基于多元比例分析研究4种潜蝇姬小蜂(膜翅目：姬小蜂科)的形态特征差异——附2中国新纪录种

潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus属膜翅目Hymenoptera姬小蜂科Eulophidae,其分布广泛,种类多样,是潜叶蝇的优势寄生性昆虫;潜叶蝇是危害水稻和蔬菜等经济作物的重要害虫。同形潜蝇姬小蜂D.isaea(Walker, 1838)和波氏潜蝇姬小蜂D.poppoea Walker, 1848,安纳潜蝇姬小蜂D.anadolucus Doganlar, 1982,卡布潜蝇姬小蜂D.chabrias(Walker, 1844)的外形相似,需进一步挖掘4种小蜂在形态结构上的种间差异,为其在形态分类及系统发育研究提供更为详细的基础资料。本研究采用非参数检验和多元比例(multivariate ratio analysis, MRA)对40头标本的25个形态特征的测量数据进行分析,研究4种小蜂种间形态差异,筛选出了多个具有分类学意义的特征。非参数检验结果表明,在25个形态特征中,4种小蜂种间差异显著;主成分分析结果发现,前翅(fw.l),后翅(hw.l, hw.w)和体长(b.l)是主成分1和2的代表指标;线性判别分析结果显示b.l∶c.l、hw.w∶ptl.l、hw.w∶mst.l和ppd...     

棕额长角蚜蝇雌性的发现及其近似种的形态比较(双翅目,食蚜蝇科)

补充记述雌性棕额长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum brunnefrontumHuo,RenetZheng,2007。比较研究突额长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum coreanum Shiraki,1930、拟突额长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum projicienfrontoides Huo et Zheng,2004、棕额长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum brunnefrontum Huo,RenetZheng,2007和六盘山长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum liupanshanensis Zhang,HuoetRen的形态特征。     

Taxonomic revision of Prosopocoilus gracilis(Saunders,1854) and its allied species from China(Coleoptera:Lucanidae)

Prosopocoilns gracilis(Saunders,1854) and its seven allied species from China are revised.Lectotype,paralectotypes of P.gracilis(Saunders,1854) and P.denticulatus(Boileau,1901) are designated.The doubtful species,P.piceipennis(Westwood,1855) is evidently confirmed as a valid species with verification of its type depository.Two highly similar species,P.crenulidens(Fairmaire,1895) and P.denticulatus(Boileau,1901) are compared in detail for correcting longstanding wrong diagnoses of them.P.similis Schenk,2009 is illustrated with male genitalia firstly.Two recently-published species,P.andreasi Schenk,2009 and P.katsurai Fujita,2010 are treated as new junior synonyms.All the five valid species in this paper are redescribed,with illustrations of adult(including type)habitus,male and female genitalia if they are available.A key to large males is provided for identifying them briefly.     

Exploration and determination of algal role as Bioindicator to evaluate water quality – Probing fresh water algae

ObjectivesTo explore the algal floral diversity and its role to determine water quality.MethodsThe regular monthly collection of algal and water samples was made during 2018. Unicellular algae were preserved in 2 to 3% formalin while macroalgae in 4% formalin. Microphotographs of algae were taken at the biotechnological Lab of PCSIR Lahore, Pakistan. Palmer pollution index was used to determine water quality.ResultsThe study identified 201 algal species distributed among 57 genera, 42 families, 25 orders, 10 classes and 7 divisions. The total score of Algal Genus Pollution Index of Banjosa Lake, Ali Sojal Dam, Dothan Dam, Drake Dam and Rawalakot Nullah (city) were 14, 9, 10, 18 and 25 respectively. It was revealed that Banjosa Lake has probable organic pollution, Ali Sojal Dam and Dothan Dam showed lack of organic pollution, Drake Dam indicated moderate pollution while Rawalakot Nullah (City) indicated confirm high organic pollution.ConclusionWe strongly recommend the conservation and managed status of algal species for sustainable resource of algal- derived products in future. It was revealed that the water quality of Banjosa Lake, Drak Dam and Rawalakot Nullah was affected from anthropogenic activities and needs to be managed.     

Addition and re-examination of Japanese species belonging to the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercospora </Emphasis>and allied genera. V. Collections from the Nansei Islands (2)

 Five species collected in the Nansei Islands are discussed. Of these, one species found on Gardenia jasminoides is described as a new species, Cercosporidium okinawaense Kobayashi et Nishijima. Asperisporium caricae on Carica papaya, Pseudocercospora melastomobia on Melastoma candidum, and P. neoliquidambaris Nakashima et Kobayashi, nom. nov. on Liquidambar formosana are newly added to the Japanese mycoflora. Cercospora violamaculans on Rhaphiolepis umbellata is transferred to the genus Pseudocercospora as Pseudocercospora violamaculans (Fukui) Kobayashi et Nakashima, comb. nov., with some additional notes. Received: October 26, 2001 / Accepted: March 13, 2002     

Starting from scratch: Evolution of the lichen thallus in the basidiolichen Dictyonema (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)

Phylogenetic studies indicate that the basidiolichen genus Dictyonema s.lat., often thought to represent only a single genus with few species, includes several well-supported genus-level clades, all of which form associations with a unique lineage of obligately lichenized cyanobacteria (Rhizonema). In an attempt to elucidate the evolution and genus- and species-level diversification in Dictyonema s.lat., we generated 68 new sequences of the nuclear large subunit rDNA (nuLSU), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2), for 29 species-level lineages representing all major clades of Dictyonema s.lat. and most of the species currently known. The multilocus phylogeny obtained via maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches indicates the presence of five genus-level groups: a basal clade, Cyphellostereum, that is sister to the rest of the species, a paraphyletic grade representing Dictyonema s.str., and three clades representing the genera Acantholichen, Cora, and Corella. To determine the evolutionary transformations of the lichenized thallus in the group, ancestral character state reconstruction was done using six characters (lichenisation, thallus type, cortex type, hyphal sheath and haustorial type, photobiont morphology, and basidiocarp type). Our analysis indicates a progressive development of the lichenized thallus from loosely organized filamentous crusts with separate, cyphelloid basidiocarps in Cyphellostereum, to filamentous crusts with derived hyphal sheath and cyphelloid–stereoid basidiocarps partially incorporated into the lichen thallus in Dictyonema, to squamulose–foliose thalli with corticioid basidiocarps entirely supported by the lichen thallus in Cora. These results indicate a remarkable evolutionary integration of lichenized and reproductive tissues in Dictyonema s.lat., supporting the hypothesis that, at least in this case, lichenized thalli may have evolved from reproductive structures in their nonlichenized ancestors.     

Primary productivity and trophic status of a Kashmir Himalayan Lake

The paper deals with general limnology, phytoplankton production and trophic status of a Himalayan lake of Kashmir. The primary production as measured by in situ ¹⁴C istope technique ranged from 36 to 906 mgC.m^–2 d^–1 with characteristic seasonal variation. The photosynthetic efficiency was from 0.02 to 0.48% during the same period. The yearly (1975–1976) production was estimated at 134 gC.m^–2 m^–2, which shows that the lake has not yet reached a high level of eutrophication. The waterbody has been classified as mesotrophic.Formed part of thesis for which Ph. D. was awarded to MAK by Kashmir University, India     

Flowering calendar of grasses in Srinagar, Kashmir Himalaya (India)

Several grass pollens are important environmental bio-pollutants, causing various allergic disorders in susceptible persons. Therefore, it is essential to study the period and duration of the flowering of the plants growing in a particular region/area. For the area Srinagar (Kashmir Himalaya), a flowering calendar of grasses consisting of 57 species which fall under 35 genera has been compiled in order to provide an understanding of habit, period of pollen release and their dispersal from the flowers, pollen load in the atmosphere and the influence of meterological parameters. The main object of this research work is to provide an information regarding the frequency of grass pollen in atmosphere to the physicians, or medical practitioners. The maximum flowering period is recorded from July to September. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Suillin from the mushroom Suillus placidus as potent apoptosis inducer in human hepatoma HepG2 cells

During the search of new anti-cancer agent from high fungi, the ethyl acetate extract of the mushroom Suillus placidus was found to exhibit a significant cytotoxic activity against human hepatoma HepG2 cells. With bioassay-guided fractionation, a cytotoxic component suillin was isolated from the extract. The anti-cancer effect of suillin was subsequently examined in 8 human cancer cell lines by using MTT assay. It is of interest to note that human liver cancer cells (HepG2 cells, Hep3B cells, and SK-Hep-1) were preferentially killed by suillin with an IC₅₀ of 2 μM in a 48 h treatment.Mechanistically. suillin was found for the first time to induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells as characterized by DNA fragmentation, phosphatidyl-serine (PS) externalization, activation of caspase-3, -8, -9, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Moreover, the apoptosis induced by suillin was suppressed by both caspase-8 and -9 inhibitors. Western blot analysis revealed significant increases in the protein levels of Fas death receptor, adaptor FADD protein, pro-apoptotic protein Bad and a decline of Bid. These results suggest that the induction of apoptosis by suillin is through both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that suillin might be an effective agent to treat liver cancer.     

Polymorphic analysis of MHClinked Heat Shock Protein 70 genes: Their susceptibility and prognostic implication in Kangri cancer cases of Kashmiri population

Kangri cancer is a unique thermally-induced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of skin that develops due to persistent use of Kangri (a brazier), used by Kashmiri people, to combat the chilling cold during winter months. We designed a large scale case-control study to characterize the frequency of two polymorphisms within the MHC class III-linked HSP70genes, Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-hom, in order to find any association of these genotypic variants for predisposition to and clinical outcome of Kangri cancer patients from Kashmir valley in North India. Polymerase Chain Reaction and restriction enzymes were utilized to characterize the frequency of two polymorphisms with in Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-hom genes in 118 Kangri carcinoma cases and 95 healthy controls from the same population of Kashmir. Association of high frequency allelic variants of Hsp70genes with various clinicopathological features of prognostic significance was assessed by Chi-square test using SPSS software. In this study, allelic frequency of Hsp70-2 A/G heterozygote (0.87) (P = 0.012) was found to be significantly high in Kangri cancer cases compared to control (0.736) with a Relative Risk of 2.45 fold. Conversely, the allelic frequency of Hsp70-2 A/A allele in homozygous condition was significantly low in Kangri cancer cases and worked out to be 0.084 (Vs 0.252 in control) with P is equal to 0.001, implicating it as a protective allele against Kangri cancer in subjects with this genotype. Similarly, significantly high frequency of 0.50 (Vs 0.29 in control) of Hsp70-homC/C allele was found in homozygous condition in Kangri cancer cases suggestive of a positive relative risk associated with this genotype (RR is equal to 2.47) (P is equal to 0.002). The overall allele frequency data analysis of Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-hom genes was significant (χ² is equal to 12.38, P is equal to 0.002; and χ² is equal to 12.21, P is equal to 0.002). The study also reveals considerable association of high frequency alleles of HSP70 genes, especially of Hsp70-2 A/G or G/G in Kangri tumors with clinico-pathological features of poor prognosis. These results indicate that the relative risk of Kangri cancer associated with Hsp70-2 and Hsp70- hom gene polymorphisms is confined to Hsp70-2 A/G or G/G and Hsp70homC/C haplotype in our population. The study, therefore, suggests Hsp70-2 A/G or G/G and Hsp70homC/C genotypes as potential susceptibility markers and independent prognostic indicators in Kangri carcinoma patients in Kashmiri population.     

Meiotic studies in some selected angiosperms from the Kashmir Himalayas

As a part of our program to explore and evaluate genetic diversity of flowering plants of the Kashmir Himalayas,meiotic studies have been carried out on 150 wild species.Of these,Caltha alba (2n =32),D...