Interactive effects of selenium and arsenic on their uptake by Pteris vittata L. under hydroponic conditions

The interactive effects of selenium (Se) and arsenic (As) on plant uptake of Se and As have rarely been documented. In this study, the interactive effects of As and Se on their uptake by Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata), an As-hyperaccumulator and Se-accumulator, were explored in two hydroponic experiments based on a two-factor, five-level central composite design. At Se levels of less than 2.5 mg L^?1, increasing amounts of As stimulated the uptake of Se in Chinese brake fern roots, possibly because of the beneficial effects of Se. In contrast, at Se concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, As suppressed the uptake of Se in Chinese brake fern roots. Uptake of As by both fronds and roots of Chinese brake fern was suppressed by the addition of Se, indicating the antagonistic effects of Se on As. In addition, at Se concentrations of less than 2.5 mg L^?1, As stimulated the translocation of Se from roots to fronds; meanwhile, the addition of Se resulted in reduced translocation of As from roots to fronds. These findings demonstrate the interactive effects of As and Se on their uptake by Chinese brake fern.     

Concentrations of essential elements after repeated administrations of tin and selenium

To study effects of simultaneous administration of tin (Sn) and selenium (Se) on concentrations of several essential elements, mice were injected with either SnCl2 (ip) or Na2SeO3 (sc), alone or both compounds at a daily dose of 5 mumol/kg each for 12 consecutive days. Mice were sacrificed at 20 h after the last injection and concentrations of Sn, Se, Na, Ca, Zn, P, Fe, K, and Mg in the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, testis, seminal vesicle, lung, femoral muscle, and femoral bone were determined. In the control mice, Sn and Se concentrations were the highest in bone (0.69 micrograms Sn and 6.93 micrograms Se/g dry wt). Administered Sn was found to accumulate in all organs except the testis. Among the essential elements determined, Na was the most affected in terms of concentration in the organs and Mg was the least affected element in these organs. Among the organs tested, each elemental concentration in the pancreas was most affected. Simultaneous injections of Sn and Se appeared to keep the correlation coefficients between elements similar to those found in the control mice.     

Effects of Se on the uptake of essential elements in Pteris vittata L.

Selenium has been proven to be an antioxidant in plants at low dosages. To understand better the mechanisms of Se toxicity and benefit to plants, more investigations about effects of Se on the uptake of essential elements in plants would be desirable. In this study, hydroponic (nutrient solution culture) and pot (soil culture) experiments were simultaneously conducted to investigate the effects of Se on the uptake and distribution of essential elements in Pteris vittata. L (Chinese brake fern), an arsenic (As)-hyperaccumulator and a selenium (Se)-accumulator. Chinese brake fern took up much more Se in nutrient solution culture than in soil culture, with the highest Se content recorded as 1,573 mg kg^?1 in the roots, demonstrating remarkable tolerance to Se. In soil culture, Chinese brake fern also accumulated high content of Se, with the highest content measured as 81 mg kg^?1 and 233 mg kg^?1, in the fronds and roots, respectively. In soil culture, the addition of Se suppressed the uptake of most measured elements, including magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). In nutrient solution culture, when the Se content in the tissues of Chinese brake fern was relatively low, the supplementation of Se suppressed the uptake of most essential elements; however, with the increase of Se content, stimulation effects of Se on the uptake of Ca, Mg, K were observed. An initial decrease followed by a rapid increase of Fe content in the fronds of Chinese brake fern was found with Se addition and tissue Se content increasing in nutrient solution culture, suggesting antagonistic and synergic roles of Se on these elements under low and high Se exposure, respectively. We suggest that Ca, Mg, K may be involved in the tolerance mechanism of Se, and that the regulation of Fe accumulation by Se in the fronds might be partially due to the dual effects of Se on Chinese brake fern.     

Alterations in plasma essential trace elements selenium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and the possible role of these elements on oxidative status in patients with childhood asthma

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the status of plasma essential trace element selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) concentrations and the effect of these elements on oxidative status in patients with childhood asthma. Plasma Se, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and Fe concentrations, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined by the colorimetric method. The plasma MDA/TAC ratio was calculated as an index of oxidative status. Plasma albumin levels were measured to determine nutritional status. Plasma Fe concentrations, MDA levels and the MDA/TAC ratio were significantly higher (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.01, respectively) and Se and Mn concentrations and TAC were lower (p<0.01, p<0.05, and p<0.01, respectively) in patients when compared to the healthy subjects. Plasma Zn, Cu, and albumin levels were not found to be significantly different in patients and controls (p>0.05). There were positive relationships between plasma MDA and Fe (r=0.545, p<0.001) and TAC and Se (r=0.485, p<0.021), and a negative correlation between TAC and MDA values (r= −0.337, p<0.031) in patients with childhood asthma. However, there was no correlation between these trace elements and albumin content in patient groups. These observations suggest that increased Fe and decreased Se concentrations in patients with childhood asthma may be responsible for the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance.     

Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth uptake and accumulation by plants in an old antimony mine, China

Arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi) are metalloids that share similar chemical properties, the objective of this study was to characterize the uptake and accumulation of these metalloids by plants colonized on heavy contaminated sites in an old Sb mine. Sixty-five plant samples from seven species as well as the associated soil samples were collected at ten sites of Xikuangshan (XKS), Hunan province, China. Concentrations of As, Sb, and Bi in plants and soils were measured. As, Sb, and Bi were found to be evidently elevated due to the long history and intensive mining and smelting activities; the respective ranges for the levels of As, Sb, and Bi at the sites were 40.02-400.2?mg?kg(-1) As, 610-54,221?mg?kg(-1) Sb, and n.d. to 1,672?mg?kg(-1) Bi. No correlation was found between As and Sb at the sites, while Bi was found to be positively correlated with As whereas negative with Sb at the sites. In general, the contents in the plants in XKS were in the order of As?>?Sb?>?Bi, and the contents of As was positively correlated with Sb and Bi in plants. The highest contents of As and Sb recorded was 607.8?mg?kg(-1) As in Pteris vittata and 90.98?mg?kg(-1) Sb in Hippochcaete ramosissima, while the highest Bi content as 2.877?mg?kg(-1) Bi was measured in Buddleja davidii. Bioconcentration factors defined as the ratios of metalloids in shoots of plants to those in soils for various plants were lower than 1. The results showed plants colonized at the heavy contaminated sites in XKS had great tolerance to As, Sb, and Bi, and demonstrated similarities in plant uptake and accumulation of these three elements.     

Interactive effects of body posture and exercise training on maximal oxygen uptake

To determine the effect of posture on maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) and other cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise training, 16 male subjects were trained using high-intensity interval and prolonged continuous cycling in either the supine or upright posture 40 min/day 4 days/wk for 8 wk and 7 male subjects served as non-training controls. VO2 max measured during upright cycling and supine cycling, respectively, increased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 16.1 +/- 3.4 and 22.9 +/- 3.4% in the supine training group (STG) and by 14.6 +/- 2.0 and 6.0 +/- 2.0% in the upright training group (UTG). The increase in VO2 max measured during supine cycling was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the STG than in the UTG. The increase in VO2 max in the UTG was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) when measured during upright exercise than during supine exercise. However, there was no significant difference in posture-specific VO2 max adaptations in the STG. A postural specificity was also evident in other maximal cardiorespiratory variables (ventilation, CO2 production, and respiratory exchange ratio). In the UTG, maximal heart rate decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) only during supine cycling; there was no significant difference in maximal heart rate after training in the STG. We conclude that posture affects maximal cardiorespiratory adaptations to cycle training. Additionally, supine training is more effective than upright training in increasing maximal cardiorespiratory responses measured during supine exercise, and the effects of supine training generalize to the upright posture to a greater extent than the effects of upright training generalize to the supine posture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interactive effects of chromate and arsenate on their uptake and speciation in Pteris ensiformis

Background and aims

Arsenate (AsV) and chromate (CrVI) inhibit each other’s uptake and translocation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. In the present study, we extended the research to As-sensitive plant Pteris ensiformis to better understand the mechanism of their interactions.

Methods

Plants were exposed to 0, 0.75 or 7.5 mg L^?1 AsV and 0, 0.52, or 5.2 mg L^?1 CrVI for 7 d in hydroponics. Arsenic and Cr speciation were determined in nutrient solutions and plant biomass.

Results

P. ensiformis accumulated high levels of As and Cr in the rhizomes and roots with low levels in the fronds. However, P. ensiformis was much more effective in taking up Cr than As, as much more Cr was accumulated in the roots (306–6015 vs. 87–642 mg kg^?1). AsV and CrVI increased each other’s uptake in the rhizomes and roots when co-present. The AsV and CrVI taken up by P. ensiformis were reduced to arsenite (AsIII) and chromite (CrIII), possibly serving as detoxification mechanism.

Conclusions

Uptake of As and Cr induced oxidative stress as indicated by increased lipid peroxidation and electrical conductivity. Arsenic and Cr increased each other’s uptake by P. ensiformis.

     

Interactive effects of organic and inorganic selenium with cadmium and mercury on spermatozoal oxygen consumption and motility in vitro

The effects of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and three different chemical forms of selenium (Se) (selenite, selenocystine, and selenomethionine) on ram spermatozoal motility and oxygen consumption in vitro were studied over a 4-mo period. Concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-2) M Cd and Hg were injurious to spermatozoa as indicated by depressed motility and reduced oxygen uptake. Equimolar concentrations of Se as selenite, selenocystine, or selenomethionine counteracted the toxicity of Cd and Hg at low concentrations (10(-5) and 10(-6) M) but not at higher concentrations (10(-4) to 10(-2) M). Gel filtration (Sephadex G-75) of seminal plasma and solubilized sperm prepared from semen incubated with Cd or Hg with or without the Se compounds revealed that Cd or Hg eluted with the void volume proteins in all treatments. Incubation of ram spermatozoa with any of the three chemical forms of Se ranging from 10(-6) to 2.5 X 10(-5) M significantly improved sperm motility and oxygen consumption.     

Interactions between selenium and tin,selenium and lead,and their effects on alad activity in blood

Interactions of tin and selenium, as well as of lead and selenium, were investigated in male ICR mice. The toxic effects of selenium on mortality and body weight loss were reduced by simultaneous injection with tin or lead; among mice that were injected ip with selenium at 100 μmol/kg, the 24 h survival rate was 20%, whereas among mice that were administered selenium and tin or selenium and lead at the dose of 100 μmol/kg each, the rates were 100% and 90%, respectively. As for δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD, EC 4.2.1.24), lead and tin were strong inhibitors, which is well known; selenium showed no effect. When more than an equimolar dose of sodium selenite was injected ip simultaneously with stannous chloride, the ALAD activity was completely retained. On the other hand, in the simultaneous injection with sodium selenite and lead acetate of differing ratios (Se/Pb), 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5, selenium did not exhibit an obvious protective effect against the inhibition of ALAD activity caused by lead. It is suggested that selenium protects essential thiol groups in ALAD that are otherwise blocked by invading tin; in contrast, selenium, under similar conditions, does not prevent interactions of lead with enzyme thiol groups.     

The effects of selenium on gestation,fertility, and offspring in mice

Supplementation of mice from 22 d old with the K-Selenocarrageenan (0.25 ppm Se) in drinking water reduced gestation period by 3.2 d. Selenium supplementation increased litter size by 53.8% and average litter weight by 5%. Continuous supplementation with selenium (0.25 ppm) of mice until the age of 50-56 d significantly increased the concentration of selenium and the glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood and liver. In serum, fluorescent peroxidized lipid products were decreased by 22% and reducing sugar was decreased by 16% compared to unsupplemented controls. In whole blood of young mice, collagen was increased by 14%. IR differential spectra of whole blood show strong absorption at the acrylamide band, suggesting a role of selenium in preventing lipid peroxidation, as well as a stabilizing effect on blood proteins.     

Toxic levels of selenium in enzymes and selenium uptake in tissues of a marine fish

Acute toxicity of selenium as selenite inZosterisessor ophiocephalus by ip injection was studied. The 50% lethal dose and 50% lethal time were measured to be 0.29 ppm and 96 h, respectively. Se concentrations in liver, gill, skin and muscle, and Cyt. P450 level, Se-GPx, and Total GPx enzyme activities in liver were also assessed at different doses and times after injection. Starting at 0.3 ppm injected dose, enzyme activities and Se concentration in tissues but not in muscle, showed significant differences from the control group. A threshold behavior was inferred. Normal conditions of enzyme activities and Se concentration in tissues were restored about 1 wk after injection. Biological elimination half-lives were about 2 d for liver and gill, and 5 d for skin.     

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of antimony pentachloride complexes with neutral oxygen, sulfur and selenium ligands

The compounds [SbCl₅(R₃EY)] (R = Me or Ph; E = P or As; Y = O or S) have been prepared from SbCl₅ and the appropriate ligand in CH₂Cl₂ or CCl₄ solutions, and characterised by analysis, IR, ¹H, ³¹P{¹H}, ¹²¹Sb NMR spectroscopy and conductance measurements. The [SbCl₅(μ-L-L)SbCl₅] L-L = Ph₂P(O)CH₂P(O)Ph₂, Ph₂P(O)(CH₂)₂P(O)Ph₂, Ph₂P(S)CH₂P(S)Ph₂, Ph₂As(O)CH₂As(O)Ph₂, and o-C₆H₄(P(O)Ph₂)₂ have been synthesised and similarly characterised. The unstable [SbCl₅(R₃PSe)] have been prepared at low temperatures and characterised by IR spectroscopy. In solution in chlorocarbons they decompose rapidly to Se and R₃PCl₂. The reactions of R₃SbS with SbCl₅ produced R₃SbCl₂.     

Update on the effects of vitamins A, C, and E and selenium on carcinogenesis

The effects of vitamins A, C, and E and of selenium on carcinogenesis are briefly summarized and updated. These vitamins and minerals were selected because they have been studied extensively in recent years with a variety of carcinogenesis models. The consumption of vitamin A and its precursors (carotenoids) has been negatively correlated with cancer at a number of sites, particularly the lung. Animal investigations on vitamin A involvement in carcinogenesis have generally been of three types: those assessing the effect of vitamin A deficiency, the effect of excess vitamin A, or the effect of supplementation with synthetic analogs of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency had no effect on salivary gland carcinogenesis, enhanced urinary bladder, lung, and liver carcinogenesis, and inhibited colon carcinogenesis. Excess of various forms of vitamin A enhanced or inhibited skin tumorigenesis, inhibited mammary carcinogenesis in rats (but not in mice), and carcinogenesis of the forestomach, liver, and urinary bladder (with one model, but not with another), or enhanced or did not influence lung carcinogenesis. Vitamin A analogs have enhanced or inhibited skin tumorigenesis, inhibited salivary gland, mammary, and urinary bladder carcinogenesis, enhanced tracheal and liver carcinogenesis, and either enhanced or inhibited pancreas carcinogenesis, depending upon the model employed. Although retinoids have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis at many sites, numerous negative studies have been reported and some reports have indicated enhanced carcinogenesis. The most convincing evidence for the involvement of vitamin C in cancer prevention is the ability of ascorbic acid to prevent formation of nitrosamine and of other N-nitroso compounds. In addition vitamin C supplementation was shown to inhibit skin, nose, tracheal, lung, and kidney carcinogenesis, to either not influence or enhance skin, mammary gland, and colon carcinogenesis, and to enhance urinary bladder carcinogenesis, when given as sodium ascorbate, but not when given as ascorbic acid. Like vitamin C, vitamin E can inhibit nitrosation. Vitamin E was shown to inhibit skin, cheek pouch, and forestomach carcinogenesis, to enhance or inhibit colon carcinogenesis, and to have no effect on or to inhibit mammary gland carcinogenesis, depending upon the method of vitamin E administration or the level of dietary selenium or dietary fat. Selenium effects on carcinogenesis have been recently reviewed and the present discussion only updates this area by indicating that enhancement of carcinogenesis by dietary selenium supplements has been observed in the liver, pancreas, and skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Interactive effects of selenium and chromium on mammary tumor development and growth in MMTV-infected female mice and their relevance to human cancer

Evidence for interactive effects of chromium and selenium on the appearance of mammary tumors was obtained by exposing female virgin C₃H mice infected with the murine mammary tumorvirus (MMTV) to subtoxic levels of Cr [as Cr(III) nitrate] and Se (as sodium selenite) in the supply water. Cr counteracted the inhibitory effect of Se on tumor development in a dose-dependent manner, shortened the tumor latency period, and accelerated tumor growth rates. Exposure to Cr also altered the levels of Se in the liver and kidneys of the mice, indicating that Cr interacts with Se and affects its organ distribution. Chromium must be added to the list of Se-antagonistic elements that weaken or abolish the antitumorigenic effects of Se. These findings are relevant to human cancer as previous studies revealed the age-corrected mortalities from breast and other major forms of cancer in different countries to be inversely correlated with the dietary Se intakes, and directly correlated with the estimated intakes of Cr and of other Se-antagonistic elements. The presence of these elements in foods must be taken into account when estimating the optimal dose of supplemental Se for cancer risk reduction.     

Interactive effects of dietary silicon, copper, and zinc in the rat

A factorial rat experiment using two dietary concentrations each of copper, zinc, and silicon was conducted to identify areas in which interrelationships involving silicon may exist. The concentrations used were (mg/kg of diet): copper, 1 and 5; zinc, 2 and 12; and silicon, 5 and 270. An antagonism between silicon and zinc, whereby increases in dietary levels of either one resulted in a reduction in blood plasma concentrations of the other, was demonstrated. The depressing effect of silicon on plasma concentrations of zinc and on alkaline phosphatase occurred only in zinc-deficient rats. However, silicon had no effect on growth. Effects on aortic composition, interpreted as beneficial, accompanied increases in the silicon content of copper-deficient diets. Silicon-dependent increases in the chloroform-methanol extractable fraction of aorta closely approximated a similar response to copper. High dietary silicon increased aortic elastin in copper-deficient rats when dietary zinc was adequate. The aortic effects of silicon, while mimicking the gross effects of copper, occurred in the absence of any silicon-related changes in blood copper concentrations. Interrelationships of silicon with other elements, particularly copper and zinc, may warrant consideration in future nutritional and metabolic studies.     

Interactive effects of UV-B and Cu on photosynthesis,uptake and metabolism of nutrients in a green alga Chlorella vulgaris under simulated ozone column

This study demonstrated a general reduction in photosynthesis (carbon fixation, O(2)-evolution and photochemical electron transport chain), the uptake of NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), urea and PO(4)(3+), and activities of nitrate reductase, urease, acid phosphatase and ATPase following UV-B and copper exposure of Chlorella vulgaris in the absence or presence of 1 and 2 ppm concentrations of a 4-inch-thick ozone layer. Though the effect of stressors used in combination was very detrimental to the above processes, selected concentrations of ozone not only counteracted the UV-B-induced inhibition of the above processes, but also stimulated O(2)-evolution and the photochemical electron transport chain. Kinetics of nutrient uptake and enzyme activities demonstrated that UV-B causes structural change(s) in the enzymes/carriers responsible for the uptake of NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), urea and PO(4)(3+) as well as their assimilatory enzymes. Except for nitrate reductase, copper was found to compete for the binding sites of all the above enzymes. Synergistic inhibition of photosynthetic activity, nutrient (except NH(4)(+)) uptake, and enzyme activities by UV-B+Cu seems to be due to increased Cu uptake as a consequence of altered membrane permeability brought about by the peroxidation of membrane lipids in UV-B-exposed cells.     

The effect of selenium on sulfur uptake by barley and rice

Because of their chemical and physical similarities, plant uptake of S and Se are closely related. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in greenhouse solution culture to examine the synergistic interactions between SO₄ and Se⁶⁺ in plant uptake. In the presence of low concentrations of solution SO₄, shoot and root yields were decreased with additions of Se⁶⁺. However, when SO₄ was present in elevated concentrations, no Se-induced yield reduction occurred. A synergistic interaction between SO₄ and Se⁶⁺ caused an increase in the shoot S concentrations with increasing concentrations of Se⁶⁺ at low SO₄ solution concentrations. At elevated SO₄ concentrations, no synergism was osberved. Selenium had a lesser effect on the S concentration in plant roots.     

Microbial transformation of elements: the case of arsenic and selenium

Microbial activity is responsible for the transformation of at least one third of the elements in the periodic table. These transformations are the result of assimilatory, dissimilatory, or detoxification processes and form the cornerstones of many biogeochemical cycles. Arsenic and selenium are two elements whose roles in microbial ecology have only recently been recognized. Known as "essential toxins", they are required in trace amounts for growth and metabolism but are toxic at elevated concentrations. Arsenic is used as an osmolite in some marine organisms while selenium is required as selenocysteine (i.e. the twenty-first amino acid) or as a ligand to metal in some enzymes (e.g. FeNiSe hydrogenase). Arsenic resistance involves a small-molecular-weight arsenate reductase (ArsC). The use of arsenic and selenium oxyanions for energy is widespread in prokaryotes with representative organisms from the Crenarchaeota, thermophilic bacteria, low and high G+C gram-positive bacteria, and Proteobacteria. Recent studies have shown that both elements are actively cycled and play a significant role in carbon mineralization in certain environments. The occurrence of multiple mechanisms involving different enzymes for arsenic and selenium transformation indicates several different evolutionary pathways (e.g. convergence and lateral gene transfer) and underscores the environmental significance and selective impact in microbial evolution of these two elements. Electronic Publication