Biological control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens (Chao)

Plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria is currently developed as an biocontrol agent against many plant pathogens. In this research, biological control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) by Pseudomonas fluorescens was investigated in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Results showed that 10⁹?(CFU/ml) of P. fluorescens decreased nematode infection and other parameters significantly, compared to the control. P. fluorescens was able to cause destruction of nematode egg mass matrix and significantly decreased nematode egg hatching level. Specific activities of resistance-related enzymes, namely peroxidase (POX) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), increased significantly in P. fluorescens-inoculated plants. Maximum activities of POX and PAL were observed at the 5?days after inoculation, respectively. Results suggested that the destruction of eggs and plant defence mechanisms leading to systemic resistance are two main suppression mechanisms used by P. fluorescens against nematode.     

农药对烟草AM真菌接种效应的影响

AM真菌能与烟草根系形成良好的共生关系,促进宿主生长,提高烤烟品质和产量,施用农药是否会影响AM真菌对烟草的接种效应,尚无定论,本研究用AM真菌Glomus mosseae对烟草植株进行接种,按正常施用量喷施不同种类的农药,通过对AM真菌侵染率,烟草根系活力,土壤孢子数量等的测定。研究喷施农药对AM真菌接种效应的影响。以便为菌根化烟草生产提供依据。     

接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对植物DBP污染的影响

在温室进行盆栽试验,以DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)为研究对象,以豇豆(Pigna sinensis)为宿主植物,分别接种AM真菌Acaulospora lavis(光壁无梗球囊霉)和Glomus caledonium(苏格兰球囊霉),观察接种AM真菌对植物DBP污染变化的影响．结果表明,接种AM真菌明显控制了植物对DBP的吸收,降低了植物体内DBP的浓度．在低浓度DBP(4mg.kg^-1)土壤处理时,接种Acaulospora lavis和Glomus caledo-nium分别使植物体内DBP浓度比不接种(CK)最大下降32．7％和21．7％;高浓度DBP(100mg.kg^-1)土壤处理时,分别比CK最大下降30．5％和30．0％．接种AM真菌还抑制了DBP由植物根系向地上部的迁移,对减轻植物遭受DBP污染起了一定的作用．     

Studies on the disease complex incidence by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium solani on Poi,Basella rubra

A survey of Poi crop in Ghaziabad (UP) exhibited a disease complex incidence by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium solani causing synergistic effect on the host. Paecilomyces lilacinus was found from the egg masses of M. incognita and Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus from the rhizosphere of root-knot infected Poi crop. Paecilomyces lilacinus parasitised the eggs to a greater extent. The level of parasitism was highest (65%) by P. lilacinus while Aspergillus spp. did not colonise the eggs. Fusarium solani which in the present investigation has been established to be pathogenic to Poi plant.     

VA菌根化杉树苗抗酚能力的研究

利用 Ｖ Ａ 菌根化杉树苗进行了加酚水培和土培,试验结果表明, Ｖ Ａ 菌根化杉树苗对邻香草醛,对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸等酚类物质有明显的耐受性     

Biological control of root rot-root knot disease complex of tomato

Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or in combination with Paecilomyces lilacinus was evaluated in the control of root-knot nematode and root-infecting fungi under laboratory and field conditions. Ethyl acetate extract (1 mg/ml) of P. lilacinus and P. aeruginosa,respectively, caused 100 and 64% mortality of Meloidogyne javanica larvae after 24 h. Ethyl acetate fractions of biocontrol agents were more effective than hexane extracts in the suppression of M. javanica larvae, indicating that active nematicidal compounds are intermediary in polarity. In field experiments, biocontrol fungus and bacterium significantly suppressed soilborne root-infecting fungi including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. P. lilacinus parasitized eggs and female of M. javanica and this parasitism was not significantly influenced in the presence of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the inner root tissues of tomato, whereas P. lilacinusdid not colonize tomato roots. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

AM菌根与不同施磷量对烤烟后期部分生理指标的影响

在盆栽试验中设置5种磷肥水平,接种2种AM真菌(Glomus mosseae;G．caledonium)研究了对烤烟后期生长的影响。结果表明,AM真菌与烤烟能形成良好的共生关系,显著影响了烤烟后期生长,接种AM真菌处理对烤烟烟叶中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、脂类过氧化产物丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量的影响显著,与不接种相比,接种AM真菌可显著提高烟叶中SOD活性,G89增加了39．7％,GM为35．5％;在单一施磷水平上,接种除GM4外均比不接种的SOD活性高,且G89在低磷水平(每千克土施P2O5 0、0．056g)上优于GM,而GM在较高磷水平上(每千克土施P2O5 0．112、0．224g)高于G89。此外接种真菌不仅有助于叶绿素含量提高,而且可减缓叶绿素降解。不同真菌处理间作用效果存在一定差异。施磷水平对烤烟后期生长也有一定影响。     

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Paenibacillus lentimorbus suppress disease complex caused by root-knot nematode and fusarium wilt fungus

Aim:  To screen and evaluate the biocontrol potential of Paenibacillus strains against disease complex caused by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici interactions.
Methods and Results:  Paenibacillus strains were collected from rotten ginseng roots. The strains were tested under in vitro and pots for their inhibitory activities, and biocontrol potential against disease complex caused by M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. In in vitro experiments, among 40 tested strains of Paenibacillus spp., 11 strains showed antifungal and nematicidal activities against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and M. incognita, respectively. Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR-462; GBR-508 and P. lentimorbus GBR-158 showed the strongest antifungal and nematicidal activities. These three strains used in pot experiment reduced the symptom development of the disease complex (wilting and plant death), and increased plant growth. The control effects were estimated to be 90–98%, and also reduced root gall formation by 64–88% compared to the untreated control.
Conclusion:  The protective properties of selected Paenibacillus strains make them as potential tool to reduce deleterious impact of disease complex plants.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The study highlights biocontrol potential of Paenibacillus strains in management of disease complex caused by nematode-fungus interaction.     

Biological control of soil-pathogenic nematodes infecting mungbean using Pseudomonas fluorescens

The addition of organic matters to soil has been explored as an alternative means of nematode control under field conditions. Several oil-seed cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica), castor (Ricinus communis), groundnut (Arachis hypogeae), linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were found to be highly effective in reducing the multiplication of soil-pathogenic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, etc. The plant growth parameters such as plant weight, per cent pollen fertility, number of pods per plant, root-nodulation and chlorophyll content of mungbean increased significantly. The multiplication rate of nematodes and number of root-galls were less in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens as compared to its absence. Damage caused by the nematodes was further reduced when P. fluorescens was added along with the oil-seed cakes. Neem cake was found most effective in combination with P. fluorescens.     

AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的作用机制

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与大约80%的陆生高等植物形成共生体。由土传病原物侵染引起的土传病害被植物病理学界认定为最难防治的病害之一。研究表明,AM真菌能够拮抗由真菌、线虫、细菌等病原体引起的土传性植物病害,诱导宿主植物增强对病虫害的耐/抗病性。当前,利用AM真菌开展病虫害的生物防治已经引起生态学家和植物病理学家的广泛关注。基于此,围绕AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的最新研究进展,从AM真菌改变植物根系形态结构、调节次生代谢产物的合成、改善植物根际微环境、与病原微生物直接竞争入侵位点和营养分配、诱导植株体内抗病防御体系的形成等角度,探究AM真菌在植物病虫害防治中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展植物病虫害的生物防治提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。     

Effect of aluminium toxicity on growth responses and antioxidant activities in Gmelina arborea Roxb. inoculated with AM fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviating the adverse Aluminium effects on growth and antioxidant activity was tested in Gmelina plants. Under greenhouse and aluminium stress condition, the mycorrhizal Gmelina plants showed good growth as compared to non mycorrhizal Gmelina plants. Mycorrhizal colonization in Gmelina was found not to be significantly influenced by aluminium concentrations. Results also indicate that symbiotic association was successfully established between Glomus intraradices and Gmelina plants and mycorrhizal colonization consequently increased the biomass of Gmelina. The root proline accumulation was found to increase in mycorrhizal Gmelina plants for osmotic adjustment of stress tissues under first and second level of Aluminium stress. It was observed that Mycorrhizal colonization increased the shoot root Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase activities in mycorrhizal Gmelina under second level of Aluminium stress. Mycorrhizal fungi play a major role in phytostabilization by secreting one of the glycoprotein, i.e., Glomalin, which stabilizes the Aluminium in soil as well as in the roots of Gmelina plants.     

接种AM真菌对PAEs污染土壤中微生物和酶活性的影响

土壤灭菌条件下 ,添加 5 0mg·kg-1DEHP和 5 0mg·kg-1DBP ,在温室进行盆栽试验 ,观察土壤施加DEHP与DBP和接种AM真菌 (Acaulosporalavis,光壁无梗球囊霉 ,菌号 :34)后菌根际 (简称A)、菌丝际 (简称B)和常规土 (简称C)中土壤微生物和部分土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明 ,土壤施加DEHP和DBP后 ,A、B和C层土中土壤微生物数量和土壤酶含量下降 ;接种AM真菌后 ,受AM直接影响的A和B层土中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量比不接种低 ,而C层土中三菌数量比不接种高 ;A和B层土中中性磷酸酶和脲酶含量下降 ,脱氢酶含量在A、C层土中下降 ,在B层土中稍有增加 ,AM对土壤脱氢酶活性影响不大。接种AM真菌没有降低DEHP和DBP对土壤微生物生长和土壤酶活性不利影响的程度     

Status of biological disease control in horticulture

Aspects of biological control of plant disease relevant to the horticultural industry are reviewed. Examples are given of modes of action based on parasitism or predation, antibiosis, competition, cross‐protection and other host‐mediated events. Other examples involve cultural control, the use of soil supplements and organic amendments. Strategies for selection and direct application of microbial antagonists are reviewed for aerial, root and growing media/soil microbiomes. Examples of biocontrol preparations that are currently available or undergoing registration are tabulated, and the potential for future development of biocontrol in the horticultural industry is briefly discussed.     

AM真菌与植物共生的生理生化效应研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌是广泛分布的一类土壤微生物,与植物共生后,能够促进宿主对土壤中矿质元素的吸收,调节宿主体内的代谢活动,增强植物的抗逆性,促进植物生长,增加作物产量,改善作物品质,本文综述了上述方面的研究进展和取得的主要成就。     

Selection of fungi for the control of Musca domestica in aviaries

Musca domestica is a major problem in poultry production where management has relied mostly on pesticides, which eventually have led to the development of widespread resistance in insect populations and environmental contamination. In this study, we explored the use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of houseflies in Brazil. A total of 10 isolates of different fungal pathogens were tested on the larval stages of M. domestica, which were originally derived from a commercial aviary. Among the test fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae (sensu stricto) CG46 and CG30 were the most virulent isolates, causing up to 60% mortality at day 10, but only CG46 was selected for a field trial as it attained higher sporulation on larval cadavers. A commercial product based on the M. anisopliae isolate ESALQ-1037 (Metarril®) was also field-tested using standard treatment procedures. After spraying both fungi in the aviary manure, there was a significant reduction (twofold lower) in adult density of M. domestica captured per trap compared to the control shed. Therefore, our results indicate that M. anisopliae is a promising biological control agent for M. domestica larvae, but new strategies for fungal application and appropriate formulation need to be developed to improve its effectiveness in poultry environments.     

Diversity of AM fungi in some tree species from dry land area of central Maharashtra (India)

AM symbiosis reducing damage caused by soilborne pathogen and abiotic stresses and its protection is modulated by soil and other environmental conditions. Drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses in most areas of central Maharashtra (India) and lots of tree species survive in this drought-prone area; the present investigation deals with qualitative and quantitative distribution of AM fungi in rhizosphere soil of three tree species from three localities in the dry land area of central Maharashtra, the mycorrhizal population with respect to its variation in the month of May to October and to study the physicochemical properties of rhizospheric soil.

The spore population was very high in the months of June to September in all three localities studied. The extent of colonisation by AM fungi was moderately high (70–100%). During this season there was positive correlation between AM colonisation and spore population in these months because of moderate rainfall. The species of Gigaspora and Acaulospora were dominant in Acacia arabica and Prosopis specigera rhizospheric soil, whereas the species of Glomus and Sclerocystis were dominant in association with Azadirachta indica. Thirteen dominant AM fungal species were observed in test plants. The uneven distribution of AM fungi in different localities during different seasons may be attributed to the differential physicochemical properties of soil.     

Biocontrol of root-rot disease of Coleus forskohlii and Coleus amboinicus by using plant extracts as antifungal agents

Different plant extracts were screened for their potential antifungal activity against Fusarium chlamydosporum causing root rot of Coleus amboinicus and Coleus forskohlii; the aqueous and 50% ethanol extract of Annona squamosa, Azadircta indica, Eucalyptus Spp., Ocimum sanctum, Lawsonia inermis, Allium schoenoprasum, Cinnamomum verum Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Calendula officinalis species were found to be effective. Both aqueous and 50% ethanol extract of the aforementioned plants showed a significant inhibition.     

城市生态系统中AM真菌侵染与群落结构特征

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌作为土壤微生物的重要成员之一,对城市生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义.本文系统总结了城市生态系统中AM真菌着生状况和群落结构特点,探讨了城市生态因子,如人类行为、植被重建与维护、城市土壤状况等对AM真菌着生状况和群落结构的影响,认为今后应加强城市生态系统中AM真菌群落结构与功能的研究,如关键城市生态因子(如水资源匮乏、热岛效应等)改变AM真菌群落结构的效应与机制.     

Biological control agent of common scab disease by antagonistic strain Bacillus sp. sunhua

AIMS: To identify an antagonistic strain against Streptomyces scabiei and to characterize the antibiotic agent. The efficacy of the isolated strain in controlling common scab disease was also evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: A bacterial strain antagonistic against S. scabiei was isolated from the soil of a potato-cultivating area. This bacterium was identified as a Bacillus species by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and was designated Bacillus sp. sunhua. Antibiotics produced by this strain were proven to be stable within a broad pH range and at high temperatures. The culture broth was extracted with ethyl acetate, and then the crude extract was applied to HPLC. Two compounds were isolated and identified as iturin A and macrolactin A by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMBC, HMQC and mass spectrometer. The culture broth of Bacillus sp. sunhua had a suppressive effect on common scab disease in a pot assay, decreasing the infection rate from 75 to 35%. This strain also suppressed Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen of potato dry rot disease. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus sp. sunhua was shown to inhibit S. scabiei effectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report demonstrating that macrolactin A and iturin A inhibit S. scabiei. This study demonstrated the possibility of controlling potato scab disease using Bacillus sp. sunhua.     

Biocontrol of wilt disease complex of pea using Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium sp.

Biocontrol of wilt disease complex of pea caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi was studied on pea (Pisum sativum L.) using plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and root nodule bacterium Rhizobium sp. Inoculation of M. incognita and F.oxysporum alone caused significant reductions in plant growth over un-inoculated control. Reduction in plant growth caused by M. incognita was statistically equal to that caused by F. oxysporum. Inoculation of M. incognita plus F. oxysporum together caused a greater reduction in plant growth than the sum of damage caused by these pathogens singly. Inoculation of P. fluorescens and Rhizobium sp. individually or both together increased plant growth in pathogen inoculated and un-inoculated plants. Inoculation of P. fluorescens to pathogen-inoculated plants caused a greater increase in plant growth than caused by Rhizobium sp. Application of Rhizobium plus P. fluorescens caused a greater increase in plant growth than caused by each of them singly. Inoculation of P.fluorescens caused higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than caused by Rhizobium sp. Use of Rhizobium plus P. fluorescens caused higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than their individual inoculation. Plants inoculated with both pathogens plus Rhizobium showed less nodulation than plants inoculated with single pathogen plus Rhizobium. Inoculation of Rhizobium plus P. fluorescens resulted in higher root-nodulation than inoculated only with Rhizobium. Wilting indices were 4 and 5, respectively, when plants were inoculated with F. oxysporum and F. oxysporum plus M. incognita. Wilting indices were reduced maximum to 1 and 2, respectively, when plants inoculated with F.oxysporum and plants with both pathogens were treated with P. fluorescens plus Rhizobium.