Aqueous fruit extracts of Azadirachta indica induce systemic acquired resistance in barley against Drechslera graminea

The study reported here primarily focuses on whether fruit extracts of Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Hordeum vulgare against Drechslera graminea. A single leaf from each of the 1-month-old seedlings grown in 50 pots was treated with neem extract. Seven samples were collected at 12-h intervals for estimation of salicylic acid (SA) content and activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (PO). Disease incidence was recorded on uninoculated leaves after 2 weeks and on newly emerged leaves after 3 weeks of inoculation of spores of the pathogen. Treatment of single leaf of barley seedlings with aqueous fruit extract of neem could protect the untreated and later emerging leaves of these seedlings from infection by leaf stripe pathogen. The concentration of SA and activities of PAL and PO were significantly higher in untreated leaves of seedlings given a single leaf treatment with neem fruit extract. The results show that neem fruit extract induced SAR in barley seedlings against D. graminea. The results of the study are significant for developing an environment-friendly biocide, which could induce SAR in crop plants leading to efficient management of pathogens     

Low concentration of exogenous abscisic acid increases lead tolerance in rice seedlings

The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on lead tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings were investigated. Pre-treatment with 0.1 g m³ ABA for 2 d restricted amount of Pb translocated from roots to shoots, decreased malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ contents in leaves, and alleviated Pb-induced decrease in plant growth and leaf chlorophyll content. Further, ABA pre-treatment adjusted leaf antioxidative enzyme activities (increased ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities while decreased superoxide dismutase activity) and so alleviated oxidative stress.     

乡土植物白刺花对紫茎泽兰化感作用的响应

为了解乡土植物白刺花对紫茎泽兰化感作用的耐受程度及抵御机理,以2—3年生紫茎泽兰叶片为供体材料,用不同浓度的紫茎泽兰叶片浸提液处理白刺花种子及幼苗。结果表明:紫茎泽兰叶片浸提液对白刺花的影响为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。当浓度为0.5%时促进效应最强,当浓度大于2.0%时抑制效应明显增加。白刺花种子萌发速率比萌发率对紫茎泽兰化感作用反应敏感,胚轴比胚根敏感,随着幼苗的生长,其抵御紫茎泽兰化感作用的能力逐渐增强,丙二醛的含量与植株生长响应规律相对应,并且经紫茎泽兰浸提液处理能极大的增加白刺花幼苗菌根率,缩短菌根形成的时间。     

铁核桃根与叶水浸提液对果园间作绿肥植物的化感作用及其生理机制

以西南地区具有代表性的16种绿肥植物为受体材料,采用培养皿药膜法研究了铁核桃(Juglans sigillata)根水浸提液对受体种子发芽率及幼苗鲜重、干重的化感效应;并进一步研究了铁核桃根、叶水浸提液和胡桃醌对化感效应存在明显差异的4种绿肥植物(绿豆、红三叶、白三叶、花生)种子萌发与幼苗生长以及抗氧化酶特性的影响,以筛选适宜中国西南地区核桃园种植的绿肥植物,探讨核桃根和凋落物对绿肥作物的化感作用机制。结果表明:(1)铁核桃根水浸提液对绿豆的发芽率没有影响,但对绿豆幼苗鲜重和干重有显著抑制作用,而对其他15种绿肥的发芽率和鲜重、干重均有抑制作用。(2)胡桃醌显著抑制绿豆种子萌发,而铁核桃根或叶水浸提液对绿豆种子萌发没有影响。(3)铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌对绿肥植物幼苗生长的化感效应趋势一致,但核桃根或叶水浸提液的化感效应强于胡桃醌。(4)绿豆幼苗在铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌处理下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于其他3种(红三叶、白三叶、花生)受体幼苗,表明绿豆清除活性氧能力高,细胞受损害程度较低,受化感作用影响最弱。研究认为,绿豆为适宜中国西南地区幼龄核桃园种植的间作绿肥植物。     

东祁连山灌丛凋落叶水浸提液对垂穗披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了解灌丛凋落叶在灌草群落结构维持中可能存在的潜在化感作用,以东祁连山3种优势灌木和灌下优势草种垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为供试材料,分析了不同浓度(0.01 g/L、0.025 g/L、0.05 g/L、0.075 g/L、0.1 g/L)的金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、川滇柳(Salix rehderiana)、头花杜鹃(Rhododendron capitatum)及灌间草本的凋落叶水浸提液,对垂穗披碱草种子萌发、幼苗形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明：(1)垂穗披碱草种子发芽率与发芽势在金露梅与川滇柳凋落叶浸提液处理下呈“低促高抑”的浓度效应,在灌间草本凋落叶浸提液处理时表现为先升后降,而头花杜鹃凋落叶浸提液处理时均下降,并在浓度超过0.075 g/L时种子不发芽。(2)灌丛凋落叶浸提液对垂穗披碱草幼苗根长与干重均表现出抑制作用,且随浓度增大而增强;金露梅、川滇柳与灌间草本凋落叶浸提液对垂穗披碱草幼苗苗高表现出“低促高抑”的浓度效应;而头花杜鹃凋落叶浸提液处理对垂穗披碱草幼苗鲜重与苗高均呈抑制作用。(3)垂穗披碱草幼苗CAT、SOD活性随着浸提液...     

小蓬草水浸液对2种花卉种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用北大核心CSCD

为揭示入侵杂草与草本花卉之间的竞争关系,以入侵植物小蓬草为供体材料,常用的花卉波斯菊、观赏油菜为受体材料,研究了小蓬草根、叶水浸提液对受体植物种子萌发、幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的化感效应差异。结果表明,(1)小蓬草浸提液对受体植物的种子萌发均具有显著化感效应,基本表现为“低促高抑”的趋势,且波斯菊、观赏油菜的种子萌发率在根、叶浸提液浓度为25 g/L时最高,在浸提液浓度为100 g/L时最低。(2)小蓬草浸提液对受体植物幼苗上下胚轴生长具有“低促高抑”的浓度效应,且浓度越大抑制作用越显著。(3)在小蓬草根、叶浸提液处理下,观赏油菜的SOD和POD活性大多显著高于对照,波斯菊SOD和POD活性则大多显著低于对照;波斯菊、观赏油菜CAT活性整体呈先缓慢升高后降低的趋势。(4)波斯菊幼苗MDA含量随小蓬草根、叶浸提液浓度的增加均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,并大多高于对照水平,而观赏油菜幼苗MDA含量随着根浸提液浓度增加而逐渐升高,却随着叶浸提液浓度的增加而降低,但大多显著低于对照水平。研究发现,小蓬草浸提液对2种花卉种子萌发和幼苗生长均表现出“低促高抑”化感作用,且综合效应强弱表现为观赏油菜大于波斯菊,根浸提液处理大于叶浸提液。     

巨桉不同状态叶片浸提液对萝卜幼苗形态和抗性生理特性的影响

以珍珠岩作为基质,选择4年生巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)嫩叶(T1)、老叶(T2)、表层凋落叶(T3)、腐解凋落叶(T4)4种状态的叶片,每种状态叶片设置3个浸提液浓度水平[分别称取风干叶片30g、15g和7.5g加入900mL蒸馏水进行浸提,以蒸馏水为对照(CK)],采用水培法研究了不同状态叶片浸提液对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)幼苗形态生长和抗性生理特性的影响。结果显示:(1)巨桉不同状态叶片浸提液显著抑制了萝卜幼苗的根长,其中嫩叶的抑制作用最强,腐解凋落叶抑制作用最弱。(2)各状态叶片浸提液处理后萝卜幼苗中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均呈现升高趋势,嫩叶各浓度处理以及其他状态叶片的高浓度处理下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,而其余浓度处理的SOD活性降低。(3)各状态叶片浸提液处理萝卜幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)含量在低浓度处理时低于CK,其余处理下则高于CK。(4)嫩叶各浓度处理萝卜幼苗的可溶性糖(SS)含量显著高于CK,且随着老叶和表层凋落叶浸提液浓度的升高,幼苗SS含量先升后降,腐解凋落叶各浓度处理下则呈渐增的趋势;而可溶性蛋白(SP)含量则随浸提液浓度的增加而升高,且T2和T3两种状态叶片的各浓度处理与CK差异显著。研究表明,巨桉不同状态叶片浸提液对萝卜幼苗生长和抗性生理产生了强烈的抑制作用,其中以嫩叶最强,老叶和表层凋落叶次之,腐解凋落叶最弱。     

The effects of wilt symptom development and peroxidase induction on interactions between vascular wilt bacteria and cucumber beetles

Infection of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with the bacterial pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila E. F. Smith causes vascular wilt disease in leaves, which may alter the suitability of the host plant for insects and other pathogens. In this study, densities of spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) and striped (Acalymma vittata (Fab.) cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were higher on wilted leaves of mature and seedling field plants inoculated with E. tracheiphila. Bacterial infection or feeding by D. undecimpunctata howardii beetles increased total peroxidase enzyme activity in inoculated or infested leaves of greenhouse seedlings, but only beetle feeding induced higher activities in untreated systemic leaves on the same plants. Neither bacterial infection nor beetle infestation led to the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont.) Arx. Susceptibility to this fungus was greater on E. tracheiphila-infected plants than on controls. The positive association between leaf wilt symptom development and beetle occurrence thus occurs in the presence of an oxidative but not anti-pathogenic response induced by both the insect and the pathogen.     

Heat shock-mediated H2O2 accumulation and protection against Cd toxicity in rice seedlings

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings stressed with CdCl₂ (0.5 mM or 50 μM) showed typical Cd toxicity (leaf chlorosis, decrease in chlorophyll content, or increase in H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde contents). Rice seedlings pretreated with heat shock at 45°C (HS) for 2 or 3 h were protected against subsequent Cd stress. Rice seedlings pretreated with HS had similar Cd concentration in leaves caused by CdCl₂ as those non-HS. The content of H₂O₂ increased in leaves 1 h after HS exposure. However, APX and GR activities were higher in HS-treated leaves than their respective control, and it occurred after 2 h of HS treatment. Pretreatment of rice seedlings with H₂O₂ under non-HS conditions resulted in an increase in APX, GR, and CAT activities and protected rice seedlings from subsequent Cd stress. HS-induced H₂O₂ production and protection against subsequent Cd stress can be counteracted by imidazole, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase complex. Results of the present study suggest that early accumulation of H₂O₂ during HS signals the increase in APX and GR activities, which in turn prevents rice seedlings from Cd-caused oxidative damage.     

新型真菌源激活蛋白诱导水稻抗病性及其生理机制

为明确新型真菌源激活蛋白对水稻抗病性的诱导作用及其生理机制,研究了激活蛋白对水稻稻瘟病和白叶枯病的诱导抗病性,监测了激活蛋白处理后水稻过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量变化。结果表明,1～6 μg·mL^-1激活蛋白对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的诱抗效果分别为45.2%～71.4%和47.6%～66.3%,以6 μg·mL^-1激活蛋白的诱抗效果最好。与对照相比,2 μg·mL^-1激活蛋白处理水稻后3～15 d内不同程度诱导了防御酶POD、PPO和SOD活性,抑制CAT活性,提高H₂O₂含量。新型真菌源激活蛋白能够诱导水稻产生对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性,其诱导抗性机制与水稻体内的活性氧代谢密切相关。     

Induction of enzymatic scavengers of active oxygen species in rice in response to infection by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia solani</Emphasis>

Changes in the activities of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in rice in response to infection by Rhizoctonia solani were studied. A significant increase in peroxidase activity was observed in R. solani-inoculated rice leaf sheaths 1 day after inoculation and the maximum enzyme activity was recorded 3 days after inoculation at which period a 3-fold increase in peroxidase activity was observed compared to the untreated control. Three peroxidase isozymes viz., PO-4, PO-5 and PO-6 were induced in rice upon infection by R. solani. Ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities significantly increased 1–2 days after inoculation and the maximum enzyme activities were recorded 5 days after inoculation. Superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly 2 days after inoculation and increased progressively, reaching four times the control value at 7 days after inoculation.     

Differential response of cultivated rice to pathogen challenge and abiotic stresses with reference to cationic peroxidase

Seedlings of cultivated rice variety ADT43 was investigated after challenging with two different abiotic (drought and salinity) and biotic (sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight pathogens) stresses. Salinity and drought stress reduced the growth of seedlings, mainly the higher conditions (100 mM NaCl and 10?days of drought, respectively). Increased level of MDA content was observed in biotic and abiotic-stress treated seedlings. The highest H₂O₂ content was observed under salinity-stressed seedlings and lower level observed under biotic stress. Superoxide dismutase activity showed a gradual decrease in all stress conditions compared to control. Salinity stress resulted in highest activity of catalase compared to biotic stress. The peroxidase activity of the seedlings was found to be increased under salt and drought stress conditions and the activity decreased under biotic stress. Drought stress resulted in induced expression of POC1 gene whereas the biotic stress showed lower expression level. Suppression of the rice peroxidase would have been the mechanism of overcoming the intrinsic defence in rice by these pathogens.     

中国沙棘幼苗对土壤镉生理耐性和富集转运特征的性别差异

为探究中国沙棘对土壤镉(Cd)胁迫的性别响应差异,该研究以中国沙棘2年生幼苗为材料,利用盆栽试验研究在不同浓度Cd处理下(0(CK)、25、50、100和200 mg·kg^-1)雌、雄株幼苗的生长、叶片生理特性以及Cd富集特征的差异。结果表明：(1)Cd处理下中国沙棘幼苗雌、雄株的株高和基径生长以及各器官生物量均表现出低浓度(<50 mg·kg^-1)促进,高浓度(> 100 mg·kg^-1)抑制的现象;低浓度Cd处理下雌株的株高、基径增长率和生物量的增幅均高于雄株;高浓度Cd处理下(200 mg·kg^-1)雄株株高增长率、叶生物量和总生物量分别较CK显著降低,而雌株均未显著下降。(2)随着Cd浓度升高,雌、雄株叶片光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,丙二醛(MDA)和渗透调节物质含量呈上升趋势;Cd浓度为50～200 mg·kg^-1时,雌株叶片的光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量均高于雄株,而MDA含量始终低于雄株。(3)随着Cd浓度升高,雌、...     

Induced systemic resistance in wounded rice plants

Wounding of one leaf of young rice plants caused a strong and transient accumulation of non-conjugated (–)-JA, followed by induction of a number of pathogenesis-related genes, in the treated leaf. The non-treated leaf of wounded plants that emerged after the treatment was more resistant to challenge infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. The systemic leaf also showed a transient, but delayed accumulation of jasmonic acid. Unlike the wounded leaf, there was no accumulation of pathogenesis-related mRNAs or proteins in the systemically protected leaf. Local application of jasmonic acid, the putative signal of the wound response, resulted in a similar degree of systemic disease resistance as wounding. The results suggest the operation of systemic, wound-related signalling processes in rice that induce systemic disease resistance.     

Characterization of photosynthesis, photoinhibition and the activities of C4 pathway enzymes in a superhigh-yield rice, Liangyoupeijiu

Characteristics of photosynthetic gas exchange, photoinhibition and C₄ pathway enzyme activities in both flag leaves and lemma were compared between a superhigh-yield rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrid, Liangyoupeijiu and a traditional rice hybrid, Shanyou63. Liangyoupeijiu had a similar light saturated assimilation rate (Asat) to Shanyou63, but a much higher apparent quantum yield (AQY), carboxylation efficiency (CE) and quantum yield of CO₂ fixation (ΦCO₂). Liangyoupeijiu also showed a higher resistance to photoinhibition and higher non-radiative energy dissipation associated with the xanthophyll cycle than Shanyou63 when subjected to strong light. In addition, Liangyoupeijiu had higher activities of the C₄ pathway enzymes in both flag leaves and lemmas than Shanyou63. These results indicate that higher light and CO₂ use efficiency, higher resistance to photoinhibition and C₄ pathway in both flag leaf and lemma may contribute to the higher yield of the superhigh-yield rice hybrid, Liangyoupeijiu.     

Tyramine accumulation in rice cells caused a dwarf phenotype via reduced cell division

Transgenic rice plants overexpressing a rice tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) exhibited a dwarf phenotype with a high level of tyramine accumulation. The height of transgenic rice was reduced on average to 35% of the wild-type height, whereas the number of tillers increased to 190% that of wild type. When judged by cellular distribution of tyramine and tyramine derivatives, the level of tyramine in soluble and insoluble fractions was higher than that of tyramine derivatives such as 4-coumaroyltyramine (CT) in the transgenic rice plants, suggesting that tyramine rather than its derivatives was a causative compound triggering the dwarf phenotype. Microscopic observation revealed that cell size in the transgenic lines was maintained, with a slightly irregular arrangement in the leaf mesophyll cells. When wild-type rice seeds were grown in the presence of tyramine, rice seedlings also showed stunted phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner. When these stunted seedlings were employed to measure the degree of cellular proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, only small numbers of cells were found to retain labeled nuclei in shoot tips compared with the untreated control. These results show that the dwarf phenotype associated with tyramine accumulation in transgenic rice plants is attributable to a reduction in cell number rather than cell size. In addition, our dwarf phenotype caused by tyramine was not closely associated with known dwarf genes such as D88.     

The biology of Peronospora viciae on pea: factors affecting the susceptibility of plants to local infection and systemic colonization

Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp. penetrated leaf disks of Pisum sativum L. through the cuticle. Resistance of pea plants and of individual leaves to infection by P. viciae increased with age, but decreased again at senescence. Resistance was shown by a restriction in fungal growth and sporulation and by a chlorotic reaction in the leaves. Systemic invasion followed infection of meristematic tissue, and was induced by inoculation into the apical bud of young plants, or on to the epicotyl or hypocotyl, but not roots of germinating seedlings. Most plants whose growth was retarded showed an increased resistance to systemic infection. Pods were infected externally by sporangia, rather than by mycelial growth through the peduncle and pedicel. Oospores and mycelium were found in the testas of some seeds, but seeds from infected pods did not give rise to infected seedlings.     

Genetic manipulation of Japonica rice using the <Emphasis Type="Italic">OsBADH1</Emphasis> gene from Indica rice to improve salinity tolerance

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is a major oxidative enzyme that converts betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (GB), an osmoprotectant compound in plants. Japonica rice (salt-sensitive) was genetically engineered to enhance salt tolerance by introducing the OsBADH1 gene from Indica rice (salt-tolerant), which is a GB accumulator. We produced transgenic rice plants overexpressing the modified OsBADH1 gene under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. The transgenic rice showed increased OsBADH1 gene expression and OsBADH1 enzyme production, resulting in the accumulation of GB. It also exhibited enhanced salt tolerance in immature and mature transgenic rice seedlings. The adverse effect of salt stress on seed germination, the growth of immature and mature seedlings, water status, and photosynthetic pigments was alleviated in transgenic seedlings.