近年广西银杏病虫害发生及防治对策

近年来 ,银杏病虫害在广西各栽培地区普遍发生。主要报导了在广西危害比较严重 ,造成较大经济损失的病虫害及其危害症状、形态特征、发生规律和防治措施。这些病虫害在广西多属首次发现报导。     

芽胞杆菌防治烟草病虫害的研究进展

烟草病虫害严重影响烟草产业的可持续发展,更为安全的生物防治方法已成为烟草病虫害防治研究的热点领域。芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是一类比较理想的生防微生物,在植病生物防治领域显示出了广阔的应用前景。本文论述了芽胞杆菌属细菌的生物学特性及其在烟草黑胫病、赤星病、青枯病、炭疽病、根黑腐病、花叶病、白粉病、烟草斜纹夜蛾和甲虫等烟草病虫害防治中的应用。     

Plant Volatiles-based Insect Pest Management in Organic Farming

Organic agriculture is increasing in popularity worldwide due to the rapidly growing market for organic products. In organic production, insects present a major pest challenge that negatively impacts crop health and yield. To successfully manage an organic farmland, an effective insect pest management program is key. In this review, we first describe the approaches currently used for pest management in organic farming. Next, we review natural plant defense mechanisms, especially those based on plant volatile organic compounds. Chemically complex, plant volatiles have multiple ecological roles in plant-insect interactions including attracting pollinators, acting as cues for foraging herbivores as well as functioning as direct defense, indirect defense, or interplant priming. Based on the ecological roles of plant volatiles, we then discuss in-depth how pest management may be improved through a variety of strategies including using resistant cultivars, polyculture, using beneficial microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes, and using plant-derived pesticides, all of which are reviewed in the context of plant volatiles. Lastly, integration of these different strategies based on the trait of plant volatiles for a successful and sustainable pest management program in organic farming is discussed.     

银杏幼苗死亡原因的探究

造成银杏幼苗死亡的主要原因是日灼、根腐、茎腐以及虫害等。日灼不仅直接导致银杏的幼苗死亡,还可间接诱导茎窝病的发生甚至流行。     

人工红树林的生长与病虫害防治的研究

为了配合“十五”863项目研究红树林修复海水滩涂养殖水的营养污染,在深圳海上田园旅游区的科技试验区鱼塘构筑种植岛种植一年生红树植物海桑(Sonneratia caseolarisL.)、桐花树(Ageiceras corniculatum(L.)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candelL.Druce)并监测了解其生长发育的情况及物候期;掌握危害红树林植物生长的主要病虫害.结果表明,海桑生长速度快,各生长形态指标都远大于秋茄和桐花树,并且具有良好的抗逆特性但怕冷冻.秋茄生长速度慢,对环境的适应能力差,怕水淹,成活率最低;桐花树抗逆性强,成活率最高.红树林植物幼龄时期容易受到病虫害严重威胁,要做好防治工作,保证红树林植物的健康生长.     

鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害调查与防控策略

为了解广东省连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害情况,于2015-2016年对连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害进行了系统调查。记录发现11种病害和13种虫害,其中为害严重的病害有果腐病、流胶病、细菌性穿孔病、炭疽病、果肉海绵组织病害5种;害虫有天牛、桑白蚧、蚜虫和桔小实蝇4种。在系统调查病虫害为害程度的基础上,对几种重要病虫害的发生、为害情况及相应的防治措施作了相应的阐述。     

谈农林害虫的自然控制

人类的发展面临着许多问题,其中包括环境污染与害虫暴发失控等, 对策应是人类谋求与自然协调共存。人类必须学会既要和众多的非生命物又要和数千万种生物包括100多万种昆虫协调共存。天敌昆虫是大害虫的克星; 人类赖以生存的经济植物是由昆虫传播花粉的; 昆虫是人类的美味佳肴和医病良药; 有些昆虫是重要工业原料。所以人类要锐意合理利用昆虫资源。对于农林害虫要尽可能谋求自然控制; 提倡利用植物的抗害性、利用害虫的天敌、利用昆虫生长调节剂、种间信息物质、昆虫辐射不育技术控制害虫。尽量利用植物性杀虫剂控制害虫。尽量采用不杀伤或少杀伤天敌、不污染环境的化学杀虫剂或方法防治害虫。我国创造了很多行之有效的利用农业技术防治害虫的方法。     

枇杷害虫发生与防治技术研究

调查研究结果表明,福建枇杷发生常见害虫约35种。叶部主要害虫有枇杷瘤蛾、苹掌舟蛾,在6-8月份发生为害叶片;果实主要害虫有燕灰蝶、长卷蛾,在3-5月份发生为害果实。研究应用90％万灵WP和10％吡虫灵WP防治低龄瘤蛾幼虫,效果分别为92.61％和90.34％;采用喷5％齐螨素结合套袋（牛皮纸）保果能有效控制果蛀虫的为害,防效为96.5％。     

广西杧果病虫害调查初报

对广西24个市(县)杧果病虫害进行了系统的调查。发现病害有20种,主要为白粉病、炭疽病、细菌性角斑病、蒂腐病等,其中杧果水泡病、杧果畸型病和杧果红点病为国内新发现的杧果病害;发现害虫94种,隶属于8目38科,主要为杧果小齿螟Pseudonoorda minor Munroe、杧果横线尾夜蛾Chlumetia transversa Walker、杧果茶黄蓟马Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood、桔小实蝇Dacus dorsalis Hendel、杧果扁喙叶蝉Idioscopus incertus Baker等。腹足纲有害生物1种。     

气流控制农业害虫的发展与利用

气流控制技术工作原理是利用流动的空气消灭农作物上的害虫。利用气流控制技术原理制造产生流动的空气清除、杀死和收集农作物上害虫的机械装置称捕虫机或称吸虫机。应用捕虫机防治马铃薯、甘薯、茄子、香葱、草莓、茶树等农作物上的害虫方法,具有不污染环境、无残留、对人体健康无伤害、对土壤微生物影响较小等优点。本文从气流控制农业害虫的基本原理、发展和利用、局限性以及展望四个方面出发,阐述了国内外昆虫学者利用气流控制农业害虫研究的进展,目的是为我国研发和利用其技术防治农业害虫提供参考。     

贵州烟贮害虫发生危害的初步调查与防治

介绍了贵阳烟贮主要害虫烟草粉螟EphesiaelutellaH櫣ｂｎｅｒ、烟草甲虫ＬａｓｉｏｄｅｒｍａｓｅｒｒｉｃｏｒｎｅFabricius的发生危害与防治 ,并对其影响发生的因素进行了初析。     

沙田柚的主要病虫害及其综合治理

介绍沙田柚优质高产栽培管理中的主要病虫害发生的特点,及其综合治理原理与技术措施.     

转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和G10evo-epsps基因玉米中Bt蛋白的时空表达及抗性评价

【目的】探讨转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和G10evo-epsps基因玉米双抗505-12-5中外源Bt蛋白时空表达规律,对3种主要鳞翅目害虫亚洲玉米螟、黏虫和棉铃虫的抗性进行鉴定,为转基因玉米双抗505-12-5的商业化推广提供科学的数据支撑。【方法】Bt蛋白时空表达规律采用酶联免疫法(ELISA),田间抗虫性和室内抗虫性鉴定分别采用田间人工接虫和离体组织生测方法。【结果】在玉米6~8叶期,Bt含量表现为根心叶茎,分别为517.3、453.8和312.8 ng·g~(-1);大喇叭口期,Bt含量表现为心叶根茎,分别为353.3、281.3和232.9 ng·g~(-1);吐丝期,Bt含量表现为心叶根茎,分别为188.9、114.1和53.6 ng·g~(-1);乳熟期,根、茎和心叶含量相当,分别为178.0、160.3和185.4 ng·g~(-1);繁殖器官中Bt蛋白含量表现为籽粒花丝花粉雄穗,分别为181.3、100.1、95.0和79.8 ng·g~(-1)。室内抗虫性鉴定表明,转基因玉米双抗505-12-5心叶饲喂黏虫24 h,幼虫死亡率低,但48 h后达98.21%;双抗505-12-5心叶、花丝和籽粒饲喂玉米螟,24 h幼虫死亡率分别为87.37%、100%、100%;双抗505-12-5花丝饲喂棉铃虫,24 h幼虫死亡率达80.18%,48 h死亡率为92.45%。田间鉴定结果显示,转基因玉米双抗505-12-5在心叶期和雌穗期对玉米螟、心叶期对黏虫、雌穗期对棉铃虫的抗性均达高抗水平。【结论】转基因玉米双抗505-12-5各器官在不同生育期中均能表达Bt蛋白,尤其在鳞翅目害虫为害的主要时期6~8叶期和吐丝期及乳熟期,易受害器官中Bt蛋白表达量较高。转基因玉米双抗505-12-5田间及室内对3种鳞翅目害虫均表现了显著的抗性效果,具有推广应用的潜力。     

Effects of ribosome inactivating proteins on insect development —differences between Lepidoptera and Coleoptera

Ricin and saporin represent two different classes of ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), or cytotoxins, present in plant seeds. The toxicity of these substances to several eukaryotic organisms is widely known, as is their intracellular mode of inhibitory action on the ribosomes. However virtually nothing is known of the effects of these substances on insects. In this paper we report on systematic studies which indicate that RIPs can be extremely toxic to insects although the effects are variable with different insect orders. Specifically, two Coleopteran species were extremely susceptible to the effects of both RIP's with average LD₅₀ values of less than 10^-2% (dry weight). The studies also indicate that resistance to the toxic effects, exhibited by Lepidopteran insects, may be due in part to the protease complements of the insect guts which are capable of hydrolysing the RIPs, thus eliminating them before they are absorbed and can exert their effects within the insects cells.

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Résumé La ricine et la saporine des graines de plantes représentent deux classes différentes de protéines inactivant les ribosomes (RIPs), ou cytotoxines. La toxicité de ces substances pour plusieurs eucaryotes est bien connue, de même que le processus intracellulaire de leur activité inhibitrice des ribosomes. Cependant, on ne connaît pratiquement rien de leurs effets sur les insectes. Dans cet article, nour relatons des travaux systématiques qui montrent que les RIPs peuvent être extrêmement toxiques pour les insectes, bien que leurs effects varient suivant les ordres d'insectes.Particulièrement, deux espèces de coléoptères sont extrêmement sensibles aux effets des deux RIPs avec des DL₅₀ inférieures à `0^-2% du poids sec. Ces travaux indiquent aussi que la résistance des lépidoptères à ces effets toxiques peut être due en partie à la présence dans leur intestin de protéases susceptibles d'hydrolyser les RIPs, et de les éliminer ainsi avant leur absorption et avant qu'elles ne puissent exercer leurs effets dans les cellules des insectes.

     

落叶松冠部6种病虫生态效应的研究

落叶松落叶病、枯梢病、褐锈病、兴安落叶松鞘蛾、落叶松球蚜、大蚜同为落叶松冠层的主要病虫害,但各具不同的生态位．不同害虫（ 包括虫态） 、病害对落叶松冠层的作用时序均具交错出现、相互回避的现象．对生态环境亦各有不同选择,鞘蛾和球蚜大都喜于平坦、阳坡的林分,林分郁闭度０ ．８ ～０ ．５ 为宜,尤以鞘蛾更喜于林缘和林分的天窗．通过对病虫害的综合作用研究,从落叶松生长期６ 种病虫作用生命表中得知,自５ 月下旬至７ 月上旬,落叶松冠层中以害虫危害为主,自７ 月下旬病害加入,使林木受害逐渐加重．仅有３ 种害虫危害时,生命表中Ｋｘ 值为０ ．０１６ ～０ ．０１９７ ,病害加入后Ｋｘ 值增至０ ．１２４ ,９ 月７ 日Ｋｘ 值达０ ．２６ ．３ 种病害的大量失叶时间为８ 月,可连续影响３ 年生长,影响最大者为第２ 年,鞘蛾在５ 月造成大量失叶．     

Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against the strawberry pests, Lygus lineolaris, Anthonomus signatus and Otiorhynchus ovatus

There are several insect species causing serious economic losses in strawberry, Fragaria vesca L., productions. In Quebec, Canada, the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the strawberry bud weevil clipper, Anthonomus signatus (Say) and the strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) are the most important pests. We tested the susceptibility of these pests to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions. Sixteen isolates were evaluated for their insecticide potential against these insects. Adults of each species were infected by the immersion method. All isolates were pathogenic to adults of all three species, causing mortality rates between 23.3% and 100% at a concentration of 1 × 10⁷ conidia/ml. Based on the screening results, isolate INRS‐CFL was selected for its insecticide potential and then used for further analyses against L. lineolaris, A. signatus and O. ovatus adults. Bioassays were performed to evaluate the lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and the average survival time (AST) of this isolate against both insect species. Results of dose–response mortality bioassays using four concentrations – 1 × 10⁴, 1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁸ and 1 × 10⁹ conidia/ml – indicated a LC₅₀ values of 5.3 × 10⁵, 1.8 × 10⁷ and 9.9 × 10⁷ conidia/ml at 7 days after inoculation for L. lineolaris, A. signatus and O. ovatus respectively. Using a dose of 1 × 10⁸ conidia/ml, the AST values were estimated at 4.41, 7.56 and 8.29 days, respectively, at a concentration of 1 × 10⁸ conidia/ml. This study demonstrated the potential of B. bassiana for the management of L. lineolaris, A. signatus and O. ovatus. Results also suggest that the heteropteran species is more susceptible than coleopteran species to B. bassiana.     

湖南省茶树害虫地理区划分析

通过湖南省茶树害虫的系统调查,查明湖南省茶树害虫(害螨)共302种,根据其在湖南省各地(市)的分布,编成\"0,1\"分布数据表,然后进行聚类分析.根据聚类结果,参考地理、气候、茶树的种植历史和种植面积以及其他动物类群方面的研究和前人的工作,把湖南省茶树害虫分成4个区:湘北环湖平原丘岗区,湘中、湘东丘陵区,湘西山区,湘南山地丘陵区,并分别叙述了各区的特点.     

Bt棉花害虫综合治理研究前沿

自1996年以来,全球Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)棉花应用规模迅速增长,目前已占棉花种植总面积的60%左右,主要种植国家包括美国、澳大利亚、中国、印度和巴基斯坦等。大量研究表明,Bt棉花的大面积种植有效控制了多种靶标害虫的发生危害,从而大幅度减少了化学杀虫剂的使用量;化学杀虫剂的减少使用导致一些非靶标害虫的发生危害明显加重。针对Bt棉花生产中呈现出的害虫新问题,各国分别发展了由农业防治、生物防治、化学防治等不同措施构成的防控技术体系。     

Entomopathogenic fungus Clonostachys rosea as a biocontrol agent against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a notorious insect pest of many economic important crop plants including cotton, tomato, etc. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of new biological control agent to replace toxic chemical pesticides from agro-ecosystem. Clonostachys rosea associated with whitefly and aphid (Aphis gossypii) on cotton plants was isolated and characterised on a morphological and molecular basis. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Pathogenicity of C. rosea was evaluated in two concentrations against fourth instar nymphal and adult stages of B. tabaci. The study revealed that C. rosea was highly parasitic against fourth instar nymphs than adults at different spore concentrations. Two isolates of C. rosea were identified in this study, and both were morphologically similar. However, differences were observed in the ITS region of the C. rosea isolates. Our results showed that C. rosea has the prospects to serve as a potential biocontrol agent against economically important insect pests.