Rapid two-step purification of a recombinant mouse Fab fragment expressed in Escherichia coli.

We report a rapid, large-scale process for the purification of a recombinant Fab fragment specific for the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (Fab57P). The fragment is expressed periplasmically in Escherichia coli. The expression level was optimized in 0.3-L fermentors. The highest levels were obtained using the following conditions: (1) low postinduction temperature (21 degrees C), (2) combined use of two beta-lactam antibiotics (carbenicillin and ampicillin), (3) IPTG concentration 0.1 mM, (4) regulated pH 7.2, (5) 17-h induction time, and (6) conditions that reduce mechanical stress. Optimized large-scale fermentations were done in 15- and 300-L capacity fermentors. The recombinant Fab fragment was purified by two chromatographic steps. After disruption of the bacteria using an APV Gaulin homogenizer, the crude E. coli homogenate was directly applied, without centrifugation, to an SP Sepharose Big Beads column. The recombinant Fab fragment was eluted as a single peak in a sodium chloride gradient. The fragment was further purified by affinity adsorption to a column packed with Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B to which the antigen peptide NH(2)-CGS YNR GSF SQS SGLV-CONH(2) had been coupled through its N-terminal cysteine. The purified Fab57P fragment showed one band in SDS-PAGE. The overall purification yield was 35%.     

利用Red同源重组技术构建产L-苏氨酸的基因工程菌

利用Red重组技术构建不同基因突变的L-苏氨酸工程菌大肠杆菌ITHR,研究单敲除metA、ilvA和双敲除metA、ilvA基因后对L-苏氨酸积累的影响。应用质粒pKD46介导的Red同源重组系统,通过第一次同源重组将拟敲除基因替换为氯霉素抗性基因,再通过重组酶在FRT位点发生第二次同源重组,消除抗性基因,成功敲除了菌株ITHR体内苏氨酸合成的代谢旁路途径中的metA和ilvA基因,构建了三株不同的基因突变株。将携带苏氨酸操纵子的工程质粒pWYE065电转化入敲除不同基因的突变株中,构建基因工程菌。经5 L发酵罐发酵产酸实验,未敲除任何基因的菌株ITHR/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸的产量为5.55±0.51 g/L,metA基因单敲除菌株ITHR△metA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸产量为9.77±1.83 g/L,ilvA基因单敲除菌株ITHR△ilvA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸产量为8.65±1.42 g/L,同时敲除ilvA和metA基因的菌株ITHR△metA△ilvA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸的产量增加到13.6±1.14 g/L。通过敲除L-苏氨酸的旁路代谢途径中的关键酶的基因,可以增强L 苏氨酸积累的效果,为L-苏氨酸工程菌的进一步改造奠定了基础。     

重组戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白工程菌的高密度培养

在10L发酵罐中对戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白在重组大肠杆菌中表达发酵工艺进行了研究,用分批培养方法探讨了不同培养基、培养基中磷酸盐浓度和Mg^2＋浓度等因素对菌体生长与重组蛋白表达的影响;用分批补料培养研究了不同的补料工艺对菌体生长与重组蛋白表达的影响,同时对重组菌诱导时期、诱导持续时间以及不同诱导温度表达包含体在尿素溶液中的溶解性进行了研究。结果表明,在优化后的培养基中,磷酸盐浓度、Mg^2＋浓度分别为80mmol/L 与20mmol/L时菌体生长与表达效果较好;分批补料培养中,37℃培养9h菌体达到对数期中期(约45OD600)为适宜诱导时期,加入终浓度为10mmol/L IPTG后诱导5h,OD600达到80以上,重组蛋白表达量达到29.74％,为最适收获菌体时间;37℃表达的包含体80％以上溶解在4mol/L的尿素溶液中,最终浓度达到14mg/mL; 10L发酵罐中确定的发酵工艺参数在30L发酵罐中进行了放大培养,10L发酵罐中确定的发酵工艺参数在30L发酵罐上具有可放大性与重复性, 可以应用于工业生产。     

Use of disposable reactors to generate inoculum cultures for E. coli production fermentations

Disposable technology is being used more each year in the biotechnology industry. Disposable bioreactors allow one to avoid expenses associated with cleaning, assembly and operations, as well as equipment validation. The WAVE bioreactor is well established for Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) production, however, it has not yet been thoroughly tested for E. coli production because of the high oxygen demand and temperature maintenance requirements of that platform. The objective of this study is to establish a robust process to generate inoculum for E. coli production fermentations in a WAVE bioreactor. We opted not to evaluate the WAVE system for production cultures because of the high cell densities required in our current E. coli production processes. Instead, the WAVE bioreactor 20/50 system was evaluated at laboratory scale (10‐L) to generate inoculum with target optical densities (OD₅₅₀) of 15 within 7–9 h (pre‐established target for stainless steel fermentors). The maximum settings for rock rate (40 rpm) and angle (10.5) were used to maximize mass transfer. The gas feed was also supplemented with additional oxygen to meet the high respiratory demand of the culture. The results showed that the growth profiles for the inoculum cultures were similar to those obtained from conventional stainless steel fermentors. These inoculum cultures were subsequently inoculated into 10‐L working volume stainless steel fermentors to evaluate the inocula performance of two different production systems during recombinant protein production. The results of these production cultures using WAVE inocula showed that the growth and recombinant protein production was comparable to the control data set. Furthermore, an economic analysis showed that the WAVE system would require less capital investment for installation and operating expenses would be less than traditional stainless steel systems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010     

Molecular cloning and characterization of the alkaline ceramidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01

Ceramidase (CDase) hydrolyzes the amide bond in ceramides to yield free fatty acid and sphingosine. From a 3-L Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 culture, 70 microg of extracellular alkaline, Ca(2+)-dependent CDase, was purified to homogeneity, the N-terminal sequence was determined, and the CDase gene was cloned. The CDase gene encodes a 670 amino acid protein with a 26 amino acid signal peptide. CDase was expressed in five prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. Small amounts of recombinant active extracellular CDase were expressed by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. In Pichia pastoris GS115 low amounts of recombinant extracellular glycosylated CDase were expressed. High levels of intracellular CDase were expressed by Escherichia coli DH5alpha and E. coli BL21 cells under control of the lac-promoter and T7-promoter, respectively. From a 3-L E. coli DH5alpha culture, 280 microg of pure CDase was obtained after a three-step purification protocol. Under control of the T7-promotor CDase, without its signal peptide, was produced in inclusion bodies in E. coli BL21 cells. After refolding, 1.8 mg of pure active CDase was obtained from a 2.4-L culture after ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Both the recombinant and wild-type CDases have a pH optimum of 8.5. The recombinant enzyme was partially characterized. This is the first report of a high yield CDase production system allowing detailed characterization of the enzyme at the molecular level.     

Effect of glucose supply strategy on acetate accumulation, growth, and recombinant protein production by Escherichia coli BL21 (lambdaDE3) and Escherichia coli JM109

Two Escherichia coli strains, widely used for the production of various recombinant proteins, were compared for their pre-induction growth and acetate accumulation patterns. The strains studied were E. coli BL21 (lambdaDE3), transformed with a plasmid encoding Pseudomonas exotoxin A, and an E. coli K12 derived strain, JM109, carrying a plasmid encoding maltose-binding protein fused with HIV protease. Cultures were grown in controlled bench-top fermentors to the optimal pre-induction density in both high glucose batch and low glucose fed batch strategies. The results showed the superiority of E. coli BL21 (lambdaDE3) as a host for a recombinant protein expression system. For example, JM109 responds differently to high glucose concentration and to low glucose concentration. Its acetate concentration was as high as 10 g/L in a batch mode and 5 g/L in a fed batch mode. In comparison, strain BL21 (lambdaDE3) reached 2 g/L acetate when grown in batch mode and not more than 1 g/L acetate when grown in a fed batch mode. E. coli BL21 (lambdaDE3), most likely, possesses an acetate self-control mechanism which makes it possible to grow to the desired pre-induction density in a high glucose medium using simple batch propagation techniques. Such a technique is cost effective, reproducible, and easy to scale up. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Rational design of an improved induction scheme for recombinant Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli, strong overexpression of a recombinant protein has been shown to be deleterious due to a heavy metabolic burden on the host cell, which may completely cease cell growth before maximum product accumulation has occurred. Aiming at a reduction of very high product formation rates, we engineered E. coli strains by mutating the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolization, so that galactose can be utilized to induce lac derived promoters. The induction with galactose was effective in every strain and expression construct tested, and it reduced the metabolic burden on a highly overproducing clone so that cell growth and product accumulation could be maintained for several generations.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型L1蛋白的克隆及表达

采用PCR技术从宫颈癌组织中扩增人乳头瘤病毒16型(Human papillomavirus type16,HPV16)L1全长基因片段,目的片段克隆到pMD18T载体后经酶切鉴定及测序确认。构建重组原核表达质粒pGEX4T1-L1,转化大肠杆菌E.coliBL21,IPTG诱导表达出以非可溶性蛋白形式存在的表达蛋白,该重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的17%,免疫印迹检测表明,表达蛋白与宫颈癌病人血清出现特异性反应。成功构建了重组原核表达质粒pGEX4T1-L1,并且在原核细胞中得到表达,为进一步研究L1蛋白的免疫学活性及疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

Optimization of a heterologous signal peptide by site-directed mutagenesis for improved secretion of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli

A heterologous signal peptide (SP) from Bacillus sp. G1 was optimized for secretion of recombinant cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) to the periplasmic and, eventually, extracellular space of Escherichia coli. Eight mutant SPs were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis to improve the secretion of recombinant CGTase. M5 is a mutated SP in which replacement of an isoleucine residue in the h-region to glycine created a helix-breaking or G-turn motif with decreased hydrophobicity. The mutant SP resulted in 110 and 94% increases in periplasmic and extracellular recombinant CGTase, respectively, compared to the wild-type SP at a similar level of cell lysis. The formation of intracellular inclusion bodies was also reduced, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamyde gel electrophoresis, when this mutated SP was used. The addition of as low as 0.08% glycine at the beginning of cell growth improved cell viability of the E. coli host. Secretory production of other proteins, such as mannosidase, also showed similar improvement, as demonstrated by CGTase production, suggesting that the combination of an optimized SP and a suitable chemical additive leads to significant improvements of extracellular recombinant protein production and cell viability. These findings will be valuable for the extracellular production of recombinant proteins in E. coli.     

Recombinant protein production in an Escherichia coli reduced genome strain

Recently, efforts have been made to improve the properties of Escherichia coli as a recombinant host by 'genomic surgery'-deleting large segments of the E. coli K12 MG1655 genome without scars. These excised segments included K-islands, which contain a high proportion of transposons, insertion sequences, cryptic phage, damaged, and unknown-function genes. The resulting multiple-deletion strain, designated E. coli MDS40, has a 14% (about 700 genes) smaller genome than the parent strain, E. coli MG1655. The multiple-deletion and parent E. coli strains were cultured in fed-batch fermenters to high cell densities on minimal medium to simulate industrial conditions for evaluating growth and recombinant protein production characteristics. Recombinant protein production and by-product levels were quantified at different controlled growth rates. These results indicate that the multiple-deletion strain's growth behavior and recombinant protein productivity closely matched the parent stain. Thus, the multiple-deletion strain E. coli MDS40 provides a suitable foundation for further genomic reduction.     

布鲁氏菌L7/L12蛋白的基因克隆与原核表达

本研究对羊布鲁氏菌L7/L12蛋白进行了表达和纯化。首先从布鲁氏菌M5基因组中克隆L7/L12目的基因片段,连接至pMD-19T载体,转化入E.coli DH5α感受态细胞,PCR鉴定及测序鉴定正确后对其进行双酶切,构建重组质粒pGEX-6P-1-L7/L12并利用E.coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。羊布鲁氏菌L7/L12基因片段大小为375 bp。SDS-PAGE检测蛋白大小为13 kD,与预测值相符。Western blotting方法检测其免疫学特性。实验结果表明,成功构建了pGEX-6P-1-L7/L12原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中成功表达了L7/L12重组蛋白,Western blotting法检测其具有免疫反应。本实验为下一步研究蛋白功能及布鲁氏菌新型疫苗的研制提供了实验基础。     

含苏氨酸操纵子重组质粒的构建及其对大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸积累的影响

摘要：【目的】通过分子生物学手段构建重组质粒,将其转入野生型大肠杆菌W3110,分析含苏氨酸操纵子基因的质粒及质粒定点突变解除反馈抑制时,对L-苏氨酸积累的影响。【方法】以W3110染色体DNA为模板,PCR扩增苏氨酸操纵子基因,即启动子THrLp、编码前导肽基因thrL以及thrA、thrB、thrC基因,通过重叠延伸PCR的方法对thrA基因定点突变,解除苏氨酸对它的反馈抑制,构建出重组表达质粒WYE112和WYE134,5 L发酵实验测定L-苏氨酸的产量。【结果】经5 L发酵罐发酵产酸实验,W3110的L-苏氨酸产量为0.036 ± 0.004 g/L,携带含苏氨酸操纵子质粒的W3110菌株L-苏氨酸产量为2.590 ± 0.115 g/L,质粒上thrA解除反馈抑制后,L-苏氨酸的产量增加到9.223 ± 1.279 g/L。【结论】过表达苏氨酸操纵子基因可以使L-苏氨酸积累,进一步解除thrA基因的反馈抑制,可以增强L-苏氨酸积累的效果,为L-苏氨酸工程菌改造的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Galactose can be an inducer for production of therapeutic proteins by auto-induction using E. coli BL21 strains

Recently lactose mediated auto-induction in Escherichia coli has gained a lot of interest because higher protein titer could be achieved without the need to monitor growth and add inducer at the proper time. In this study a high level therapeutic protein production by auto-induction was observed in E. coli BL21 using either T7 or tac promoters in the modified Luria Bertani (mLB) medium containing soy peptone instead of tryptone in Luria Bertani (LB) medium. Based on medium analysis and spiking experiments it was found that 0.4 mM galactose from the soy peptone caused the auto-induction. E. coli cultures induced by galactose can saturate at considerably higher density than cultures induced by IPTG. Galactose is not consumed by E. coli BL21. Finally it has been demonstrated that auto-induction can be effectively used in fed-batch fermentation for the industrial production of a therapeutic protein. The principle of galactose mediated auto-induction should be able to apply to high throughput microplates, shake flasks and fed-batch fermentors for clone screening and therapeutic protein expression in E. coli gal(-) strains such as most commonly used BL21.     

Overproduction of alkaline polygalacturonate lyase in recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach

This work aims to achieve the overproduction of alkaline polygalacturonate lyase (PGL) with recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach. First, the PGL coding gene from Bacillus subtilis WSHB04-02 was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under the strong inducible T7 promoter of the pET20b (+) vector. And then the influence of media composition, induction temperature, and inducer isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration on cell growth and PGL production was investigated. Finally, a two-stage glycerol feeding strategy was proposed and applied in a 3-L fermenter, where cultivation was conducted at a controlled specific growth rate (μset=0.2) during pre-induction phase, followed by a constant glycerol feeding rate of 12 ml h(-1) at post-induction phase. The total PGL yield reached 371.86 U mL(-1), which is the highest PGL production by recombinant E. coli expression system.     

Metabolic footprint analysis of recombinant Escherichia coli strains during fed-batch fermentations

Metabolic footprinting has become a valuable analytical approach for the characterization of phenotypes and the distinction of specific metabolic states resulting from environmental and/or genetic alterations. The metabolic impact of heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli cells is of particular interest, since there are numerous cellular stresses triggered during this process that limit the overall productivity, e.g. the stringent response. Because the knowledge on the metabolic responses in recombinant bioprocesses is still scarce, metabolic footprinting can provide relevant information on the intrinsic metabolic adjustments. Thus, the metabolic footprints generated by E. coli W3110 and the ΔrelA mutant strain during recombinant fed-batch fermentations at different experimental conditions were measured and interpreted. The IPTG-induction of the heterologous protein expression resulted in the rapid accumulation of inhibitors of the glyoxylate shunt in the culture broth, suggesting the clearance of this anaplerotic route to replenish the TCA intermediaries withdrawn for the additional formation of the heterologous protein. Nutritional shifts were also critical in the recombinant cellular metabolism, indicating that cells employ diverse strategies to counteract imbalances in the cellular metabolism, including the secretion of certain metabolites that are, most likely, used as a metabolic relief to survival processes.     

Fermentation characteristics and protein expression patterns in a recombinant Escherichia coli mutant lacking phosphoglucose isomerase for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production

For the efficient production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) using recombinant Escherichia coli, it is of primal importance to overproduce NADPH, which is necessary for the PHB synthetic pathway. In order to overproduce NADPH in the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, a recombinant E. coli was constructed in which the phosphoglucose isomerase ( pgi) gene was knocked out to force the carbon flow into the PP pathway. The fermentation characteristics of the recombinant E. coli mutant lacking pgi were then investigated to determine the effect of overproduction of NADPH on efficient PHB production. It was found that, compared with the parent strain ( E. coli JM109), growth of the E. coli mutant lacking pgi ( E. coli DF11) is repressed due to NADPH overproduction in the PP pathway. Furthermore, repressed cell growth can be recovered to some extent by introducing a NADPH-consuming pathway, such as the PHB synthetic pathway. Efficient PHB production using such recombinant E. coli (DF11/pAeKG1) could be attained by appropriately controlling the glucose concentration in the fermentor. Total gene expression was investigated at the protein level by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Out of 22 differentially expressed proteins, 12 were identified with the aid of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Variations in the accumulation of PHB in the recombinant pgi mutant carrying phb (E. coli DF11/pAeKG1) corresponded to the expression of proteins encoded by rpsA, znuA, fabD, potD, fkpA, gapA, ynaF and ibpA. The unfavorable conditions generated by PHB accumulation in the pgi mutant carrying phb resulted in the highest expression of 30S ribosomal protein S1, which ultimately caused a further increase in soluble protein synthesis.     

Kinetics of inclusion body production in batch and high cell density fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli expressing ovine growth hormone.

A process for maximizing the volumetric productivity of recombinant ovine growth hormone (r-oGH) expressed in Escherichia coli during high cell density fermentation process has been devised. Kinetics of r-oGH expression as inclusion bodies and its effect on specific growth rates of E. coli cells were monitored during batch fermentation process. It was observed that during r-oGH expression in E. coli, the specific growth rate of the culture became an intrinsic property of the cells which reduced in a programmed manner upon induction. Nutrient feeding during protein expression phase of the fed-batch process was designed according to the reduction in specific growth rate of the culture. By feeding yeast extract along with glucose during fed-batch operation, high cell growth with very little accumulation of acetic acid was observed. Use of yeast extract helped in maintaining high specific cellular protein yield which resulted in high volumetric productivity of r-oGH. In 16 h of fed-batch fermentation, 3.2 g l-1 of r-oGH were produced at a cell OD of 124. This is the highest concentration of r-oGH reported to date using E. coli expression system. The volumetric productivity of r-oGH was 0.2 g l-1 h-1, which is also the highest value reported for any therapeutic protein using IPTG inducible expression system in a single stage fed-batch process.     

游仆虫重组核糖体蛋白L11与肽链释放因子的体外相互作用分析

核糖体蛋白L11(ribosome protein L11)是一种高度保守的蛋白质．为研究真核生物的核糖体蛋白L11的功能,从八肋游仆虫（Euplotes octocarinatus）大核基因组中克隆到核糖体蛋白L11基因,构建了重组表达质粒pGEX-6p1-L11,通过谷胱甘肽-Sepharose 4B亲和层析,纯化了重组融合蛋白GST-L11．Pull down 分析显示,八肋游仆虫的核糖体蛋白L11与第一类肽链释放因子eRF1a可以在体外相互作用．这一结果提示,与原核生物一样,低等真核生物的核糖体蛋白L11在肽链终止过程中可能起一定的作用．     

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid

Engineering of hyaluronic acid (HA) biosynthetic pathway in recombinant Escherichia coli as production host is reported in this work. A hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) gene, sphasA, from Sreptococcus pyogenes with the start codon gtg to atg mutant, was expressed in recombinant E. coli with or without the genes ugd, galF and glmU, which are analogs of hasB, hasC and hasD from Streptococcus, respectively, encoding UDP-glucose 6-dehygrogenase, Glucose-1-P uridyltransferase, and N-acetyl glucosamine uridyltransferase enzymes in the HA biosynthetic pathway. The single, double and triple organized artificial operons of sphasA, ugd, galF and glmU were designed and constructed using the inducible plasmid backbone of pMBAD. Only the triple expression recombinant, Top10/pMBAD-spABC, generated a relatively high titer of HA (approximately 48 mg/l at 48 h), indicating that both of the enzymes encoded by ugd and galF are essential for HA biosynthesis. A new gene of ssehasA with identical protein sequence of seHAS from Streptococcus equisimilis, was artificially synthesized after substituting all of the rare codons in the natural sehasA. The HA titer at 24 h flask culture increased to approximately 190 mg/l in sseAB and 160 mg/l in sseABC, respectively. Sorbitol could be used as another carbon source for HA accumulation, and the metabolic pathway for HA synthesis in a recombinant E. coli was presented. The concentration of Mg(2+) cofactor of HA synthase was optimized and a cell growth inhibition phenomenon was observed during HA accumulation. Molecular weight (MW) measurements revealed that the mean MW of HA produced from the recombinant E. coli under different conditions ranges from approximately 3.5x10(5) to 1.9x10(6)Da, indicating that the recombinant E. coli can be used as a potential host candidate for industrial production of HA.