高粱蚜灰色灾变长期预测模型

本文应用灰色系统灾变预测理论建立了吕梁地区高粱蚜发生量预测模型．     

高粱蚜发生程度的预测研究

通过１８年的田间调查和研究,得知高粱蚜的发生程度与麦蚜的发生程度呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．８９９８）,因此即可用麦蚜发生程度预测后期高粱蚜的发生程度,预测回归式为ｙ＝５．９０１１－０．９８７４ｘ。该预报方法较常规测报法在时间上提早了１个月。经多年检验,预报准确率颇高。     

Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)

Abstract:  The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of crucifers worldwide. It was the first crop insect reported to be resistant to DDT and now in many crucifer-producing regions it has shown significant resistance to almost every insecticide applied in field including biopesticides such as crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and spinosyns from Saccharopolyspora spinosa . In certain parts of the world, economical production of crucifers has become almost impossible because of its resistance to insecticides and resulting control failure. A coordinated resistance management program needs to be implemented with the involvement of pesticide industry, local pesticide regulatory authorities, scientists and farmers. The judicious use of chemicals in conjunction with other control measures (e.g. biological control agents, resistant varieties, proper fertilization rates) is the best way to manage DBM and other pests of cruciferous crops. Introduction of glucosinolate-sulphatase inhibitors as plant-incorporated-products or sprayable material may also lead to a novel pest management strategy.     

Field evaluation of nucleopolyhedrosis virus and some biorational insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

American bolloworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is considered as a major pest of various crops all over the world. It is mainly controlled by indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides in the world due to which this pest developed resistance to most of the available insecticides. Therefore, in the current study, the efficacy of virulent strain of HaNPV (0.5 × 10⁹ PIB/ml) alone and in combination with recommended doses of spintoram (20 g/100 L of water) and emamectin benzoate (200 ml/100 L of water) was tested in field. The combination of HaNPV with spintoram and emamectin benzoate 100% reduced the larval population as compared to emamectin benzoate and HaNPV alone. This suggested that the combination of spintoram and emamectin benzoate with HaNPV could be used in field to manage the infestation of H. armigera.     

Efficacy of some biorational insecticides against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in Kuwait

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, is one of the most destructive pests of tomato worldwide. Management of the pest is mainly based on chemical insecticides. Reliance on insecticides is difficult to sustain because of unintended long‐term adverse effects on the environment and human health. Consequently, there is a need to develop pest management strategies that ensure the production of high‐quality products, while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability and maximum consumer protection. We evaluated the efficacy the biopesticides: Azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, Steinernema feltiae and Beauveria bassiana individually and in combination against T. absoluta under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. When second instar larvae were exposed to tomato leaf discs treated with Azadirachtin (3 g / L), B. thuringiensis (0.5 g/L) or B. bassiana (1.5 g/L), 70%–86%, 55%–65%, and 45.5%–58.5% mortality was observed, respectively. Steinernema feltiae (1,000 IJs/ml) was the least effective biopesticide, with 26%–42% mortality. In the greenhouse trials on tomato, pest infestation (mines/10 leaves/plant) and fruits damaged were significantly lower on plants treated with Azadirachtin  +  B. thuringiensis or Azadirachtin  +  B. bassiana compared to plants treated with Azadirachtin, B. thuringiensi, B. bassiana or S. feltiae alone. Azadirachtin  +  B. thuringiensis and Azadirachtin  +  B. bassiana resulted in 90% and 81% reduction in fruits damaged in the summer experiments, respectively, and 96% and 91% in winter. The most severe pest infestation was observed on plants treated with S. feltia. The results indicate that the biopesticides, except S. feltia, can contribute to T. absoluta control in greenhouse tomato crops. In particular, the combined use of Azadirachtin with B. thuringiensis or B. bassiana provided the highest level of control of the pest. The potential for including these biopesticides in an overall sustainable integrated pest management programme for T. absoluta is discussed.     

辽宁朝阳地区高粱蚜田间消长规律及防治适期

对辽宁省朝阳地区1989~2001年13年的高粱蚜Melanaphissacchari(Zehntner)的系统调查资料分析结果表明,该地区高粱蚜为间歇性发生,发生频率为60%左右。在不施农药的自然情况下,田间发生表现6个阶段,消长规律明显。中等发生年一般峰期日平均百株蚜量5~15万头,严重年25~60万头。各年度田间百株蚜量与蚜虫天敌单位呈极显著相关,天敌紧密跟随蚜虫。防治适期为7月25日~8月5日,个别发生较早的年份可以提前2~3d。     

Genetic population structure of sugarcane aphid,Melanaphis sacchari,in sorghum,sugarcane, and Johnsongrass in the continental USA

In 2013, an outbreak of Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was reported in sorghum in Texas, USA. Although this aphid has been reported in the continental USA for nearly a century, its occurrence was limited to Florida and Louisiana sugarcane. After 2013 and within just 3 years M. sacchari was reported in almost all sorghum growing regions from south central to southeastern states in the USA. Sorghum fields in affected areas have sustained considerable losses. This aphid has also been reported on Johnsongrass and other feral grasses. The speed at which this aphid has spread raises serious concerns about future infestations. Many aphid species present genetically distinct populations when feeding on different host plants. Thus, it was hypothesized that the recent outbreak in sorghum could be explained by a recent introduction of a sorghum‐specialized genotype. In this study, we genetically characterized M. sacchari in three of its most common host plants – sorghum, sugarcane, and Johnsongrass – across its geographic distribution in the continental USA. Although M. sacchari specimens were grouped within three genetically distinct clusters, we did not find evidence of host plant or geographic population structure. Our characterization of the genetic structure of this pest provides baseline data aimed to help explain its recent outbreak in sorghum, as well as information that may aid in the design of sustainable control strategies.     

Organic farming-compatible insecticides against the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in peach orchards

Abstract:  Three products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, mineral oil and insecticidal soap) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in a peach orchard. Their efficacy was compared with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and an untreated control. The experiment was replicated for 2 years (2003 and 2004). The products were applied once in May every year and aphid infestation was recorded three to four times post-treatment. In 2004, the effect of the products on the predatory coccinellid species was also recorded. In 2003, all four products showed good control with average Abbott's efficiency ranging from 80% to 88%. In the next year, however, the products were less effective and only imidacloprid and kaolin reduced aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control, with an average Abbott's efficiency of 62% and 31%, respectively. This reduced efficiency was attributed to high rainfall occurring post-treatment. Regarding the effects on beneficial coccinellids, only imidacloprid and mineral oil reduced their numbers after application. The results showed that the three alternative products and especially kaolin are promising for aphid control in peach orchards. Kaolin has also low side-effects on beneficials and it could be used in organic peach orchards.     

Efficacy of pymetrozine against Myzus persicae and in reducing potato virus Y transmission on tobacco plants

Forty‐four parthenogenetic lineages of Myzus persicae s.l. (Sulzer) from tobacco crops and peach orchards located in various regions of Greece were examined to determine their response to the insecticide pymetrozine using leaf‐dip bio‐assays. The results show that the aphid has not developed resistance, as all lineages exhibited resistance factors bellow 6.0. In transmission experiments of potato virus Y (PVY) using a lineage of the tobacco‐adapted subspecies M. persicae nicotianae Blackman on tobacco plants, one foliar application with pymetrozine provided adequate protection for 7 days. Pymetrozine significantly reduced both virus acquisition and inoculation compared with the untreated control and the reduction was comparable to a mineral oil application. These results are discussed in terms of the advantage of incorporating pymetrozine as a compound of pest management strategies against M. persicae s.l. and for control of non‐persistent viruses, especially in crops such as tobacco because of the high selection pressure from neonicotinoids resulting in potential of resistance developing in aphid populations.     

禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜玻璃管药膜法敏感毒力基线的建立

【目的】建立禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【方法】从田间采集麦蚜在实验室内饲养30代以上,利用玻璃管药膜法测定其对杀虫剂的敏感度,每条毒力基线为2次以上独立测定数据合并后的计算结果。【结果】用玻璃管药膜法建立了包括新烟碱类、吡啶类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类共22个药剂品种对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3 h的敏感毒力基线。禾谷缢管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.02和0.007 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.124 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC₅₀值为0.0026~0.70 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.005~0.065 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC₅₀值为0.033~0.240 μg/cm²。麦长管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.15和0.12 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.41 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC50值为0.005~0.76 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.018~0.36 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50值为0.20~2.94 μg/cm²。【结论】建立的两种麦蚜对22种杀虫药剂的相对敏感基线,包括当前所有可能用于防治麦蚜的药剂,可以用于以后麦蚜抗药性监测或其他相关研究的参照;禾谷缢管蚜对药剂的敏感度高于麦长管蚜。     

6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾的毒力及田间防效

[目的]研究6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的毒力及其在温室番茄上的防治效果,为南美番茄潜叶蛾防治提供高效杀虫剂和施药技术。[方法]采用浸渍法和药膜法测定了6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的毒力,田间调查毒力较高杀虫剂对温室番茄上南美番茄潜叶蛾防效。[结果] 6种杀虫剂中的乙基多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和阿维菌素对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵有毒力作用,致死中浓度（LC₅₀）分别为1.415、13.588和23.194 mg·L^-1。6种杀虫剂对南美番茄潜叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为：阿维菌素0.026 mg·L^-1、四唑虫酰胺0.052 mg·L^-1、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐0.057 mg·L^-1、乙基多杀菌素0.072 mg·L^-1、氯虫苯甲酰胺0.484 mg·L^-1和呋虫胺2.039 mg·L^-1。对于南美番茄潜叶蛾成虫,24 h时,仅甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和四唑虫酰胺对成虫有较高毒力;72 h时,6种杀虫剂对成虫的LC₅₀分别为：甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐0.390 mg·L^-1、乙基多杀菌素1.646 mg·L^-1、四唑虫酰胺2.630 mg·L^-1、呋虫胺5.577 mg·L^-1、阿维菌素22.502 mg·L^-1和氯虫苯甲酰胺39.636 mg·L^-1。在成虫盛发期第4天施药,阿维菌素、四唑虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素在南美番茄潜叶蛾危害严重的温室番茄上防效达80%以上。[结论]阿维菌素、四唑虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和呋虫胺对南美番茄潜叶蛾卵、幼虫或成虫有较高毒力,其中阿维菌素、四唑虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和乙基多杀菌素田间防效较好。     

不同基因型高粱的理化特性与抗蚜性的相关性研究

通过对抗蚜的河农16和感蚜品系Tx623B、Tx622B、Tx3197B、千三、晋五及杂交种的物理特性、组织结构、生理生化特性的对比分析,研究了不同基因型高粱理化特性与抗蚜性的相关性.结果表明,高粱抗蚜品系叶片表面较感蚜品系的细胞排列整齐、致密、表皮细胞直径较感蚜品系小、叶片薄、叶片表面光滑、叶片颜色浅.感虫后各品系过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均有升高,与蚜虫的诱导存在相关性,但不同品系感蚜前后均不存在趋势性变化;苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性感虫前在抗虫的河农16及杂交种中具有高水平表达,并与其他感蚜品系存在显著差异;蚜虫侵害诱导后PAL酶活性均有上升,但抗蚜品系中表现稳定,酶活性变化幅度与叶片损伤程度存在相关性,PAL酶活性与高粱的抗蚜性存在明显的相关性.感虫前后氨基酸含量及其变化与高粱品系抗蚜性间无相关性;在感蚜虫前,抗蚜品系及其杂交种可溶性糖含量显著高于感蚜品系,接虫后感蚜品系可溶性糖含量升高显著.     

Field evaluation of four biorational larvicide formulations against Anopheles albimanus in Honduras

Four biorational larvicide formulations: Teknar (B.t.i.), Arosurf MSF (Monomolecular Surface Film), Arosurf MSF combined with Teknar, and SAN-809-I ([s]-methoprene combined with B.t.i.), were evaluated against naturally occurring populations of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann in Honduras. All formulations reduced the mean number of larvae per sample area to 0 within 48 h after treatment, and gave significant (P less than 0.05) control when compared with similar untreated areas for at least 10 days after treatment. It is concluded that each of these four formulations can be used effectively to control the larvae of An. albimanus in Honduras.     

Exposure to herbicides reduces larval sensitivity to insecticides in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Herbicides and insecticides are widely used in modern agriculture. It has been reported in various studies that application of insecticides can increase tolerance of herbivorous insects to insecticides. However, limited information exists on susceptibility to insecticides when insects are exposed to herbicides. This study was conducted to investigate the potential impact of the herbicides trifluralin and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium salt (MCPA-Na) on the susceptibility of the nocturnal moth Spodoptera litura to the insecticides X-cyhalothrin, phoxim and bifenthrin. We found that larvae exposed to trifluralin or MCPA-Na became significantly less susceptible to both insecticides than nonexposed control larvae. Herbicide-treated larvae did not show altered growth under the used test conditions. However, heads of herbicide-treated larvae showed increased expression of the acetylcholinesterase genes SI Ace I and SI Ace 2. Moreover, the fat body and midgut of herbicide-treated larvae displayed elevated expression of detoxification genes (the carboxylesterase gene SI CarE;the glutathione S-transferase genes SlGSTe2 and SlGSTe3\ the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes CYP6B48, CYP9A40 and CYP321B1). The CYP6B48 gene exhibited highest inducibility. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest that exposure of S. litura larvae to herbicides may stimulate detoxification mechanisms that compromise the efficacy of insecticides.     

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) chemical control: insecticide efficacy associated with the three consecutive spray strategy

Abstract  After the initial 1993 discovery of Frankliniella occidentalis , western flower thrips, in Australia, temporary chemical control permits were issued to facilitate their insecticidal control. However, these permits were based on established endemic pests of Australian horticulture rather than demonstrated efficacy against F. occidentalis , and laboratory bioassays of Australian field-collected F. occidentalis suggested that some permit application rates were too low to be effective. In 2002 and 2003 field-based trials were carried out in strawberry and lettuce to collect field-generated efficacy data to verify the laboratory conclusions. It was found that by increasing field application rates above the existing permit rate, efficacy was increased, but not for all insecticides and not for all thrips life stages. Increasing the rate of abamectin and endosulfan in strawberry increased control of adults and larvae and increasing the rate of endosulfan in lettuce increased efficacy against larvae only. Spinosad was effective at both rates tested in strawberry, suggesting that the current permit rate could be reduced. The ability to use reduced rates may be useful if used in combination with Integrated Pest Management programs.     

惠州地区褐飞虱对几种药剂的抗药性监测

2009年采用稻茎浸渍法测定广东省惠州地区褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、异丙威、丁烯氟虫腈、烯定虫胺和毒死蜱等杀虫剂的敏感性,测定结果表明:当地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉产生了极高水平抗性(抗性倍数为422.2倍),对噻嗪酮、异丙威产生了中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为11.0和14.0倍),对丁烯氟虫腈仍处于敏感性降低(抗性倍数为3.7倍),对烯定虫胺和毒死蜱敏感(抗性倍数<3倍)。基于褐飞虱对这6种药剂抗性的明显差异,对田间治理褐飞虱合理使用药剂进行了讨论。     

Activity of conventional and reduced-risk insecticides for protection of grapevines against the rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Abstract:  Bioassays were conducted to compare the residual toxicity and leaf protection activity of conventional broad-spectrum and reduced-risk insecticides against the rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus . Insecticides were applied to a Vitis labrusca (F.) vineyard and residues were aged for 1, 3 or 7 days before leaves were collected and exposed to beetles in no-choice tests. Azinphosmethyl caused rapid knockdown and mortality for up to 1 week after application, with 1-day-old residues providing 95.6% protection against feeding, dropping to 51.6% when residues were a week old. Fenpropathrin caused mortality and knockdown after beetles had been exposed to fresh residues for 72 h. Although these effects diminished as residues aged, this compound provided the best protection of leaves against beetle feeding, with 77.9% reduction in feeding compared with the control after 7 days of aging in the vineyard. Of the reduced-risk insecticides, imidacloprid caused the greatest initial mortality and knockdown of beetles, providing protection against feeding that was equivalent to azinphosmethyl. Exposure to azadirachtin caused a low level of knockdown and mortality when residues were 1- and 3-days old. Protection against feeding was also low, lasting for only 3 days. Beetles were minimally affected by capsaicin and kaolin, with mortality and knockdown seen only when beetles were exposed to 1-day-old residues for 72 h. Foliage protection from these compounds was minimal, with between 10 and 15% reduction in feeding injury. Results are discussed in relation to development of semi-field bioassay methods for evaluating reduced-risk insecticides, and the management of M. subspinosus within grape pest management programs.     

Efficacy of biorational insecticides against chilli thrips,Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), infesting roses under nursery conditions

We evaluated biopesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, azadirachtin and horticultural oils for the management of the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, an economically significant invasive pest in the United States. Insecticides were applied four times at 7‐ to 10‐day intervals against established S. dorsalis infestations on shrub roses KnockOut^®, Rosa x ‘Radrazz’ under simulated nursery conditions. When applied as stand‐alone treatments, Beauveria bassiana GHA (BotaniGard^® ES), Metarhizium brunneum F52 (Met‐52 EC), a horticultural oil (SuffOil‐X^®) and azadirachtin (Molt‐X^®) at label rates provided significant control, reducing populations of S. dorsalis by 48–71% compared with control over 4–6 weeks. Similar results were observed when the biopesticides were applied in rotation with each other. A conventional standard, spinosad (Conserve^® SC), was consistently the most effective treatment in these studies, reducing thrips populations by >95% overall. In another study, more effective control (87%–92%) was achieved in biopesticide rotation programmes that included spinosad, when compared with those that did not. Results also showed that these biopesticides can be tank‐mixed. However, there was no evidence that B. bassiana or M. brunneum combined with azadirachtin resulted in additive or synergistic control, as neither tank‐mix treatment improved control compared with azadirachtin alone. These findings highlight the potential use of biopesticides in rotation programmes with conventional insecticides to manage S. dorsalis on roses. Biopesticides evaluated in this study can be incorporated into an IPM programme for roses.     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。