一粒小麦×野燕麦衍生系细胞学特征及条锈病抗性鉴定

在一粒小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦远缘杂交后代中,选育了5个形态学稳定的抗条锈病衍生系(‘一粒葡’)YLP-1、YLP-7、YLP-9、YLP-13和YLP-16,为筛选含有外源染色体且抗性优良的植株,对该衍生系的细胞学特征和抗病性进行了鉴定。细胞学初步鉴定表明:根尖染色体数目均为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ;5个选系与‘中国春’杂交F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的异常细胞构型率为16%～50%;初步鉴定这5个‘一粒葡’材料均为易位系,验证了‘一粒葡’是远缘杂交的后代。用9个条锈菌小种分别对9个株系进行苗期抗病性鉴定,有5个株系YLP-1-4、YLP-7、YLP-9-1、YLP-9-3、YLP-16-1对所有参试小种都表现为高抗,且与已知的Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26基因不同,表明‘一粒葡’中可能含有新的抗病基因,可作为抗源用于小麦抗病育种。     

小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS 易位染色体和外源染色体在两个三属杂种中的减数分裂行为

利用荧光原位杂交技术分析了两个小麦-外源种杂种花粉母细胞中1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体和外源染色体包括中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & DR Dewey)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur)染色体的减数分裂行为. 我们首次发现:在减数分裂后期, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体发生错分裂,形成两个易位染色单体. 这种错分裂导致易位染色单体在末期Ⅰ分配到两个正在形成的细胞核内,错分裂的易位染色单体进一步形成微核,并在四分体期观察到黑麦的微核出现.从贵农22×遗4095 的F2代植株中检测到一个2n=41的植株,其含有一对1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体,核型分析表明,其中一条黑麦染色体臂比另一条的黑麦染色体臂短1/3左右.在遗4212×遗4095的F2代中检测到一个具有中间偃麦草染色体小片段易位到小麦染色体端粒部分的小麦-中间偃麦草易位植株.这可能是由于在减数分裂过程中发生非均等分裂导致小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体的黑麦染色体段臂缺失1/3及小麦-中间偃麦草非罗伯逊易位.在两个杂种F2植株中,中间偃麦草染色体分布频率为39.6%, 簇毛麦染色体分布频率为43.4%, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体分布频率分别为51.8%和56.6%.实验结果表明,1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体与外源染色体包括中间偃麦草、簇毛麦染色体在减数分裂过程中没有相互作用.小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体在减数分裂过程中可以发生错分裂,并导致杂种后代黑麦染色体臂发生缺失.这对于培育以小麦为背景含有不同长度的黑麦1R染色体短臂的种质及小麦-外源染色体非罗伯逊易位的小片段易位系具有指导意义.     

小麦-黑麦小片段易位系的分子细胞遗传学分析

为选育具有经济价值的带有黑麦R染色体组小片段的小麦-黑麦育种基础材料,对小麦-黑麦5R/5A×6R/6A代换系杂交后代的8份高代材料6-30、6-31、7-1、7-9、7-13、7-21、7-22和7-28进行形态学、细胞学观察,及SSR分析和GISH检测。结果表明,8个品系田间生长整齐、育性正常,具有大穗、多小穗,抗白粉病、叶锈病等优良性状;对其中2个品系7-1和7-9进行花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,发现大多数细胞染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ,具有良好的遗传稳定性;选择黑麦R染色体通用引物及5R、6R染色体上的微卫星引物共8对,对8个品系进行SSR分析,结果表明8个品系都有黑麦5R或6R染色体片段的导入,进一步进行GISH检测,发现5个品系6-31、7-1、7-13、7-21、7-22都存在黑麦杂交信号,为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系。本研究综合多种手段鉴定的8份材料皆为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系,在育种上具有利用价值。     

高冰草中高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的编码基因

通过SDS-PAGE法分析了高冰草(Agropyron elongatum(Host)Nevski)种子麦谷蛋白亚基,发现高冰草的麦谷蛋白亚基种类比普通小麦更加丰富.通过基因组PCR法用高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的特异引物从高冰草核基因组中分离出了7条麦谷蛋白亚基的全编码序列,分别命名为AgeloGl～AgeloG7.其中的5条已进行全序列测定,对AgeloGl和AgeloG4进行了末端测序.尽管其中的4条基因的编码序列(AgeloG4,AgeloG5,AgeloG6和AgeloG7)小于1.8kb,但是对从克隆到的序列推导出的氨基酸序列与已经发表的小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基序列进行对比分析发现,这些亚基与来自小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基具有很高的同源性.并且对信号肽、N-、C-末端的氨基酸序列分析显示,这7条序列编码的亚基皆为y-型亚基.用5条全部测序的编码序列与普通小麦的A、B、D、粗山羊草的D、圆柱山羊草的C、伞穗山羊草的U、黑麦的R染色体的编码高分子量麦谷蛋白的序列进行了聚类分析.表明,AgeloG2与小麦lDy,AgeloG3与小麦1By,AgeloG5、AgeloG6和AgeloG7与小麦1Ay在起源和进化上有较高的相似性.     

高冰草中高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的编码基因

通过SDS-PAGE法分析了高冰草(Agropyron elongatum (Host) Nevski)种子麦谷蛋白亚基,发现高冰草的麦谷蛋白亚基种类比普通小麦更加丰富。通过基因组PCR法用高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的特异引物从高冰草核基因组中分离出了7条麦谷蛋白亚基的全编码序列,分别命名为AgeloG1~AgeloG7。其中的5条已进行全序列测定,对AgeloG1和AgeloG4进行了末端测序。尽管其中的4条基因的编码序列(AgeloG4, AgeloG5, AgeloG6和AgeloG7)小于1.8 kb,但是对从克隆到的序列推导出的氨基酸序列与已经发表的小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基序列进行对比分析发现,这些亚基与来自小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基具有很高的同源性。并且对信号肽、N-、C-末端的氨基酸序列分析显示,这7条序列编码的亚基皆为y-型亚基。用5条全部测序的编码序列与普通小麦的A、B、D、粗山羊草的D、圆柱山羊草的C、伞穗山羊草的U、黑麦的R染色体的编码高分子量麦谷蛋白的序列进行了聚类分析。表明,AgeloG2与小麦1Dy, AgeloG3与小麦1By, AgeloG5、AgeloG6和AgeloG7与小麦1Ay在起源和进化上有较高的相似性。     

外源1Dx5基因导致小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基表达变异

目的:为了结合基因枪转化和传统杂交方法培育优质小麦品种,对转基因小麦和国内主栽小麦品种杂交后代外源基因遗传表达行为进行了研究。方法:采用SDS-PAGE对2个小麦杂交组合川89-107×B72-8-11b和鄂麦18×B72-8-11b的杂交及回交后代籽粒进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基遗传表达分析。结果:在亲本中能够稳定超量表达的外源基因1Dx5在杂交后代中出现了不同的表达量,而且在外源基因的影响下,杂交后代出现了新的、杂交亲本并不表达的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基。结论:多拷贝的外源基因在不同于受体环境的细胞质中的表达发生了变化,且由于外源基因的插入引起了内源高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成的变异。     

表达7个高分子量谷蛋白亚基的小麦新种质创制、鉴定及分子细胞学分析

报道了六倍体小黑麦和普通小麦杂交、回交获得的特异表达7个高分子量谷蛋白亚基的2个小麦新种质——NR98116-9-2和NR98116-9-3的创制、形态性状、染色体组成、遗传稳定性、抗条锈病鉴定以及HMW-GS组成的鉴定结果。这2个品系的植株形态为普通小麦型,Feulgen染色、GISH结合C-带综合鉴定表明：NR98116-9-2为3R／3D代换系,2n=42;NR98116-9-3为3R附加系,2n=44;减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对正常,具有较高的遗传稳定性。接种鉴定表明：它们高抗小麦条锈病。种子全蛋白和高分子量谷蛋白选择性沉淀的SDS-PAGE分析表明：它们具有的7条高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分别是1、14＋15、6r＋8、4＋12和1、14＋15、6r＋8、5＋10,其中包括2个Glu-B1位点。     

phKL基因诱导小麦远缘杂种部分同源染色体配对的能力界于Ph1和Ph2基因突变体之间

在普通小麦地方品种自然群体中天然存在促进小麦-外源杂种部分同源染色体配对的基因phKL。本研究比较了phKL基因与人工Ph基因突变系诱导小麦-Aegilops variabilis及小麦-黑麦杂种部分同源染色体配对的作用大小。研究结果表明,诱导小麦- Ae. variabilis(或黑麦)部分同源染色体配对作用的顺序是ph1b > phKL > ph2b > ph2a,即phKL基因的作用介于Ph1与Ph2突变体之间。     

远缘杂交早代稳定小麦导入了外源DNA片段并发生了DNA重排

在植物界, 多倍体植物非常普遍. 具有A, B, D三个部分同源染色体组的普通小麦是异源多倍体物种的一个典型代表. 近几年, 模拟普通小麦的起源过程进行的研究表明, 从四倍体小麦注入节节麦整个基因组形成异源六倍体小麦的早期阶段, DNA序列和基因表达发生了可能有利于遗传“二倍化”的变化. 利用普通小麦-黑麦远缘杂交自然结实的早代稳定特异小麦99L2研究发现: (ⅰ) 99L2至少导入了两个黑麦染色体上的DNA片段, 表明可能存在不同于传统的小麦-外源染色体配对重组的外源DNA导入机制; (ⅱ) 99L2自身的DNA序列发生了变化, 表明外源DNA部分片段注入小麦染色体组过程中, 也可能导致小麦自身DNA序列发生变化.     

小黑麦×小麦杂种F_1花粉植株中D-R染色体的重组

对93株六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦杂种F_1花粉植株进行了细胞学观察,Giemsa分带鉴定黑麦染色体,分析花粉植株中D、R染色体的分布组成。花粉植株染色体数目集中在2n=23附近,D、R两组染色体表现不同的数量分布:黑麦(R)染色体从数量上趋于随机分布;小麦(D)染色体却趋于大部分保留。初步分析了产生这种现象的原因。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Identification of specific binding sites for leukotriene C4 in human fetal lung

Specific leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) binding sites were identified in membrane preparations from human fetal lung. Specific binding of [³H]-LTC₄ represented 95 percent of total binding, reached steadystate within 10 minutes and was rapidly reversible upon addition of excess unlabeled LTC₄. Binding assays were performed at 4°C under conditions which prevented metabolism of [³H]-LTC₄ (80 mM serineborate, 10 mM cysteine, 10 mM glycine). Under these conditions, greater than 95 percent of the membrane bound radioactivity, as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, co-eluted with the LTC₄ standard. Computer-assisted analyses of saturation binding data showed a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant (K_d) of 26 + 6 nM and a density (B_max) of 84 ± 18 pmol/mg protein. Pharmacological specificity was demonstrated by competition studies in which specific binding of [³H]-LTC₄ was displaced by LTC₄ and its structural analogs with inhibition constants (K_j) of 10 to 30 nM, whereas LTD₄, diastereoisomers of LTD₁, LTE₄ and the end organ antagonist FPL 55712 were 150 to 700 fold less potent competitors than LTC₄. These results provide evidence for specific, reversible, saturable, high affinity binding sites for [³H]-LTC₄ in human fetal lung membranes.     

多马胺能药物对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH）分泌活动的影响

以珠江流域鲇鱼（silurus asotus)为实验材料,研究了多巴胺（DA）能药物（DA及其D－2型受体拮抗物 ,DOM）对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH)释放的影响,结果表明,在性腺发育的各个时期,单独注射DOM（5ug/g)均不能显著提高鲇鱼血液基础GtH水平,当DOM与LHRH－A联合注射时能显著增强LHRH－A刺激GtH释放的作用;DA只能抑制GnRH诱导的GtH释放,对基础GtH释放无抑制作用,这种生殖内分泌调节方式与鲇形目的革胡子鲇（Clarias gariepinus)和大鳍Hu（Mystus macropterus)相似,而与鲤形目的鲁科（Cyrpindiae)鱼类不同。     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Interactions of an antitumor platinum compound with deoxyribonucleic acid, histones, L-amino acids, poly-L-amino acids, nucleosides and nucleotides

Interaction of cis-dichloro(dipyridine)platinum(II) (cis-PPC) with calf thymus DNA, calf thymus histone, l-amino acids, poly-l-amino acids, nucleosides, and nucleotides has been evaluated by equilibrium dialysis technics. At least a 28 % decrease in the association of cis-PPC with DNA occurs when the platinum compound is pre-incubated with l-amino acids. The greatest decrease in association is seen upon pre-incubation of the platinum compound with the free amino acids. Glut, Asp, Lys, Arg, and CySH, before the addition of a sack containing a solution of DNA. The low level of association between DNA and the amino acids tends to rule out competition between cis-PPC and amino acids for DNA association sites. cis-PPC was repelled from sacks containing positively charged poly-l-Lys, poly-l-Arg, and calf thymus histone; however, in the presence of poly-l-Glut and poly-l-Asp, cis-PPC associated with these negatively charged polymers to a considerable degree. Enhanced chloride dissociation from cis-PPC was observed in the presence of all of the amino acids and the nucleotides GMP, CMP, UMP, and TMP, but not in the presence of AMP or the nucleosides rG and dG. In the presence of calf thymus histone, the association of cis-PPC with calf thymus DNA was reduced by more than 50% at histone/DNA ratios of 0.8–1.0.These data suggest that cis-PPC or cis-Pt(II) may associate with electron-rich areas of not only nucleic acids and proteins but also with body pools of free nucleotides and amino acids. The presence of positively charged histones shielding DNA strands in vivo suggests that the most probable point of platinum-DNA association would be at de-repressed areas of DNA which are undergoing RNA synthesis. The aquated form of the platinum complex may also associate with acidic proteins which appear to be involved in the positive control of RNA synthesis and, as a result, this interaction may be of pharmacological significance.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.