JEC Asia 2011完美收官

日前,2011年JEC国际复合材料亚洲展（JEC Asia 2011）完美落幕。此次展会凭借涌现出的新型复合材料更多、复合材料的应用范围更广、国际影响力更大而再创新高。同时,展览面积增加了10％,参展人数达到7000位,JEC Asia 2011彰显出亚洲复合材料行业生机勃勃的发展前景。     

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒受体结合位点多样性

【目的】口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus,FMDV)通过结构蛋白VP1 G-H环上高度保守的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天门冬氨酸(Arg-Gly-Asp,RGD)基序与整联蛋白结合起始病毒的感染,但FMDV是RNA病毒,在环境条件变化时,FMDV能够以非RGD的途径起始病毒的感染。为了研究FMDV Asia1/JS/China/05田间舌皮毒经两种不同的途径短期传代后细胞受体结合基序RGD的变异。【方法】采用RT-PCR方法扩增FMDV Asia1/JS/China/05田间毒、田间毒的乳鼠适应毒第四代(MF4)和接种田间毒的牛同居感染的猪水泡病料适应细胞的第八代毒(PBF8)结构蛋白VP1基因,并对不同病毒VP1基因的PCR产物测序和cDNA文库测序。【结果】以含RGD受体结合基序为优势的田间毒在乳鼠上短期传代后出现了含精氨酸-丝氨酸-天门冬氨酸(Arg-Ser-Asp,RSD)和RGD受体结合基序的混合种群,而同居感染后的细胞传代病毒种群则以含精氨酸-天门冬氨酸-天门冬氨酸(Arg-Asp-Asp,RDD)受体结合基序为优势种群。【结论】发现了含RGD受体结合位点为优势的FMDV种群,经不同的宿主短期传代后产了含RSD或RDD受体结合基序的优势种群,该发现不仅增加了保守基序RGD发生替换的FMDV变异株的数量,而且为FMDV的细胞识别和宿主嗜性的改变等进一步研究奠定了物质基础。     

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒受体结合位点多样性

摘要：【目的】产甘油假丝酵母作为一株优良高产甘油菌株,已成功应用于工业生产15年。近年来由于产甘油假丝酵母染色体倍性尚不明确,限制了对其进行遗传改造的研究进展,因而我们对产甘油假丝酵母染色体倍性研究,分析确定其染色体倍性。【方法】选用酿酒酵母细胞进行生孢,制备酿酒酵母单倍体细胞作对照,并选用热带假丝酵母作为二倍体酵母细胞对照,利用血球计数板得到热带假丝酵母、产甘油假丝酵母、单倍体及二倍体酿酒酵母细胞数,提取染色体,通过二苯胺检测法测定DNA含量。由于在相同紫外照射条件下单倍体细胞比二倍体细胞更容易死亡,因     

Is Chytridiomycosis an Emerging Infectious Disease in Asia?

The disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has caused dramatic amphibian population declines and extinctions in Australia, Central and North America, and Europe. Bd is associated with >200 species extinctions of amphibians, but not all species that become infected are susceptible to the disease. Specifically, Bd has rapidly emerged in some areas of the world, such as in Australia, USA, and throughout Central and South America, causing population and species collapse. The mechanism behind the rapid global emergence of the disease is poorly understood, in part due to an incomplete picture of the global distribution of Bd. At present, there is a considerable amount of geographic bias in survey effort for Bd, with Asia being the most neglected continent. To date, Bd surveys have been published for few Asian countries, and infected amphibians have been reported only from Indonesia, South Korea, China and Japan. Thus far, there have been no substantiated reports of enigmatic or suspected disease-caused population declines of the kind that has been attributed to Bd in other areas. In order to gain a more detailed picture of the distribution of Bd in Asia, we undertook a widespread, opportunistic survey of over 3,000 amphibians for Bd throughout Asia and adjoining Papua New Guinea. Survey sites spanned 15 countries, approximately 36° latitude, 111° longitude, and over 2000 m in elevation. Bd prevalence was very low throughout our survey area (2.35% overall) and infected animals were not clumped as would be expected in epizootic events. This suggests that Bd is either newly emerging in Asia, endemic at low prevalence, or that some other ecological factor is preventing Bd from fully invading Asian amphibians. The current observed pattern in Asia differs from that in many other parts of the world.     

Leprosy and tuberculosis in Iron Age Southeast Asia?

The recent excavation of a sample of 120 human skeletons from an Iron Age site in the valley of the Mun River, a tributary of the Mekong River on the Khorat Plateau in northeast Thailand, has provided the largest sample from this period in the region to date. This paper reviews three individuals from the sample with pathological changes for which the differential diagnosis includes systemic infectious disease. In two of these, both males with lesions of the hands and feet, leprosy and psoriatic arthritis are discussed as differential diagnoses, with leprosy the most probable. In the third, a female with lesions of the spine, the differential diagnosis includes tuberculosis and nonspecific osteomyelitis. Tuberculosis is the most probable diagnosis. Although the focus of this paper is a presentation of the evidence for infectious disease at Noen U-Loke, the significance of probable diagnoses of mycobacterial diseases for the history of the diseases and for prehistory in mainland Southeast Asia is also briefly discussed.     

The origin of the Hominidae: Africa or Asia?

The authors review the evidence for the evolution of the apes and their geographical expansion out of Africa during the Miocene. The ecological background is discussed at each period.From this it is concluded that Dryopithecines in either Africa or Eurasia could have given rise to early Hominidae and that the ecological conditions in both continents were suitable for the appearance of Hominid adaptations.The evidence for early Hominids is at present more impressive in Eurasia than in Africa, though the African find from Fort Ternan, Kenya, is the earliest. On present evidence, neither continent can be precluded as the place of origin of the Hominidae and it appears to be a possibility that Hominidae evolved in both continents with intermittent gene exchange.     

Who Counts? Demography of Swidden Cultivators in Southeast Asia

Swidden cultivators are often found as a distinct category of farmers in the literature, but rarely appear in population censuses or other national and regional classifications. This has led to a worldwide confusion on how many people are dependent on this form of agriculture. The most often cited number of 200–300 million dates back to the early 1970s, but the source is obscure. We assess available, published data from nine countries in Southeast Asia and conclude that on this basis it is not possible to provide a firm estimate of the number of swidden cultivators in the region. A conservative range of 14–34 million people engaged in swidden cultivation in the region is suggested, however. We argue that along with improved knowledge of swidden livelihoods, there is an urgent need to develop techniques that will allow for better estimates of swidden populations in order to secure appropriate rural development and poverty reduction in swidden areas.     

Microbial control in Asia: a bellwether for the future?

Advances and barriers faced by microbial control efforts in Asia offer instructive insights for microbial control in general. The papers in this series, which are based on plenary lectures given at the Society for Invertebrate Pathology 2006 meeting in Wuhan, China, explore the history and current status of microbial control in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, and in doing so, bring to light the following key assumptions that deserve further examination; (1) the adoption rate of microbial control is well documented; (2) microbial control agents can compete directly with conventional insecticides; (3) microbial control agents are relatively easy and inexpensive to produce and develop; (4) patents will promote innovation and investor interest in microbial control. Alternative viewpoints are presented that can hopefully aid in future efforts to develop more safe and effective microbial control agents.     

Vertical vegetation zones along 30° N latitude in humid East Asia

Structural changes in altitudinal vegetation zones along a 30° N parallel were studied based on vegetation data from 20 mountains in East Asia, from 85° E to 130° E longitude. The altitude of comparable vegetation zones showed a sharp increase of 1400–1900 m from east to west. Forest limit reached an altitude of 4400–4600 m in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, being the highest forest limit in the world. The limidng factor for the upper limit of a vegetation zone was different in the east and west. Low temperature in winter controlled the upward distribution of the evergreen broadleaf forest in the east, whereas the limiting factor was growing season warmth in the west. A close correlation was found between the climatic indices and annual range of monthly mean temperature (ART) at the upper limit of a vegetation zone.Component genera of each vegetation zone along the 30° N parallel were analyzed, and it was found that the alternation of component genera from east to west was much more apparent in cool-temperate forests, reflecting their response to macrotopography and air masses. The distribution of Fagus extended into winter-cold regions, whilst Tsuga occurred principally in oceanic and warm climates. The northern limit of Tsuga corresponded well to an ART isotherm of 23 °C and its southern limit coincided with that of Fagus. According to the distribution of Fagus and Tsuga, the cool-temperate forests in East Asia along the 30° N belt were divided into three types: deciduous broadleaf forest (represented by Fagus), mixed forest (dominated by Fagus, Tsuga and others), and mixed evergreen forest (consisting mainly of Tsuga and sclerophyll oaks).     

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒胶体金免疫层析检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、简便、灵敏检测Asia1型口蹄疫病毒的胶体金免疫层析方法(GICA)。本研究采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记纯化的抗Asia1型口蹄疫病毒的单克隆抗体,将该标记物与羊抗豚鼠IgG分别包被在硝酸纤维素膜(Nitrocellulose membrane)上,作为检测带和质控带。经条件优化,组装成检测Asia1型口蹄疫的诊断试纸条。用该试纸条分别对A、O、C和Asia1型口蹄疫病毒抗原以及猪水泡病病毒抗原等87份样品进行了检测,发现该试纸条不与口蹄疫病毒A、O、C型以及猪水泡病病毒抗原发生反应,特异性良好。用该试纸条对口蹄疫细胞毒(TCID50为6.25)的10倍系列稀释液进行了检测,最低可以检测到大约10?4。该试纸条与其他传统诊断方法的符合率为98.8%。初步实验确定该试纸条在4oC下可保存3个月、37oC和室温下大概可保存1周左右。该试纸条是一种快速、灵敏、特异的FMD抗原检测方法,对现场检测具有一定实用价值。     

Spectacles of South Asia at the American circus, 1890–1940

This article examines how racial and gendered images of South Asia were played out in performance at the American circus around 1900. These representations reinforced the Anglo‐American construct of a racial hierarchy in which South Asians were depicted to be static, and unable to keep pace with the Anglo‐American “race”. American circus spectacles featuring Indian subjects glorified British imperialism and helped to popularize the common colonialist stereotype that a minority of English officials were needed to rule millions of Indians. The American circus, as the most popular form of American public entertainment in an era before movies and television, helped to form a constellation of racial and sexual stereotypes concerning South Asia which continue to this day.     

Why do zoos attract crows? A comparative study from Europe and Asia

Crows have successfully colonized many cities, and urban zoos have been important in this process. To evaluate why zoos attract crows, we quantified crow numbers and behavior in three zoos in Europe (Debrecen, Edinburgh, Vienna) and one in Asia (Sapporo). Data were collected in 445 surveys over 297 days in summer 2014 and winter 2014–2015. We found that crow numbers were highest in Vienna, intermediate in Debrecen and Edinburgh and lowest in Sapporo, increased significantly from summer to winter (Debrecen, Edinburgh, Vienna), and from mornings to afternoons (Debrecen, Sapporo, Vienna), and were higher in sunny weather than in cloudy weather with precipitation and when visitor numbers were low (Debrecen, Vienna). The crows' use of natural food was highest in Vienna, intermediate in Edinburgh and Sapporo, and low in Debrecen. The use of anthropogenic food was high in Debrecen and Sapporo, where the availability of open grassy areas typically used by crows for natural foraging was low. In Sapporo, food availability was more limited than in other zoos, resulting in strong territoriality and few crows in summer, which decreased further in winter. Our study indicates that crows are primarily attracted to zoos by food availability and secondarily by breeding opportunities and that the relative importance of natural versus anthropogenic food sources may vary with zoo habitat structure. Our study draws attention to a previously overlooked role of zoos in urban biodiversity conservation. It may also provide useful information for the management of crow populations, if necessary, and for the planning of urban areas.     

Influenza Vaccination Guidelines and Vaccine Sales in Southeast Asia: 2008–2011

Background

Southeast Asia is a region with great potential for the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus. Global efforts to improve influenza surveillance in this region have documented the burden and seasonality of influenza viruses and have informed influenza prevention strategies, but little information exists about influenza vaccination guidelines and vaccine sales.

Methods

To ascertain the existence of influenza vaccine guidelines and define the scope of vaccine sales, we sent a standard three-page questionnaire to the ten member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. We also surveyed three multinational manufacturers who supply influenza vaccines in the region.

Results

Vaccine sales in the private sector were <1000 per 100,000 population in the 10 countries. Five countries reported purchasing vaccine for use in the public sector. In 2011, Thailand had the highest combined reported rate of vaccine sales (10,333 per 100,000). In the 10 countries combined, the rate of private sector sales during 2010–2011 (after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic) exceeded 2008 pre-pandemic levels. Five countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) had guidelines for influenza vaccination but only two were consistent with global guidelines. Four recommended vaccination for health care workers, four for elderly persons, three for young children, three for persons with underlying disease, and two for pregnant women.

Conclusions

The rate of vaccine sales in Southeast Asia remains low, but there was a positive impact in sales after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic. Low adherence to global vaccine guidelines suggests that more work is needed in the policy arena.     

Africa or Asia, which is the evolutionary origin of human schistosomes?]

The origin and the evolution of Schistosomatidae species, due to their medical importance (responsible of the second most important human parasitosis after malaria), arouse a great interest. A combination of phylogenetic studies using several molecular markers has provided support for the traditional grouping and evolutionary inferences derived from morphological and biological data. The genus Schistosoma, which comprises all species parasitizing Man, is generally split into four evolutionary lineages (mansoni, haematobium, indicum and japonicum lineages). The group of African schistosomes (including mansoni and haematobium lineages) appears very divergent from the japonicum lineage. Recent phylogenetic studies using partial 28S rDNA sequencing and including Orientobilharzia turkestanicum from Iran, an Asian parasite of livestock, found, unexpectedly, that this species nested among Schistosoma species, thus rendering the latter paraphyletic, and suggested an Asian origin for the Schistosoma genus. The present work re-examines the question of the geographical origin of human schistosomes by analysing a new genomic marker (ITS2) as well as by including the use of O. turkestanicum originating from northeastern China. Our results are in agreement with previous work using 28S, in demonstrating that Schistosoma is not monophyletic. However, O. turkestanicum, whatever the method of analysis used (distance or parsimony), was grouped with members of the japonicum group to the exclusion of African Schistosoma species. Then, our data argue strongly for the need for further phylogenetic study including new taxa and new genomic sequences before definitely concluding either an Asian or African origin for the genus Schistosoma.     

The early lithic productions of Island Southeast Asia: Traditions or convergences?

Island Southeast Asia has been the subject of intense prehistoric investigations since the seminal work of Eugene Dubois in the late XIX^th century. This has resulted in several discoveries of a very diverse type of lithic productions of oftentimes debated age. Recent and old excavations have now secured the production of stone artefacts as early as 1 million years on Flores Island, 800,000 years on Java Island, 700,000 on Luzon Island and at least 118,000 years on Sulawesi Island. Along with these findings, several surface collections which most certainly date back to the Lower Palaeolithic are known, and adds to the diversity of the lithic productions. In this paper, we report what is at stake regarding our current knowledge over the early lithic productions of Island Southeast Asia, without giving more importance to one type of artefact over another. After describing the findings from each islands taken one by one, we compare the similarities and dissimilarities between these sometimes isolated and sometimes connected geographic entities. It appears that each of these islands might have had its own evolutionary trend with its own rhythm.     

口蹄疫病毒Asia1/YNBS/58株全基因组序列分析

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-mouth dis-ease virus,FMDV)感染引起的偶蹄动物(猪、牛、羊、骆驼等)共患的一种急性、烈性、接触性传染病。FMDV是小核糖核酸病毒科(Picornaviridae)口蹄疫病毒属(Aphthovirus)的成员,有7个血清型,分别为O、A、C、Asia1、SAT1、SAT2、SAT3,完整     

Coral Reef Fish Assessment in the ‘Coral Triangle’ of Southeastern Asia

Icthyological results of four rapid assessment surveys are presented. The surveys were completed between 1997–1999 and were conducted at the following localities: Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea), Calamianes Islands (Palawan, Philippines), Togean–Banggai Islands (Sulawesi, Indonesia), and Weh Island (Sumatra, Indonesia). Surveys were conducted over periods ranging from 9 to 22 days and consisted mainly of underwater observations while scuba diving, supplemented with small rotenone and spear gun collections. Milne Bay was characterized by a high percentage of pristine reef environments and supported the largest number of species (1040). Diversity was generally lower at the Philippine and Indonesian sites due to more habitat homogeneity and higher fishing pressure, including the widespread use of illegal fishing methods, including cyanide and explosives.