

The effects of experimentally altered gill chloride cell surface area on acid-base regulation in rainbow trout during metabolic alkalosis

To evaluate the role of the gill chloride cells in regulating metabolic alkalosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the surface area of branchial chloride cells was altered experimentally using combined cortisol/ovine growth hormone injections. Long-term (10-day) treatment of fish with cortisol/ovine growth hormone caused an increase in the two-dimensional chloride cell fractional surface area when compared to uninjected fish (from 8.4 to 29.7%). This was the combined result of an increase in the size of individual cells (from 34.6 to 59.2 m²) and increased numbers of cells (from 2368 to 5006 cells · mm^-2). Metabolic alkalosis was induced by intra-arterial infusion of 140 mmol · l^-1 NaHCO₃; control fish were infused with 140 mmol · l^-1 NaCl. Blood pH and plasma [HCO₃ ^-] increased in both the untreated and the cortisol/ovine growth hormone-treated fish. However, the increases in pH (from 8.05 to 8.53) and [HCO₃ ^-] (from 5.9 to 22.2 mmol · l^-1) in the untreated fish were significantly greater than in the cortisol/ovine growth hormone-treated fish (pH increased from 7.78 to 8.11; [HCO₃ ^-] increased from 5.5 to 13.9 mmol · l^-1). In all fish, NaHCO₃ infusion elicited an increase in the rate of branchial basic equivalent excretion (acidic equivalent uptake) which, in turn, was caused by decreases and increases in branchial Na⁺ uptake and Cl^- uptake, respectively. In the untreated fish, there was a pronounced increase (75%) in chloride cell surface area during NaHCO₃ infusion. The attenuation of the metabolic alkalosis during HCO₃ ^- infusion in the cortical/ovine growth hormone-treated fish was caused, at least in part, by an enhancement of branchial basic equivalent excretion. In these fish that already displayed a proliferation of chloride cells, there was no further increase in chloride cell surface area. The changes in Na⁺ influx and Cl^- influx were quantitatively similar during NaHCO₃ infusion in both groups. This suggests that the greater rate of base excretion in the cortisol/ovine growth hormone-treated fish was caused by a greater percentage of Cl^- uptake being coupled to HCO₃ ^- excretion and less to Cl^- excretion (Cl^- exchange diffusion).Abbreviations Amm total ammonia - bw body weight - CC chloride cell - CCFA chloride cell fractional area - cort/oGH cortisol/ovine growth hormone - dpm disintegrations per minute - J ^Amm net flux of total ammonia - J _in unidirectional influx - J _inCl^- chloride ion uptake - J _inNa⁺ sodium ion uptake - J _netH⁺ net acidic equivalent flux - J ^TA net flux of titrable alkalinity - MS 222 ethyl-m-aminobenzoate - oGH ovine growth hormone - PVC pavement cell - SEM scanning electron microscope - TA titrable alkalinity