草莓种苗壮苗指数模型的构建与质量评价

随着我国草莓栽培面积逐年增加,草莓种苗需求量越来越大,为了确保种苗育苗质量,亟需开展壮苗评价的研究。本研究以生长40 d的‘红颜’穴盘苗为对象,在测定地上部和地下部生长、鲜重、干重等16项指标的基础上,分别构建单项指标隶属函数,使用加权模糊评判法计算种苗综合评价指数;利用主成分分析筛选的关键指标组成多个壮苗指数模型,与种苗综合评价指数进行相关性分析后,确定最佳草莓壮苗指数模型并进行验证。结果表明: 随机选取的320株草莓种苗16项指标存在显著差异,综合评价指数为0.165～0.817,可作为壮苗指数模型构建和种苗质量评价的依据。主成分分析将16项指标划分为地上部相关指标、地下部相关指标和色素指标3个主成分,累计贡献率达到79.7%;从每个主成分中选择贡献值最大的3个指标随机组成27种壮苗指数模型,通过相关性分析筛选出与综合评价指数相关性最大的5个壮苗指数模型,其中“地上干重×根系表面积×叶绿素a”的相关性最高,用‘红颜’、‘香野’和‘甜查理’种苗验证相关系数均最大,分别为0.879、0.924和0.975,确定可作为草莓壮苗指数计算模型。以综合评价指数为种苗质量分级依据,可将种苗健壮程度分为3个等级:等级Ⅰ(综合评价指数≥0.5,壮苗指数≥4.0)为优质苗,等级Ⅱ(综合评价指数0.3～0.5,壮苗指数0.5～4.0)为合格苗,等级Ⅲ(综合评价指数≤0.3,壮苗指数≤0.5)为弱苗。研究结果可为草莓或其他种苗壮苗指数计算和种苗健壮程度评价提供理论依据与科学方法。     

粗糙集理论对湖泊生态系统健康评定指数法的评价

选用浮游植物生物量(BA)等5个生态系统健康评价指标,通过计算各指标指数和加权综合指数法对意大利西西里岛30个湖泊的健康做出分级.然后用粗糙集理论对5个指标进行筛选处理,又重新计算加权综合指数和分级.结果表明:浮游动物生物量(BZ)指标在湖泊健康分级中没有作用,是多余指标;粗糙集理论与健康指数相结合有重要意义.     

几种多样性指标在森林群落分析中的应用比较

为检验多样性指标对群落物种组成和多样性变化的效应和敏感性, 以广东东莞银瓶山常绿阔叶林为研究对象,计算每个样方单元的物种数、个体总数及其他6 种多样性指标, 并进行统计学分析和差异性检验。结果表明, 在样方尺度上, Berger-Parker 指数作为反映群落优势度的指标, 对群落多样性变化最为敏感, 而Simpson 指数最不敏感; 与丰富度(即物种数)变异程度最接近的为Menhinick 指数及Margalef 指数, 而Berger-Parker 指数其变化与样方单元总个体数的变化最接近; Shannon-Wiener 指数和Simpson 指数相关性最强, 而与Menhinick 指数的相关性相对较弱。在样方单元组合的丰富度梯度下, Berger-Parker 指数、Margalef 指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数及Simpson 指数均表现出显著差异, 而Pielou 指数和Menhinick 指数则对物种丰富度的变化不敏感。依据这些结果, 对开展生物群落多样性研究时如何合理选用恰当的指标, 提出了详细的建议。     

基于脑功能连接网络离心率的轻微肝性脑病研究

全脑功能连接显示轻微肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy,MHE)患者的皮层-基底节-丘脑环路受损,但无法量化该改变。通过对比MHE患者组和健康组的全脑功能连接网络的全局指标,发现MHE患者具有更大的图连接指数、图直径、图半径和直径指数,支持这些指标在MHE疾病的全脑功能连接水平上的有效性和可靠性。图连接指数、图直径及直径指数与数字符号实验指标相关,直径指数与数字连接实验指标相关,反映MHE患者的脑功能改变。离心率和离心率连接指数显示MHE患者大部分脑区指向基底节区域,支持MHE患者的脑区连接通路、特别是连接基底节区域的通路很可能出现阻滞甚至断裂。     

新疆阜康地区植物群落物种多样性及其测度指标的比较

对新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带植被,分别采用重要值、盖度、多度计测了9种物种多样性指数,并进行了对比分析。结果表明：①对新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带植被类型,以重要值和盖度为测度指标优于多以度为指标计测群落多样性指数;②对9个指数的主成分分析（PCA）表明,3个多样性指数中,Shannon-Wiener指数受丰富影响最大,其次是McIntosh指数,而Simpson指数与丰富度关系较远。     

两个典型荒漠化地区景观多样性变化的比较——景观基质的影响

利用青海沙珠玉沙区英德尔乡和陕西榆林沙区可可盖乡两个典型荒漠化地区两个时期的土地利用和荒漠化数据,分析了多样性、优势度和均匀度等景观多样性指标在两个地区的变化规律及其指示的景观生态学意义。研究结果表明,这些指标在两个地区都能够较好地评价荒漠化土地的动态变化规律,对分析荒漠化土地的发展趋势具有较好的指示意义。但由于景观基质的影响,上述指标在两个地区存在着完全不同的变化趋势,即随着荒漠化土地的增加,在沙珠玉沙区表现为多样性指数增加、优势度指数减小和均匀度指数增大;在榆林沙区则表现为多样性指数减小、优势度指数增加和均匀度指数减小。     

谷子孕穗期抗旱指标筛选

为研究谷子孕穗期在干旱环境的形态、生理、生化性状变化趋势,筛选谷子孕穗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以20个谷子品种为试验材料,在模拟干旱棚中分析了谷子孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下形态和生理、生化指标的变化。试验表明:单穗重、单穗粒重、株高、穗下茎长、千粒重与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期抗旱性的形态指标;叶绿素含量、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量和超氧化岐化酶活性(SOD)4个指标与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期的生理、生化指标。通过主成分分析确立了千粒重、单穗重、叶绿素和SOD等4个指标的相对值为谷子孕穗期抗旱性综合指标,以抗旱指数为因变量,4个综合指数为自变量建立的回归方程对供试品种的抗旱性进行预测具有高的准确性。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林异质生境物种多样性比较与其测度指标筛选及评价

选择合适的物种多样性测度指标与多样性指数是进行群落多样性研究的基础工作。依据塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林样地调查资料,分别采用重要值、盖度和多度为测度指标比较了反映群落物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度和优势度12种多样性指数与异质生境群落多样性特征,并对多样性指数进行了相关分析与评价。结果表明,荒漠河岸林异质生境群落物种组成种类差异明显,轮南镇胡杨群落物种丰富度与多样性指数最高,水工三连灰胡杨群落多样性最低,土壤水盐的空间异质性是引起荒漠植被空间分布与群落多样性差异的主导因子。表征荒漠群落多样性以重要值和盖度为测度指标优于多度指标,其中以重要值为测度指标来反映群落多样性更为合理。相关与主成分分析表明,均匀度与多样性指数间的相关性高于丰富度与多样性指数,且多样性指数受均匀度、优势度指数受丰富度影响较大,反映出荒漠河岸林群落多样性主要决定于物种分布的均匀程度。12种多样性指数中Margalef丰富度指数（Ma）、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数（H）与Simpson多样性指数（D）能客观真实地反映异质生境荒漠植物群落多样性。同时,针对高度生境异质性的荒漠植物群落,还应综合考虑群落物种组成与生境特征,选择合适的多样性指数组合可更客观地反映荒漠河岸林群落多样性变化。     

学龄双生子儿童身体围度与宽度指标的遗传学分析

为探讨遗传和环境因素对学龄双生子儿童身体围度及宽度等体格指标的影响,对351对6~12岁双生子儿童身高、胸围、腰围、臀围、肩宽、骨盆宽指标进行测量,计算各指标的相关指数。应用Mx软件拟合最佳结构方程模型计算各指标遗传度,分析年龄与性别的作用。结果发现,各指标拟合的最佳模型均为ACES,各测量指标的年龄方差较大(0.21~0.76),衍生指数中除腰臀比(女0.15,男0.05)外几乎均不存在年龄方差;各指标的共同环境方差变异较大(0.00~0.53);衍生指数的特殊环境因素方差(0.09~0.25)总体上高于测量指标(0.01~0.09)。校正年龄后,各指标遗传度为身高(女63%,男59%)、胸围(女84%,男88%)、身高胸围指数(女87%,男55%)、腰围(女46%,男64%)、臀围(女61%,男61%)、腰臀比(女44%,男44%)、肩宽(女78%,男78%)、骨盆宽(女62%,男62%)、身高肩宽指数(女40%,男40%)、身高骨盆宽指数(女35%,男48%)、肩宽骨盆宽指数(女24%,男24%)。结果表明学龄双生子儿童身高、胸围、身高胸围指数、臀围、肩宽、骨盆宽主要受遗传因素影响;腰臀比、身高肩宽指数、身高骨盆宽指数及肩宽骨盆宽指数受环境因素影响更大;遗传与环境因素对身高胸围指数、腰围指标的影响可能存在一定性别差异;年龄对学龄双生子儿童身体围度及宽度相关指数的影响较小。     

森林资源可持续状况评价方法

为了准确、快速地评估森林经营单位的森林资源可持续状况,提出了森林资源可持续状况的评价指标、评价方法和评价结果分级。森林资源可持续状况评价指标包括森林资源质量状况、森林资源利用状况和森林受干扰状况3个方面共28个评价指标。通过参照技术规定、查阅专业用表和使用经验数值等3种方法确定评价指标的基准值;根据基准值把评价指标测定值分级为"好"、"中"、"差"3个等级,并分别赋值1.0、0.62和0.38。利用专家咨询法或层次分析法,根据森林经营单位的主要经营目标和森林主导功能,确定森林资源质量状况评价指标的权重。根据评价指标的实测值、赋值和权重,计算森林资源质量状况指数、森林资源利用状况指数和森林受干扰状况指数,进而计算森林资源可持续状况指数。根据森林资源可持续状况指数值的大小,将森林经营单位的森林资源可持续状况划分为优、良、中和差四个等级。     

Relationships Between Geographical Distribution of Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Climate in China

Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst., which belongs to China-Japan subtype of East Asia district, is a evergreen broadleaved tree of Fagaceae. It is distributed widely in the subtropical region of China and also in Japan, Korea, India, Burma, etc. According to the data on geographical distribution of this species collected extensively, the indexes of vegetation-climate interaction which used widely in the world were calculated. These indexes include Kira' s water-temperature indexes, Penman's formula, Thornthwaite's indexes and climatic classification, Holdridge's life zone classification system, annual average temperature, mean temperature in January, mean temperature in July, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature and precipitation. The relationships between geographical distribution of Cyclobalanopsis glauca and climate in China has been analysed and the Kira's water-temperature indexes on the distributional upper limit, lower limit and north limit have been discussed. The relation of species versus climate in historial period and the relation of species versus climate in historial period have also been discussed according to palynological and written records. The potential change of the tree species distributional area under elevated CO2 concentration has been forecast based on Holdridge' s indexes of life zone classification system and GCM models' conclusions.     

江苏主要常绿阔叶树种的分布与热量关系的初步研究

植物分布主要受气候因子制约,在气候因子中温度又起主导作用。这一观点作为植物地理学的一条原理早已为人们所接受。可是,植物分布与温度之间的定量研究工作在我国做得还比较少。日本大阪大学吉良教授(1967,1977)曾用两种热量指标(温暖指标Warmth index和寒冷指标Coldness index)分析日本森林带的分布与热量之间的关系。朝鲜学者任良宰     

缙云山四川大茶种群繁殖适应性的数量特征研究

 在对缙云山3种含有四川大头茶种群的不同群落调查测定,研究四川大头茶种群年龄结构,繁殖分配,编制静态生命表的基础上,研编了四川大头茶种群的生殖力表,生殖表。对诸生殖参数进行了综合分析,剖析了构成四川大头茶繁殖对策的几个重要组成部分。结果表明：四川大头茶种群在常绿阔叶林中的繁殖寿命最长,适合度最大;四川大头茶种群的生殖值(Vx),现时生殖值(bx),剩余生殖值(RRV),累积剩余生殖值(SRRV)以及整个生活史的总生殖值(TRV)是时间的函数,并受环境制约,诸指标综合反映了遗传特性与环境因素相互作用对四川大头茶特定年龄个体繁殖能力影响的方式和强度,反映了四川大头茶种群繁殖动态规律;存活率lx与bx的负相关关系,SRRV与bx的负相关关系以及生命期望与生殖投资策略的负相关关系进一步反映了较大的生殖投入与较大的死亡概率之间的定量关系。     

KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用

根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数(BWI)和生物寒冷指数(BCI),并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数(BK).利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局.以10℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值.     

中国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种及常见种分布与Thornthwaite指标的关系

根据中国亚热带常绿阔叶林区域的气象资料和植物分布资料,计算了组成中国亚热带常绿阔叶林的１１２个优势种及常见种的Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅ潜在可能蒸散指标和湿度指标,利用其湿度气候分类和湿度气候分类对优势种和常见种进行了气候类型划分,分为５种类型并划分了优势种及常见种的Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅ水热指标分布类群,分别为：Ｇ１低温半湿润型,Ｇ２中温中湿型,Ｇ３中温湿润型,Ｇ４高温半湿润型,Ｇ５高温中湿型。     

不同群落中四川大头茶（Gordonia acuminata）花粉游离脯氨酸含 …

四川大头茶（Ｇｏｒｄｏｎｉａ ａｃｕｍｉｎａｔａ）是缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林的优势树种之一,对缙云山３种不同群落中四川大头茶的花粉游离脯氨酸含量和果实的种子产量进行了研究,发现花粉游离脯氨酸含量和每果种子产量在同一群落中的不同龄级四川大头茶个体间没有差异,但在不同群落间表现差异,常绿阔叶林中的四川大头茶个体具有最高的花粉游离脯氨酸含量和每果种子产量,四川大头茶纯林中的次之,针阔混交林中的最低。分析发     

Climate and vegetation in China II. Distribution of main vegetation types and thermal climate

The authors examined relationships between Kira's warmth index (WI) and four other important thermal indices: the sums of daily mean temperatures above 5°C and 10°C, Thornthwaite's potential evapotranspiration (PE) and Holdridge's annual biotemperature. The thermal records of 671 meteorological stations evenly located all over China were used to make these comparisons. Close correlations were found within the four relationships, and accordingly WI was used to analyse the thermal distributions of the main vegetation types. Vegetation types around the 671 stations were read from a vegetation map with a scale of 1/4000000. Vegetation types at 269 stations corresponded to the natural or seminatural vegetation, and 29 vegetation types were distinguished by arranging the 269 data into the same or similar types. The geographical distribution of these 29 types and the corresponding main climatic features were described. The relations between WI and distribution of these vegetation types were discussed in detail. As a result, WI values (°C month) corresponding to the vegetation zones could be summarized as follows: (1) arctic or alpine vegetation zone: 0–15; (2) boreal or subalpine vegetation zone: 15-(50–55); (3) cool-temperate vegetation zone: (50–55)–(80–90); (4) warm-temperate vegetation zone: (80–90)–(170–180). These values almost coincided with Kira's values. Chinese postgraduate student in Japan sent by the Chinese Government.     

Study on Climate Vegetation Classification for Global Change in China

The study on climate-vegetation relationship is the basis for determining the re sponse of terrestrial ecosystem to global change. By means of quantitative analysis on climate-vegetation interaction, vegetation types and their distribution pattern could be corresponded with certain climatic types in a series of mathematical forms. Thus, the climate could be used to predict vegetation types and their distribution, the same is in reverse. Potential evapotranspiration rate is a comprehensive climatological index which combines temperature with precipitation, and could be used to evaluate the effect of climate on vegetation. In this respect, Holdridge life zone system has been drawing much attention and widely applied internationally owing to its simplicity. It is especially used in the assessment of sensibility of terrestrial ecosystems and their distribution in accordance with climate change and in prediction of the changing pattern of vegetation under doubled CO2 condition. However, Prentice (1990) pointed out that the accurancy of Holdridge life zone system is less than 40 % when it is used at global scale. The reason may be that the potential evapotranspiration calculated by Thornthwaite method, which is used in Holdridge life zone system, reflects the potential evapotranspiration from small evaporated area, while climate-vegetation classification is based on the regional scale. The authors try to establish a new climate-vegetation classification system based on the regional potential evapotranspiration. According to the following formula: where E designates regional actual evapotranspiration: Ep local potential evapotran-spiration: Epo, regional potential evapotranspiration. Ed can be calculated from Penman model or other models. E can be calculated from the following model: E=r · Rn (r2+Rn2+r · Rn) / (2) (r+Rn) · (r2+Rn2)where r designates precipitation (mm); Rn, net radiation (mm). Thus, Ep0 can be easily obtained. It is used as the regional thermal index (RTI) of climate-vegetation classification,and can be expressed as: RTl = Epo (3) Moisture index is another index of climate-veggetation classification. Usually, it can be expressed as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. However, this ratio can not reflect soil moisture, which is important for plant. The ratio between regional actual evapotranspiration and regional potential evapotranspiration is associated not only with climatic condition but also with soil moisture. So it can be used as the moisture index of climate-vegetation classification, and is defined as regional moisture index (RMI): RMI = E/Epo (5) Based on the average climatological data of 30 years from 647 meteorological observation stations in China. It was found that RTl could well reflect a regional thermal level. The values of RTI were less than 360 mm in cold temperate zone, 360～650 mm in temperate zone, 650～380 mm in warm temperate zone, 780～1100 mm in subtropical zone. And more than 1100 mm in tropical zone. RMI also reflects a regional moisture level very well. The values of RMI was less than 0.4 in desert area, 0.4～0.7 in grassland area and more than 0.7 in forest area. Thus, the climate-vegetation classification in China is established on the basis of the two indices: RTI and RMI. According to this model, the changing patterns of vegetation zones in China are given under the conditions of mean annual temperature in creasing by 2℃ and 4℃ and mean annual precipitation increasing by 20%. The results showed that the areas of forest and grassland would decrease, the vegetation zones would move northward and upward, and the area of desert would increase. The results also indicate that the Tibetan Plateau is an area highly sensitive to global change. It could be considered as an indicative or forewarning area for global change , and therefore, an area of great siginificance for monitoring and research. The possible beneficial effect of global change on China terrestrial ecosystems is that the plantation boundary will move northwards and upwards; and the disadvantageous effect is the expansion of desertification and the increase of instability in climatic conditions.     

中国特有种川榛的地理分布格局与气候环境因子的关系分析

采用查询资料和实地调查相结合的方法,收集中国特有种川榛(Corylus kweichowensis Hu)的地理分布资料以及各分布区的气象数据;利用Kira温暖指数、Kira寒冷指数、徐文铎湿度指数、Holdrige生物温度、Holdrige可能蒸散率和Holdrige可能蒸散量对川榛地理分布格局与气候水热指标的关系进行研究;并采用主成分分析法对影响川榛分布的气候水热指标进行了分析.结果表明:川榛分布于中国的15个省(自治区、直辖市),水平分布范围为东经102°06′~121°59′、北纬25°11′~37°38′,分布的最北端和最东端均位于山东省牟平县,最南端和最西端分别位于贵州省安龙县和四川省泸定县;垂直分布海拔为300~2500 m,集中分布海拔为500~1000 m,主要分布于秦岭、伏牛山、大别山和大巴山等山系.川榛分布区的年均温、Kira温暖指数、年降水量和Holdrige生物温度的最适范围分别为1124℃~1772℃、9153℃·月-1~14924℃·月-1、59638~160175 mm和1166℃~1754℃,Kira寒冷指数、徐文铎湿度指数、年空气相对湿度、Holdrige可能蒸散量和Holdrige可能蒸散率的均值分别为-673℃·月-1、911、7481%、86025 mm和089,其分布南界和北界的Kira温暖指数、Kira寒冷指数和年降水量的范围分别为6290℃·月-1~16910℃·月-1、-3990℃·月-1~-110℃·月-1和42550~205820 mm;按照Holdrige分类系统,川榛属于暖温带和亚热带湿润森林生命地带类型中的树种,生态适应性较广.主成分分析结果表明:限制川榛地理分布的气候水热条件由高到低依次为低温条件、高温条件、湿度条件,因此,园艺化栽培川榛时可首先考虑1月均温、Kira寒冷指数、极端低温、无霜期和年均温等因素.     

不同群落中四川大头茶 (Gordonia acuminata)花粉游离脯氨酸含量与种子产量

 四川大头茶(Gordonia acuminata)是缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林的优势树种之一。对缙云山3种不同群落中四川大头茶的花粉游离脯氨酸含量和果实的种子产量进行了研究,发现花粉游离脯氨酸含量和每果种子产量在同一群落中的不同龄级四川大头茶个体间没有差异,但在不同群落间表现出差异。常绿阔叶林中的四川大头茶个体具有最高的花粉游离脯氨酸含量和每果种子产量,四川大头茶纯林中的次之,针阔混交林中的最低。分析发现,四川大头茶花粉游离脯氨酸含量与果实的种子产量有密切的正相关关系,花粉中的游离脯氨酸含量可以作为一种预测和比较相同地区不同生态环境中四川大头茶种子产量的指标。