华南虎的现状及保护

本文对华南虎的极危现状和致危因素进行了综合性的阐述和分析,比较系统地叙述 国内外组织机构对华南虎的保护拯救,建议尽快制定、实施“中国华南虎及其栖息地工程”,加快就地保护进程。     

拯救极度濒危的华南虎--华南虎野化放归国际研讨会在北京召开

以捕食有蹄类动物为主的华南虎是亚热带常绿阔叶林森林生态系统中的顶级肉食动物。半个世纪以前,华南虎是亚热带常绿阔叶林森林生态系统中的捕食者,它维系着生态系统的食物网结构稳定与能量的流动。在20世纪50年代初期,亚热带常绿阔叶林森林生态系统中生存着4000只以上的华南虎。由于大规模猎杀与生境破坏,野外的华南虎种群崩溃了。近年来多次野外考察都未能发现在中国南部华南虎存在的证据。华南虎是中国特有的虎亚种,也是目前世界上最濒危的野生动物之一。拯救华南虎既是中国的责任,同时也是国际社会的共同愿望。目前,中国已经启动了拯救…     

华南虎保种工作管窥

国际野生动物保护组织早在红皮书中将华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)列为E级(濒危级)动物,国家野生动物行政主管部门将其列为国家一级保护动物。1986年在美国明尼苏达州召开的“世界虎保护战略”国际学术讨论会上,华南虎被定为“急需国际紧急援助”的动物。七十年代末,据专家估计野外的华南虎数量约40—80只。1985年12月至1987年     

人工哺育华南虎的繁殖六例推断

华南虎(Panthere tigris amcyensis),是我国的珍贵动物之一。如今由于人类的经济活动,使华南虎的分布区域逐渐缩小,且野生数量已为数不多,鉴于野生华南虎的数量越来越少,人工哺育华南虎的繁殖更有其现实意义。 我园对华南虎的饲养与繁殖已有20余年历史,其中华南虎的繁殖也有几十胎的记录,但有关完全用人工哺育,从未吃过初乳长大的华南虎的繁殖资料尚未见报道。现将我园人工哺育华南虎的繁殖六例记录加以整理,为人工哺育华南虎的繁殖工作提供一些资料。     

华南虎存亡到了最后关头!

为更好地履行《中国生物多样性保护行动计划》所赋予的“中国森林生态保护系统优先保护区—梅花山”和“中国生物多样性保护优先重点项目—华南虎”的跨世纪重任,福建梅花山国家自然保护区管理处决定把“华南虎资源持续跟踪调查及其活动规律研究”作为今年重     

华南虎在人工饲养条件下的繁殖

华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)为中国特有珍贵动物,经济价值甚高。历史上分布于我国华南、中南、西南、华东地区山林中。近数十年来因生境破坏和滥捕乱猎,分布区缩小,数量锐减,濒于灭绝境地。为保护和促使这一珍贵动物的繁衍,研究其繁殖实为一重要工作。     

圈养华南虎的个性评估及其性别差异

个性研究在动物生态研究和迁地保护中发挥着重要作用.华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)作为最濒危的虎亚种,目前仍然缺乏对其个性特征的研究探索.本文通过个性特征主观评价法对6只圈养华南虎进行个性评估,并对比不同性别的华南虎个性特征的差异,使用新异物体测验进一步验证个性特征主观评价法的结果.最终提取...     

幼龄华南虎三种哺育方法结果初报

华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)又称中国虎,为我国特有虎亚种,是现存5个虎亚种中最濒危的一种.它曾广泛分布于我国黄河流域以南至珠江以北的广大地区,现仅分布在福建、江西、广东和湖南交界的南岭山地林区,野外数量不足30只(韩宗先,2004),被列为国家Ⅰ级保护野生动物.IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)将其濒危等级划分为极危(CR),亦被认为是"最优先需要国际保护的动物"(IUCN,2010).     

极小种群野生植物保护研究进展与未来工作的思考

生物多样性保护是全球的热点问题之一。极小种群野生植物(plant species with extremely small populations,PSESP)是为了“抢救性保护”我国濒临高度灭绝风险的野生植物、指导我国生物多样性保护、服务于国家生态文明建设而提出来的保护生物学领域的新概念,该概念的提出引起了国际保护生物学领域的广泛关注。国家在“十三五”期间启动实施了极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程,并在《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中,明确把极小种群野生植物专项拯救纳入重要生态系统保护和修复工程。极小种群野生植物的拯救保护是一项科学性强、技术性和专业性要求高、周期长的系统工程,“抢救性保护”与“系统研究”并重是科学拯救保护极小种群野生植物的途径。开展极小种群野生植物保护的系统研究,是指导或支撑其有效保护的重要工作。该文重点从极小种群野生植物的调查与评估、生态生物学特性、繁殖技术、遗传多样性方面对近年来极小种群野生植物保护的研究工作进行系统综述,以期为极小种群野生植物的拯救保护奠定新的理论基础。该文还基于极小种群野生植物保护研究现状及其未来拯救保护工作需求,对我国极小种群野生植物未来的保护研究重点提出了三个方面的思考。该文可为极小种群野生植物保护的系统研究提供参考。     

专家诊断东北虎

东北虎在我国已是凤毛麟角。于是,家虎野化被一些媒体称作“拯救东北虎”,一时成为热门话题。然而,当我们就这个问题采访专家的时候,他们马上指出,东北虎与华南虎不同,还没有危机到需要人工繁殖野化的地步。虎的野化是一个极为复杂的过程,现在有一些所谓的“野化”只是商业表演。那么使东北虎重归故里的关键又在哪里呢？     

西藏墨脱格当乡野生虎捕食家畜现状与保护建议

曾经在西藏东南的阔叶林中广泛分布的孟加拉虎,目前仅有一个小种群残留在墨脱县境内。2000年5－6月间,在大型家畜遭受野生虎捕食最严重的墨脱县格当乡展开调查,试图寻找减轻虎害的方法。结果表明：1994－1995年虎的捕食率达到最高,对牛和骡马的捕食率分别是17．9％和9．4％;但1996年后,捕食率分别降低到7．8％和1．8％,这可能与1996年当地曾捕杀过一头虎有关。1993－1999年间,全乡牛的数量下降了11％,但骡马数量上升了23％,这是因为当地为增加运输能力而从别处购得骡马。据反映,目前格当乡境内大约有4－5头虎。1997年和1999年,均见母虎和小虎同行,说明该种群尚有繁殖。在抽样的21户居民家中,1999年4月到2000年5月间,66．6％的人家有大型牲畜遭虎捕杀,共损失牛27头,马12匹,而自1993年以来,21户中共有18户（85．8％）,有牲畜被杀记录,共计损失117头。其中对牛的捕食率达19．7％,对马达11．9％,平均每户损失牛1．2头,骡马0．5匹。非法狩猎减少了虎的猎物如野猪、羚牛等的数量,是老虎转向家畜的主要原因之一。虎害已对格当乡群众的经济造成较大负面影响。但格当乡以及周边地区保护着中国最后的野生孟加拉虎种群,为确保虎的长期生存同时减少人－虎冲突,建议改变目前放牧方式,尽可能联合放牧、增加看护;改善放牧地条件,清除牧场周围蕨草丛;减少对羚牛等有蹄类的猎杀,以减少对老虎猎物种群的破坏;对部分家畜移入棚内试行圈养,既保护家畜,又提高乳制品产量和增加农家肥料;实行多种经营方法,建议养一些山羊和家禽;政府应该帮助安置好部分愿意外迁的居民,这样既满足这些居民的需要,同时也减轻对当地野生动物种群的压力。     

GENETICS OF MIMICRY IN THE TIGER SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES,PAPILIO GLAUCUS AND P. CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

The tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, exhibits a female-limited polymorphism for Batesian mimicry; the Canadian tiger swallowtail, Papilio canadensis, lacks the mimetic (dark) form entirely. The species hybridize to a limited extent where their ranges overlap. Field collections and censuses indicate that mimetic females occur throughout the range of P. glaucus but at lowest frequencies in populations at the latitudinal edges of its geographic range such as the southernmost part of Florida and along the entire northern edge of its distribution from Massachusetts to Minnesota. Frequencies of mimetic females have remained relatively stable over time. Inheritance of the mimetic form is controlled primarily by two interacting sex-linked loci. The typical matrilineal pattern of inheritance in P. glaucus can be explained by polymorphism at a Y-linked locus, b. Analysis of P. glaucus × P. canadensis crosses has also revealed an X-linked locus, s, which controls the expression of the mimetic phenotype. The P. canadensis allele, s^can, suppresses the mimetic phenotype in hybrid and backcross females. Results from more than 12 yr of rearing tiger swallowtails, including interspecies hybrids, indicate that the absence of mimetic P. canadensis females is due to both a high frequency of the “suppressing” allele s^can and low frequency of the black-pigment-determining b + allele. The frequency of s^can (or other suppressing alleles of s) in P. glaucus populations outside the hybrid zone is low. Some males heterozygous at the s locus and some suppressed mimetic females occur within the hybrid zone. A simple genetic model predicts the frequency of daughters that differ in phenotype from their mothers.     

华南虎血液及生物化学某些指标的测定

用血液及生物化学的常规测定方法对６１例华南虎的血液常规,３０余例血液生化指标进行了分析测定,经生物学统计获得了华南虎的血液和生物化学的参考值。     

三十年来我国的兽类动物地理学

建国以来,有关兽类区系(名录、区系特征及分布问题)和区划等属于动物地理范畴公开发表的文章(或摘要),包括专著等共有207篇。其中一般区系调查报告最多,有77篇(占37.2％),其次是啮齿类区系调查及专类(某类群,珍贵或经济动物等)调查,而属于动物地理本身的工作或探讨则较少。从各省区情况来看,公开发表著作最多的是黑龙江省（18篇）及广东省（17篇）,其次为甘肃（14篇）,青海（13篇）,云南（12篇）,辽宁（11篇）,陕西（10篇）,其他各省均在10篇以下,湖南省未见1篇（见表1）。     

COVARIATION OF DEFENSIVE TRAITS IN TIGER BEETLES (GENUS CICINDELA): A PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH USING mtDNA

Inferences about the evolution of defensive strategies in tiger beetles (genus Cicindela) have been contentious, largely due to the lack of a phylogenetic hypothesis for the group. We used a dataset that includes measures of chemical defense, habitat association, and body coloration for a representative sample of North American Cicindela (Pearson et al. 1988) to reassess, within a phylogenetic context, the problem of covariation in defensive strategies. We reconstructed a phylogenetic hypothesis from mtDNA for a total of 44 Cicindela and seven outgroup taxa using 1896 base pairs from three segments of the mitochondrial genome. Characters involved in predator deterrence and escape were optimized onto this phylogeny. Although most taxa producing large amounts of benzaldehyde fall into two monophyletic clades, numerous changes in the level of benzaldehyde secretion across the genus suggest that this parameter is poorly conserved phylogenetically. In contrast to previous studies, we also found little support for correlated character changes in benzaldehyde secretion and habitat type, a presumed indicator of the selective regime. Aposematic coloration of the abdomen was restricted to a single monophyletic group of taxa producing large amounts of benzaldehyde. Bright iridescent coloration, implicated in predator evasion during flight, was only loosely correlated with the phylogenetic affinities of taxa and appears to be part of a defensive strategy not usually acting in combination with chemical defenses. Our study of character covariation clarifies earlier analyses of the adaptive significance of benzaldehyde defense, which were inconclusive without a phylogenetic hypothesis.     

不同体质量和饥饿程度对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼游泳能力的影响

为了考察不同体质量和饥饿程度红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼的游泳能力,利用行为生态学方法测定了不同体质量(0.22—3.31 g)和饥饿天数(1d、3d、6d和9d)下红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的绝对临界游速(U_crit,cm/s)、相对临界游速(U_crit’,体长/s,BL/s)、偏好游速(U_pref,cm/s)、6个流速区域(2—36 cm/s)下停留时间百分比(P_t,%)、偏好区域平均流速(V_mean,cm/s)和总游泳距离(D_1h,m)等游泳行为指标。结果显示,体质量和饥饿显著影响红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的U_crit、U_crit’、P_t、V_mean和D_1h。随体质量增加,实验鱼的U_crit、U_pref、V_mean和D_1h均逐渐升高,而U_crit...     

密度制约竞争二种群Volterra方程解的有界性及参数估计

本文给出密度制约且相互竞争二种群Volterra方程解的一种有界性及存在唯一性的证明。基于此,参考单种群Logistic方程反问题的方法”,给出了该Volterra方程参数的一种估计。     

THE POLYTYPIC SPECIES REVISITED: GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF THE TIGER SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM (AMPHIBIA: CAUDATA) COMPLEX

We present a phylogenetic analysis of the Ambystoma tigrinum complex, based on approximately 840 base pairs of mitochondrial-DNA sequence from the rapidly evolving D-loop and an adjacent intron. Our samples include populations of the continentally distributed species, A. tigrinum, plus all described species of Mexican ambystomatids. Sequence divergence is low, ranging from 0–8.5%, and most phylogenetic groupings are weakly supported statistically. We identified eight reasonably well-defined clades from the United States and Mexico, with the geographically isolated A. californiense from California as the probable sister group to the remaining taxa. Our sequence data are not capable of resolving the relationships among these clades, although the pattern of transitional-site evolution suggests that these eight lineages diverged during a period of rapid cladogenesis. We roughly calibrate a molecular clock and identify a few lineages that significantly deviate from the slow, baseline rate of 0.5–0.75% per million years. Our data also suggest that species boundaries for several U.S. and Mexican species need to be altered and that the concept of a continentally distributed, polytypic tiger salamander is not valid.     

Dispersal of Amur tiger from spatial distribution and genetics within the eastern Changbai mountain of China

Population dispersal and migration often indicate an expanded habitat and reduced inbreeding probability, and to some extend reflects improvement in the condition of the population. The Amur tiger population in the northern region of the Changbai mountain in China mostly distributes along the Sino–Russian border, next to the population in southwest Primorye in Russia. The successful dispersal westward and transboundary movement are crucial for the persistence of the Amur tiger in this area. This study explored the spatial dispersal of the population, transboundary migration, and the genetic condition of the Amur tiger population within the northern Changbai mountain in China, using occurrence data and fecal samples. Our results from 2003 to 2016 showed that the Amur tiger population in this area was spreading westward at a speed of 12.83 ± 4.41 km every three years. Genetic diversity of the Amur tiger populations in southwest Primorye was slightly different than the population in our study area, and the potential individual migration rate between these two populations was shown to be about 13.04%. Furthermore, the relationships between genetic distances and spatial distances indicated the existence of serious limitations to the dispersal of the Amur tiger in China. This study provided important information about spatial dispersal, transboundary migration, and the genetic diversity of Amur tigers in China, showed the urgent need for Amur tiger habitat restoration, and suggested some important conservation measures, such as corridor construction to eliminate dispersal barriers and joint international conservation to promote trans‐boundary movement.     

雅鲁藏布江下游弧唇裂腹鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

研究以采自雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱段的928尾弧唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax curvilabiatus)为研究对象, 对耳石、脊椎骨和鳃盖骨三种年龄材料的准确性进行比较, 并对其种群年龄结构和生长特性进行研究。结果表明, 耳石是鉴定弧唇裂腹鱼最适合的年龄材料。弧唇裂腹鱼体长为48—508 mm, 体重为1.8—1898.9 g。体长体重关系式为W =2.279×10–5 SL 2.931。雌鱼最大年龄43龄, 雄鱼最大年龄23龄。von Bertalanffy生长方程为雌性: L_t= 590.2[1–e–0.096(t–0.282)], W_t=3016.8[1–e–0.096(t–0.282)]2.931; 雄性: L_t=575.3[1–e–0.090(t+0.011)], W_t=2798.9[1–e–0.090(t+0.011)]2.931。弧唇裂腹鱼雌性和雄性的拐点年龄分别为11.5龄和11.9龄。研究结果表明弧唇裂腹鱼生长缓慢、寿命较长, 为典型的K-对策选择者。随着雅鲁藏布江下游河流环境受到的人为干扰逐渐加大, 应从控制捕捞、栖息地保护和加强人工繁育等方面保护弧唇裂腹鱼的种群资源。