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1.
Silicon has opposite effects on the accumulation of inorganic and methylated arsenic species in rice 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Background and aims
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a main source of human exposure to inorganic arsenic and mitigation measures are needed to decrease As accumulation in this staple crop. It has been shown that silicon decreases the accumulation of arsenite but, unexpectedly, increases the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in rice grain. The aim of this study was to investigate why Si increases DMA accumulation.Methods
Pot and incubation experiments were conducted to investigate how the addition of sparingly soluble silicate gel affected As speciation in the soil solution and the accumulation of different As species in rice tissues.Results
Silicon addition significantly decreased the concentration of inorganic As (mainly arsenite) but increased the concentration of DMA in both the vegetative and reproductive tissues of rice. Silicon increased the concentration of DMA in the soil solution, whereas autoclaving soil decreased DMA concentration. Less DMA was adsorbed by the soil than arsenate and Si addition significantly inhibited DMA adsorption.Conclusions
Silicon increased DMA accumulation and decreased arsenite accumulation in rice through different mechanisms. Silicic acid released from the silicate gel increased the availability of DMA for rice uptake by inhibiting DMA adsorption on the soil solid phase or by displacing adsorbed DMA. Although silicic acid also increased the concentration of inorganic As in the soil solution, this effect was much smaller than the inhibitory effect of Si on arsenite uptake by rice roots. 相似文献2.
Background
Non-enzymatic glycation increases hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and reduces oxygen delivery to tissues by altering the structure and function of hemoglobin.Objectives
We investigated whether an elevated blood concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) could induce falsely high pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2) in type 2 diabetic patients during mechanical ventilation or oxygen therapy.Methods
Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) were determined with simultaneous monitoring of SpO2 in 261 type 2 diabetic patients during ventilation or oxygen inhalation.Results
Blood concentration of HbA1c was >7% in 114 patients and????7% in 147 patients. Both SaO2 (96.2?±?2.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 95.7-96.7% vs. 95.1?±?2.8%, 95% CI 94.7-95.6%) and SpO2 (98.0?±?2.6%, 95% CI 97.6-98.5% vs. 95.3?±?2.8%, 95% CI 94.9-95.8%) were significantly higher in patients with HbA1c >7% than in those with HbA1c????7% (Data are mean?±?SD, all p?<?0.01), but PO2 did not significantly differ between the two groups. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated a significant bias between SpO2 and SaO2 (1.83 ±0.55%, 95% CI 1.73% -1.94%) and limits of agreement (0.76% and 2.92%) in patients with HbA1c >7%. The differences between SpO2 and SaO2 correlated closely with blood HbA1c levels (Pearson??s r?=?0.307, p?<?0.01).Conclusions
Elevated blood HbA1c levels lead to an overestimation of SaO2 by SpO2, suggesting that arterial blood gas analysis may be needed for type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control during the treatment of hypoxemia. 相似文献3.
Root-induced changes in radial oxygen loss, rhizosphere oxygen profile, and nitrification of two rice cultivars in Chinese red soil regions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Aims
To evaluate the external and internal morphological differences of roots that might influence rice root radial oxygen loss (ROL) and the corresponding rhizosphere nitrification activity, growth characteristics and nitrogen nutrition of rice.Methods
The root ROL and rhizosphere oxygen profile were determined using a miniaturised Clark-type oxygen microelectrode system, and the rhizosphere nitrification activity was studied with a short-term nitrification activity assay.Results
The rice biomass, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of ZH (high yield) were significantly higher than those of HS (low yield). The root biomass, number, diameter and porosity of ZH were also much greater than those of HS. The inner and surface oxygen concentrations of the root of ZH were significantly higher than those of HS. The order of paddy soil oxygen penetration depth was ZH?>?HS?>?CK, and the order of the oxygen concentrations detected in the water layer and rhizosphere soil was the same. The rhizosphere nitrification activity and nitrate concentration of ZH were significantly higher than those of HS.Conclusions
More porous and thicker roots improved the individual root ROL, and more adventitious root numbers enhanced the entire plant ROL and correspondingly improved the rhizosphere nitrification activity, which might influence the growth and nitrogen nutrition of rice. 相似文献4.
German Andres Estrada Vera Lúcia Divan Baldani Danilo Messias de Oliveira Segundo Urquiaga José Ivo Baldani 《Plant and Soil》2013,369(1-2):115-129
Background and Aims
Plant growth-promoting bacteria, mainly diazotrophs and phosphate solubilizers, can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers for rice crops. Here, diazotrophic bacteria isolated from rice were screened for their ability to solubilize inorganic P (Pi) in vitro and in association with rice plants cultivated in pots.Methods
Forty-nine isolates were tested for the ability to solubilize Pi on NBRIP and GL agar plate media and seven selected strains were further evaluated in NBRIP liquid medium. Three of these strains were inoculated in rice plants grown in soil pots containing 15N-labeled fertilizer and two sources of P: tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or simple superphosphate (SSP). The dry matter, yield, N, P, and the 15N content accumulated in plant tissues were measured at 135 days after planting.Results
Seven strains belonging to the genera Herbaspirillum and Burkholderia formed a halo of solubilized Pi on agar plates. The Burkholderia strains showed peak soluble P (around 200 mg P L?1) on the fifth day when grown in NBRIP liquid medium for 14 days. Inoculation of Herbaspirillum strains (H18, ZA15) and a Burkholderia vietaminensis strain (AR114) increased rice grain yield from 33 to 47 % with TCP and 18 to 44 % with TSS, respectively. The bacterial inoculation led to enhanced N-use efficiency of the 15N-labeled fertilizer.Conclusion
These results suggest that the selection and use of P-solubilizing diazotrophic bacteria are a good strategy to promote P solubilization and/or N use efficiency in rice plants. 相似文献5.
Does radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation on roots alter Cd and Pb uptake and distribution in rice plant tissues? 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Background and Aims
Metal (e.g. Cd and Pb) pollution in agricultural soils and crops have aroused considerable attention in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ROL and Fe plaque on Cd and Pb accumulation and distribution in the rice plant.Methods
A rhizobag experiment was employed to investigate the correlations among radial oxygen loss (ROL), Fe plaque formation and uptake and distribution of Cd and Pb in 25 rice cultivars.Results
Large differences between the cultivars were found in rates of ROL (1.55 to 6.88 mmol O2 kg?1 root d.w. h?1), Fe plaque formation (Fe: 6,117–48,167 mg kg?1; Mn: 127–1,089 mg kg?1), heavy metals in shoot (Cd: 0.13–0.35 mg kg?1; Pb: 4.8–8.1 mg kg?1) and root tissues (Cd: 1.1–3.5 mg kg?1; Pb: 45–199 mg kg?1), and in Fe plaque (Cd: 0.54–2.6 mg kg?1; Pb: 102–708 mg kg?1). Rates of ROL were positively correlated with Fe plaque formation and metal deposition on root surfaces, but negatively correlated with metal transfer factors of root/plaque and distributions in shoot and root tissues.Conclusions
ROL-induced Fe plaque promotes metal deposition on to root surfaces, leading to a limitation of Cd and Pb transfer and distribution in rice plant tissues. 相似文献6.
Aims
Carbon (C) bio-sequestration within the phytoliths of plants, a mechanism of long-term biogeochemical C sequestration, may play a major role in the global C cycle and climate change. In this study, we explored the potential of C bio-sequestration within phytoliths produced in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), a well known silicon accumulator.Methods
The rice phytolith extraction was undertaken with microwave digestion procedures and the determination of occluded C in phytoliths was based on dissolution methods of phytolith-Si.Results
Chemical analysis indicates that the phytolith-occluded C (PhytOC) contents of the different organs (leaf, stem, sheath and grains) on a dry weight basis in 5 rice cultivars range from 0.4 mg?g?1 to 2.8 mg?g?1, and the C content of phytoliths from grains is much lower than that of leaf, stem and sheath. The data also show that the PhytOC content of rice depends on both the content of phytoliths and the efficiency of C occlusion within phytoliths during rice growth. The biogeochemical C sequestration flux of phytoliths in 5 rice cultivars is approximately 0.03–0.13 Mg of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents (Mg-e-CO2) ha?1?year?1. From 1950 to 2010, about 2.37?×?108?Mg of CO2 equivalents might have been sequestrated within the rice phytoliths in China. Assuming a maximum phytoliths C bio-sequestration flux of 0.13 Mg-e-CO2 ha?1?year?1, the global annual potential rate of CO2 sequestrated in rice phytoliths would approximately be 1.94?×?107?Mg.Conclusions
Therefore rice crops may play a significant role in long-term C sequestration through the formation of PhytOC. 相似文献7.
Aim
This study aimed at better characterising background nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (BNE) in agricultural and natural lands.Methods
We compiled and analysed field-measured data for annual background N2O emission in agricultural (BNEA) and natural (BNEN) lands from 600 and 307 independent experimental studies, respectively.Results
There were no significant differences between BNEA (median: 0.70 & mean: 1.52 kg N2O???N ha?1 yr?1) and BNEN (median:0.31 & mean:1.75 kg N2O???N ha?1 yr?1) (P?>?0.05). A simultaneous comparison across all BNEA and BNEN indicated that BNEs from riparian, vegetable crop fields and intentional fallow areas were significantly higher than from boreal forests (P?<?0.05). Correlation and regression analyses supported the underlying associations of soil organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), pH, bulk density (BD),and/or air temperature (AT) with BNEs to a varying degree as a function of land-use or ecosystem type (Ps?<?0.05).Conclusions
Although overall BNEN tended to be lower than BNEA on median basis, results in general suggest that land-use shifts between natural and managed production systems would not result in consistent changes in BNE. 相似文献8.
Aim
Highly alkaline soils (pH?>?9.0) may adversely affect agricultural crop productivity. Problems encountered include poor structure and nutrient deficiency. Research based on solution cultures suggests that aluminium (Al) phytotoxicity may occur in soils with pH?>?9.0, but little research has been undertaken on actual soils under controlled conditions. The nature of the Al species responsible and the pH regime of the soils when this occurs are unknown.Methods
The charge and species of Al responsible for this toxicity was investigated using Zeta Potential measurement, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Al precipitation characteristics and electrical conductivity as a function of pH. An anion exchange resin was used to evaluate Al availability to plants at alkaline pH. To verify Al phytotoxicity, a pot experiment was performed with plants grown at near neutral and high pH, with and without Al.Results
The anionic aluminate species of aluminium was ubiquitous at highly alkaline pH, and was the dominant charged species at pH 9.2. Aluminium was phytotoxic at high pH, significantly reducing the stem and root development of field pea test plants over and above that caused by alkalinity alone. The effects of both alkalinity in general and aluminium in particular became noticeable at pH 9.0 and debilitating at pH?>?9.2.Conclusion
As this corresponds to the pH where aluminate becomes dominant, it is probably responsible for the phytotoxicity. 相似文献9.
Kazunari Suzuki Kentaro Watanabe Shoko Futami-Suda Hiroyuki Yano Masayuki Motoyama Noriaki Matsumura Yoshimasa Igari Tatsuya Suzuki Hiroshi Nakano Kenzo Oba 《Cardiovascular diabetology》2012,11(1):1-9
Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular events. Unfortunately traditional risk assessment scores, including the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), have only modest accuracy in cardiovascular risk prediction in these patients.Methods
We sought to determine the prognostic values of different non-invasive markers of atherosclerosis, including brachial artery endothelial function, carotid artery atheroma burden, ankle-brachial index, arterial stiffness and computed tomography coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in 151 T2DM Chinese patients that were identified low-intermediate risk from the FRS recalibrated for Chinese (<20% risk in 10?years). Patients were prospectively followed-up and presence of atherosclerotic events documented for a mean duration of 61?±?16?months.Results
A total of 17 atherosclerotic events in 16 patients (11%) occurred during the follow-up period. The mean FRS of the study population was 5.0?±?4.6% and area under curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for prediction of atherosclerotic events was 0.59?±?0.07 (P?=?0.21). Among different vascular assessments, CACS?>?40 had the best prognostic value (AUC 0.81?±?0.06, P?<?0.01) and offered significantly better accuracy in prediction compared with FRS (P?=?0.038 for AUC comparisons). Combination of FRS with CACS or other surrogate vascular markers did not further improve the prognostic values over CACS alone. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified CACS?>?40 as an independent predictor of atherosclerotic events in T2DM patients (Hazards Ratio 27.11, 95% Confidence Interval 3.36-218.81, P?=?0.002).Conclusions
In T2DM patients identified as low-intermediate risk by the FRS, a raised CACS?>?40 was an independent predictor for atherosclerotic events. 相似文献10.
The structures of unsaturated silylenoid HP=SiLiF were studied by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,P) level. Four equilibrium structures, the three-membered ring (1), the four-membered ring (2), the “classical” silane (3), and the linear (4) structures, were located. Their energies are in the order of 4?>?3?>?1?>?2. To exploit the stability of HP=SiLiF, the insertions reaction of 2 and HP=Si into C-Cl have been investigated, respectively. The results show that the insertion of HP=Si is more favorable. To compare with the saturated silylenoid, the insertion reaction of H2SiLiF was also investigated. The calculations indicate that the insertion of HP=SiLiF (2) is more favorable. The unsaturated siylenoid HP=SiLiF has similar reaction characters to saturated silylenoid H2SiLiF and silylene HP=Si. 相似文献
11.
Tânia L. Costa Everardo V. S. B. Sampaio Margareth F. Sales Luciano J. O. Accioly Tiago D. Althoff Frans G. C. Pareyn Eliza R. G. M. Albuquerque Rômulo S. C. Menezes 《Plant and Soil》2014,378(1-2):113-123
Aims
Root and shoot biomasses and their ratio (R:S) were determined for three stages of forest regeneration (18, 40 and >?60 years.), and for open and dense vegetation, in four soil classes in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil.Methods
Shoot biomasses were estimated by allometry and roots were collected in 0.7?×?0.7?×?1 m trenches.Results
Root and shoot biomasses and the R:S ratio were over double in the >60 year-old vegetation (R:S?=?0.67) when compared to more recent regenerated areas (0.32). In dense vegetation the biomass of roots and shoots were also more than the double of those in open vegetation but the R:S ratios were not significantly different (0.51 and 0.49). Litholic Neosols had lower ratio (0.22) than the other soil classes (0.53 to 0.63) and dense and open vegetation did not differ. In all areas except in deep sandy Quartzarenic Neosols most of the roots (> 90 %) were in the upper 40-cm layer of the soil profile, and consisted of coarse roots.Conclusion
Root biomass accumulates more slowly than aboveground biomass and it takes several decades to stabilize in shallower soils. The R:S ratios are higher when compared to other dry land forests, probably due to low water availability. 相似文献12.
Chanjuan Guo Judy Simon Rainer Gasche Pascale Sarah Naumann Carolin Bimüller Rodica Pena Andrea Polle Ingrid Kögel-Knabner Bernd Zeller Heinz Rennenberg Michael Dannenmann 《Plant and Soil》2013,369(1-2):657-668
Aims
Our aims were to characterize the fate of leaf-litter-derived nitrogen in the plant-soil-microbe system of a temperate beech forest of Southern Germany and to identify its importance for N nutrition of beech seedlings.Methods
15N-labelled leaf litter was traced in situ into abiotic and biotic N pools in mineral soil as well as into beech seedlings and mycorrhizal root tips over three growing seasons.Results
There was a rapid transfer of 15N into the mineral soil already 21 days after tracer application with soil microbial biomass initially representing the dominant litter-N sink. However, 15N recovery in non-extractable soil N pools strongly increased over time and subsequently became the dominant 15N sink. Recovery in plant biomass accounted for only 0.025 % of 15N excess after 876 days. After three growing seasons, 15N excess recovery was characterized by the following sequence: non-extractable soil N?>>?extractable soil N including microbial biomass?>>?plant biomass?>?ectomycorrhizal root tips.Conclusions
After quick vertical dislocation and cycling through microbial N pools, there was a rapid stabilization of leaf-litter-derived N in non-extractable N pools of the mineral soil. Very low 15N recovery in beech seedlings suggests a high importance of other N sources such as root litter for N nutrition of beech understorey. 相似文献13.
Aims
A pot study spanning four consecutive crop seasons was conducted to compare the effects of successive rice straw biochar/rice straw amendments on C sequestration and soil fertility in rice/wheat rotated paddy soil.Methods
We adopted 4.5 t ha?1, 9.0 t ha?1 biochar and 3.75 t ha?1 straw for each crop season with an identical dose of NPK fertilizers.Results
We found no major losses of biochar-C over the 2-year experimental period. Obvious reductions in CH4 emission were observed from rice seasons under the biochar application, despite the fact that the biochar brought more C into the soil than the straw. N2O emissions with biochar were similar to the controls without additives over the 2-year experimental period. Biochar application had positive effects on crop growth, along with positive effects on nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) uptake by crop plants and the availability of soil P, K, Ca and Mg. High levels of biochar application over the course of the crop rotation suppressed NH3 volatilization in the rice season, but stimulated it in the wheat season.Conclusions
Converting straw to biochar followed by successive application to soil is viable for soil C sequestration, CH4 mitigation, improvements of soil and crop productivity. Biochar soil amendment influences NH3 volatilization differently in the flooded rice and upland wheat seasons, respectively. 相似文献14.
Effect of selenium fertilization on the accumulation of cadmium and lead in rice plants 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Ying Hu Gareth John Norton Guilan Duan Yanchao Huang Yunxia Liu 《Plant and Soil》2014,384(1-2):131-140
Background and Aims
The accumulation of cadmium and lead in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains is a potential threat to human health. In this study, the effect of selenium fertilization on the uptake and translocation of cadmium and lead in rice plants was investigated.Methods
Rice plants were cultivated using cadmium and lead contaminated soils with selenium addition at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg?1). At maturity, plants were harvested, and element concentrations in rice tissues were analyzed by using ICP-MS.Results
Selenium application significantly increased selenium accumulation in rice grain, and markedly decreased cadmium and lead concentrations in rice tissues. In brown rice grains, selenium application reduced cadmium concentrations by 44.4 %, but had no significant effect on lead accumulation. Selenium application significantly decreased metal mobility in soils, at 0.5 mg kg?1 treatment, the translocation factor of cadmium and lead from soil to iron plaque decreased by 71 and 33 % respectively.Conclusions
The mechanism of selenium mitigating of heavy metal accumulation in rice could be decreasing metal bioavailability in soil. Selenium fertilization could be an effective and feasible method to enrich selenium and reduce cadmium levels in brown rice. 相似文献15.
Hai Ren Hua Chen Linjun Li Pingheng Li Changmou Hou Hongfu Wan Qianmei Zhang Peixia Zhang 《Plant and Soil》2013,363(1-2):123-138
Aims
The overall goal of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of C storage from 1992 to 2002 in forest ecosystems in Guangdong, China.Methods
We used 2237, 2103, and 1978 plot data from three continuous forest inventory in 1992, 1997, and 2002, respectively, four TM images and one soil survey data in Guangdong to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of C storage in forest ecosystems during 1992–2002. The uncertainty analysis of forest C storage in Guangdong in 1992 and 2002 was also conducted to provide the range of estimations.Results
The forest coverage percent in Guangdong increased from 37.1 % in 1992 to 57.2 % in 2002 while the total forest C storage in Guangdong increased from 144.73?±?6.20 Tg in 1992 to 215.03?±?8.48 Tg in 2002. The order of average forest biomass C storage increase during 1992–2002 among the four regions is Western Guangdong (GW)?>?Eastern Guangdong (GE)?>?the Pearl River Delta (PRE)?>?Northern Guangdong (GN). The factors including tree species and altitude and slope aspect can explain 58–67 % variation of Veg C storage multiple regression model in Guangdong. However, the multiple regression model for SOC storage can only explain about 18–39 % variation of SOC storage in Guangdong. Total ecosystem C is mainly determined by SOC storage.Conclusions
The total forest C storage in Guangdong increased about 49 % from 1992 to 2002 partially due to the increasing forest coverage percent over the period. The spatial distribution of forest C storage in Guangdong was uneven and this pattern reflects differences in forest management and economic and social development. Future forest management should focus on the selection of tree species, management of forest stand structures and implementation of sustainable practices so that Veg C sequestration potentials can be maximized. 相似文献16.
Nicholas G. Paltridge Lachlan J. Palmer Paul J. Milham Georgia E. Guild James C. R. Stangoulis 《Plant and Soil》2012,361(1-2):251-260
Background and aims
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) biofortification breeding programs require accurate and convenient methods to identify nutrient dense genotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) for the measurement of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration in whole grain rice and pearl millet.Methods
Grain samples were obtained from existing biofortification breeding programs. Reference Zn and Fe concentrations obtained by inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used to calibrate the EDXRF instrument. Calibration was performed with 24 samples and separate calibrations were developed for rice and pearl millet. To validate calibrations, EDXRF analyses were conducted on an additional 40 samples of each species.Results
EDXRF results were highly correlated with ICP-OES values for both Zn and Fe in both species (r2?=?0.79 to 0.98). EDXRF predicted Zn and Fe in rice to within 1.9 and 1.6?mg?kg?1 of ICP-OES values, and Zn and Fe in pearl millet to within 7.6 and 12.5?mg?kg?1 of ICP-OES values, at a 95% confidence level.Conclusion
EDXRF offers a convenient, economical tool for screening Zn and Fe concentration in rice and pearl millet biofortification breeding programs. 相似文献17.
Aims
Two pot experiments in a “walk-in” growth chamber with controlled day and night temperatures were conducted to investigate the influence of elevated temperatures along with rice straw incorporation on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions as well as rice yield.Methods
Three temperature regimes–29/25, 32/25, and 35/30 °C (Exp. I) and 29/22, 32/25, and 35/28 °C (Exp. II), representing daily maxima/minima were used in the study. Two amounts of rice straw (0 and 6 t ha?1) were applied with four replications in each temperature regime. CH4 and N2O emissions as well as soil redox potential (Eh) were monitored weekly throughout the rice-growing period.Results
Elevated temperatures increased CH4 emission rates, with a more pronounced effect from flowering to maturity. The increase in emissions was further enhanced by incorporation of rice straw. A decrease in soil Eh to <?100 mV and CH4 emissions was observed early in rice straw–incorporated pots while the soil without straw did not reach negative Eh levels (Exp. I) or showed a delayed decrease (Exp. II). Moreover, soil with high organic C (Exp. II) had higher CH4 emissions. In contrast to CH4 emissions, N2O emissions were negligible during the rice-growing season. The global warming potential (GWP) was highest at high temperature with rice straw incorporation compared with low temperature without rice straw. On the other hand, the high temperature significantly increased spikelet sterility and reduced grain yield (p?<?0.05).Conclusions
Elevated temperature increased GWP while decreased rice yield. This suggests that global warming may result in a double negative effect: higher emissions and lower yields. 相似文献18.
Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from a rain-fed wheat-maize rotation in the Sichuan Basin, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Minghua Zhou Bo Zhu Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Xunhua Zheng Tao Wang Yanqiang Wang 《Plant and Soil》2013,362(1-2):149-159
Aims
A 3-year field experiment (October 2004–October 2007) was conducted to quantify N2O fluxes and determine the regulating factors from rain-fed, N fertilized wheat-maize rotation in the Sichuan Basin, China.Methods
Static chamber-GC techniques were used to measure soil N2O fluxes in three treatments (three replicates per treatment): CK (no fertilizer); N150 (300 kg N fertilizer ha?1 yr?1 or 150 kg N?ha?1 per crop); N250 (500 kg N fertilizer ha?1 yr?1 kg or 250 kg N?ha?1 per crop). Nitrate (NO 3 ? ) leaching losses were measured at nearby sites using free-drained lysimeters.Results
The annual N2O fluxes from the N fertilized treatments were in the range of 1.9 to 6.7 kg N?ha?1 yr?1 corresponding to an N2O emission factor ranging from 0.12 % to 1.06 % (mean value: 0.61 %). The relationship between monthly soil N2O fluxes and NO 3 - leaching losses can be described by a significant exponential decaying function.Conclusions
The N2O emission factor obtained in our study was somewhat lower than the current IPCC default emission factor (1 %). Nitrate leaching, through removal of topsoil NO 3 ? , is an underrated regulating factor of soil N2O fluxes from cropland, especially in the regions where high NO 3 - leaching losses occur. 相似文献19.
Background and Aims
The effect of transgenic insect-resistant crops on soil microorganisms has become an issue of public concern. The goal of this study was to firstly realize the variation of in situ methane (CH4) emission flux and methanogenic and methanotrophic communities due to planting transgenic Bt rice (Bt) cultivar.Methods
CH4 emitted from paddy soil was collected by static closed chamber technique. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR methods were employed to analyze methanogenic archaeal and methanotrophic bacterial community structure and abundance.Results
Results showed that planting Bt rice cultivar effectively reduced in situ CH4 emission flux and methanogenic archaeal and methanotrophic bacterial community abundance and diversity. Data analysis showed that in situ CH4 emission flux increased significantly with the increase of methanogenic archaeal abundance (R 2 ?=?0.839, p?<?0.001) and diversity index H′ (R 2 ?=?0.729, p?<?0.05), whereas was not obviously related to methanotrophic bacterial community.Conclusions
Our results suggested that the lower in situ CH4 emission flux from Bt soil may result from lower methanogenic archaeal community abundance and diversity, lower methanogenic activity and higher methanotrophic activity. Moreover, our results inferred that specific functional microorganisms may be a more sensitive indicator than the total archaeal, bacterial or fungal population to assess the effects of transgenic insect-resistant plants on soil microorganisms. 相似文献20.
Jia-Shing Chen Shang-Chi Lin Chia-Ying Chen Yen-Ting Hsieh Ping-Hui Pai Long-Kung Chen Shengwan Lee 《BMC research notes》2014,7(1):1-9