果汁饮料中耐热霉菌的分离和鉴定研究

为了解果汁饮料中耐热霉菌的污染情况,本实验参照美国相关检验方法,对受微生物污染的果汁饮料进行耐热霉菌检验,将可疑的霉菌菌株进行分离、纯化及鉴定,结果表明,共检出费氏新萨托菌(Neosartorya fischeri)、黄色篮状菌(Talaromyces flavus)以及宛氏拟青霉(Paecilomyces variotii)3株耐热霉菌。通过查找其相关的背景资料,探讨饮料中耐热霉菌检验方法的科学性,为有效控制耐热霉菌的污染提供科学依据。     

45份活性乳酸菌饮料微生物指标检测结果的分析

目的：对辽宁21家生产企业生产的活性乳酸菌饮料进行了微生物指标检测结果的分析。方法：共采集活性乳酸菌饮料45份,对其进行了乳酸菌数、大肠菌群数、致病菌、霉菌及酵母菌的测定,并对霉菌及酵母菌的菌相进行了分析。结果：17份样品乳酸菌数未达到食品卫生国家标准的要求,合格率为62.22%,有5份样品的霉菌数及4份样品的酵母数超过了食品卫生国家标准的要求,霉菌及酵母菌的合格率分别为88.89%、91.11%。本次调查共检出霉菌280株,占比例较大的是青霉、曲霉、镰刀菌、木霉、毛霉等,其中大部分可产生对人体有害的霉菌毒素。检出酵母菌1240株,主要为汉逊酵母、红酵母。结论：45份活性乳酸菌饮料中乳酸菌数合格率是比较低的。乳酸菌数量对产品质量优劣起着重要的作用,因此,通过对乳酸菌的分离培养与计数技术经常检测其活性是非常必要的。     

烧伤感染病原菌调查及药敏分析

目的对5年来烧伤感染菌的种类和主要感染菌的耐药性作了研究分析。方法采用细菌,霉菌常规鉴定方法,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果共收到标本746份,检出感染菌512株,共计36种,分离率68．6％,其中创面分泌物标本528份,分离出感染菌490株（占92．8％）;血标本218份,分离出感染菌36株（占17％）;静脉导管11份,分离出感染菌8株（占72％）。其中G^-菌229株（44．9％）,G^＋球菌217株（42．4％）,霉菌66株（12．2％）。结论根据5年来病原菌培养结果分析,铜绿假单胞菌占9．38％;阴沟肠杆菌占6．10％,总状毛霉菌占6．0％。     

丹东市熟肉制品中食源性致病菌污染状况的调查研究

为了解丹东市熟肉制品中沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的污染及菌相分布状况,为丹东市熟肉制品中致病菌污染提供本地资料,以及熟肉制品卫生监督提供科学依据。依据国标方法以及采用全自动酶联免疫荧光快速筛选仪进行筛选和BBL Crystal细菌鉴定仪鉴定,对130份样品分别进行上述致病菌分离、血清学和生化鉴定。结果共检出致病菌15株,总检出率为11．5％,酱卤类检出率为14．0％、烧烤类检出率为7．5％、白切类检出率为12．5％,其中沙门菌4株、单核细胞增生性李斯特菌4株和金黄色葡萄球菌7株。说明丹东市熟肉制品中存在食源性致病菌污染,其中金黄色葡萄球菌污染最严重。     

宣威火腿成熟产品中主要微生物菌相构成分析

目的 :了解宣威火腿成熟产品中的微生物菌相构成 ,探讨微生物在宣威火腿中所起的作用。方法 :采用选择性培养基对宣威火腿成熟产品中的主要微生物菌相进行分离和计数。结果 :与发酵香肠不同 ,宣威火腿中的优势菌群为葡萄球菌和微球菌、霉菌 ,它们的数量在火腿表面均达到了 10 6 CFU/ g以上 ,而乳酸菌及肠杆菌、肠球菌的数量均明显低于优势菌群 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :耐盐性的葡萄球菌和微球菌的代谢活动以及火腿表面大量霉菌的生长是宣威火腿独特风味形成的基础。     

常用食用香辛料霉菌污染状况研究

以不同来源的桂皮、黑胡椒、白胡椒、孜然、小茴香、辣椒、八角、月桂叶、豆蔻、花椒等常用香辛料为实验材料,通过霉菌培养计数及黄曲霉毒素的测定,对常用香辛料加工流通过程中的霉菌污染情况及霉菌毒素残留情况进行了分析评价,并对样品污染霉菌进行了初步的分离鉴定。结果表明:实验所采集的11种香辛料的53个样品中,51%的样品霉菌总数超过国际通行标准,不同品种的香辛料霉菌污染情况存在较大的差异,孜然、小茴香、花椒的霉菌带菌量较高,桂皮、八角的霉菌带菌量较低;样品中黄曲霉素含量与霉菌污染程度存在一定的相关性,闪蒸、辐照处理能够有效减少香辛料中活菌数目,但对霉菌毒素含量影响较小。     

牛、羊胆囊内肠道菌的分离鉴定

本文对育肥屠宰的牛、羊胆囊进行了细菌学调查,其胆囊内细菌的污染情况是:被检的79例牛羊胆囊,有31例带菌,带菌率为31/79。在32例牛胆囊,有12例带菌,带菌率为12/32;47例羊胆囊,有19例带菌,带菌率为19/47。共分离出菌37株(牛2例、羊4例同时检出2株菌,其余均为1株)。按照Bergey氏《细菌鉴定手册》第8版的分类系统,经鉴定这些菌分别属5科8属中的10种菌(内含1株酵母菌及1株未定菌):大肠埃希氏菌、肠球菌、产气肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌、柠檬酸细菌,粪产硷杆菌、乳酸杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌。调查结果表明:正常情况下牛、羊胆囊内是无菌的。胆囊内检出的细菌是属污染菌,且均为肠道菌。     

血涂片检出淋巴瘤合并马尔尼菲蓝状菌感染1例

目的通过分析淋巴瘤合并马尔尼菲蓝状菌感染的血涂片特征,探讨漏诊和误诊原因,提高诊断率。方法对1例血常规检出淋巴瘤合并马尔尼菲蓝状菌感染的血涂片、骨髓及微生物学检查结果进行分析。结果血涂片及骨髓均见中性粒细胞吞噬腊肠样物,微生物学检查呈霉菌相和酵母相双相型菌落。结论血常规检查时需注意观察仪器的报警提示并关注散点图,仔细观察血涂片,可及早发现马尔尼菲蓝状菌感染,避免漏诊和误诊。     

瓶装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌污染研究进展

本文概述了有关研究报告的瓶装饮用水的铜绿假单胞菌污染发生情况、可应用的检验技术、污染途径及可能造成的危害。从控制污染的观点考虑,列出重要的环节。针对铜绿假单胞菌的生物学特性,结合瓶装饮用水的水源、水处理、灌装、包装材料、管理等生产工艺,介绍并分析了国内外学者提出的控制措施和限量标准。     

糕点、面包中污染细菌的分离及菌种的初步鉴定

以市场中不同厂家保质期内的9种糕点、面包类食品为实验对象,对其污染细菌进行了初步分离鉴定。结果表明:冷加工样品的细菌总数均超标,从污染细菌中分离检出的细菌主要是葡萄球菌属和明串珠菌属的菌株。这意味着冷加工产品受污染主要是由环境不符卫生标准,其次是操作人员的不卫生操作及添加原辅料被污染所引起。     

Isolation of wood-inhabiting fungi from Canadian hardwood logs

Wood-inhabiting fungi include many molds, wood-staining fungi, and decay fungi. Most of these fungal species can result in economic losses to wood users. Studies on molds, staining fungi, and decay fungi are necessary to be able to control their growth on wood and wood products. In this study, wood-inhabiting fungi were isolated from logs of 3 major Canadian hardwood species: sugar maple, white birch, and yellow birch. Two media were used for isolation. From these 3 wood species, a total of 1198 fungal cultures were obtained from summer- and winter-harvested logs in dry storage and under water sprinkling. The results showed that most fungal species were not host specific and affected all of the wood species tested. Frequently isolated molds were Alternaria alternata, Trichoderma species, and Mucor/Rhizopus (Zygomycota) species, frequently isolated staining fungi were Ophiostoma piceae and Ophiostoma piliferum, a frequently isolated bark saprophyte was Nectria cinnabarina, and frequently isolated decay fungi were taxa of the phylum Basidiomycota. More fungal species were isolated from summer-harvested logs than from winter-harvested logs. Fewer fungal cultures, especially decay fungi, were isolated from logs in early storage than from logs in late storage.     

鬼臼类植物产鬼臼毒素内生真菌的筛选

从桃儿七(Sinopodoph yllum hexandrum)、南方山荷叶(Diphylleia sinensis)和川八角莲(Dysos-ma veitchii)中分离到92株内生真菌,其发酵提取物经TLC、HPLC,结果表明,6株内生真菌能产鬼臼毒素,占总分离菌株数的6．5％。桃儿七、南方山荷叶和川八角莲内生真菌中产鬼臼毒素菌株占各供测菌株的7％,3％和10％。     

内生真菌对姜黄素的微生物转化

目的:调查姜黄根茎内生真菌对姜黄素的微生物转化,以期获得一些姜黄素的结构类似物或衍生物。方法:利用表面消毒法分离内生真菌;采用薄层层析和高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术筛选生物转化姜黄素的内生真菌;利用硅胶柱层析和制备型HPLC分离纯化生物转化产物;应用波谱技术解析转化产物的化学结构;通过形态学特征和内转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析对内生真菌进行初步鉴定。结果:从姜黄根茎中分离出18株内生真菌,经筛选发现其中1株丝状真菌能转化姜黄素,其产物分别为去甲基姜黄素和二去甲基姜黄素。初步鉴定该内生真菌属于Diaporthe sp.。结论:内生真菌Diaporthe sp.能对姜黄素进行去甲基化修饰,推测它可能具有O-去甲基化酶系。     

具抑菌活性连翘内生真菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从药用植物连翘内生真菌中筛选抑菌活性菌株, 并对其主要活性成分进行检测分析。【方法】采用常规组织分离法分离内生真菌, 滤纸片法测定其发酵产物对3种指示细菌的抑菌活性。TLC、HPLC和HPLC-MS检测活性菌株代谢产物中连翘苷成分。根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析鉴定目的菌株。【结果】分离得到的24株内生真菌中抑菌圈直径超过10 mm的菌株, 发酵液组有11株(45.8%), 菌丝体组有19株(79.2%), 活性菌株主要集中在果实内生真菌中, 其中G5、G7和G10表现出较强的抑菌活性。从菌株G10的胞内产物中发现活性成分连翘苷, 将其鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。【结论】连翘内生真菌是天然抗菌活性物质的重要筛选来源。     

The relationship between a leaf-rolling moth (Dactylioglypha tonica) and fungi covering the cocoon.

To discover the relationship between a leaf-rolling moth and the fungi densely covering its cocoons, the rolled nest leaves were collected in two districts in Japan and antibacterial properties of the fungi were examined. Cocoons and fungi isolated from the nest were classified into 5 categories by the growth stages of the insects, and 7 categories based on taxonomic properties and pigment productivity, respectively. The dominant genus was Penicillium in each location. However, the composition of the fungal categories was different and seemed to depend on their circumstances. From all cocoons with larvae, the strains that belonged to the same fungal category and produced the same antibiotic (deoxyherqueinone) were isolated. From these results, the species-specific relationship between the insect and fungi or fungal products was considered to be not extremely tight, and it was suggested the period of the larval spinning of the cocoon is a key stage of this unique relationship.     

海洋真菌生物活性物质研究之管见

海洋真菌是活性海洋天然产物的重要来源,到目前为止,已从海洋真菌的发酵产物中分离鉴定了1,117个新化合物。介绍了海洋真菌次生代谢产物的研究历史、现状、特点、研究方法、存在问题及其在新药研究中的应用前景。     

Isolation and characterization of cellulolytic anaerobic fungi and associated mycoplasmas from the rumen of a steer fed a roughage diet

The isolation of 12 strains of cellulolytic fungi from the rumen of a roughage-fed steer is described. These represented three different genera, including one new genus and species (Orpinomyces bovis). The organisms were indistinguishable on the basis of fermentation products from cellulose, and their fermentation patterns were very similar to those of rumen fungi isolated in other countries. Mycoplasmas were found to be associated with 7 of the 12 isolates. The ecological role of the association of the mycoplasmas with rumen fungi is still unknown.     

产喜树碱内生真菌的筛选及鉴定

从喜树Camptotheca acuminate树皮和果实中分离得到27株内生真菌,发酵后经HPLC检测,筛选出一株菌丝产喜树碱的菌,产量达774μg/L。对其ITS序列进行系统发育分析,结合其培养特征和显微特征,鉴定为拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis sp.)。这是首次报道分离自喜树的该属真菌发酵产喜树碱。     

Isolation of sterols from the marine fungus Corollospora lacera

Several marine fungi collected from the waters of Prince Edward Island, Canada, were screened for the presence of natural products exhibiting antibacterial activity. Both broths and mycelia of these fungi were studied using the bioassay-guided chromatographic separation. The 4 fractions from the extract of mycelia of Corollospora lacera exhibited weak antibacterial activity and were analyzed further. From these fractions, 2 sterols (5 alpha,8 alpha-epidioxyergosterol and 22E,24R-ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol) and a 3:1 mixture of linoleic and oleic acids were isolated. The presence of ergosterol was confirmed in dichloromethane extracts of mycelia of every fungus in this study and this sterol was isolated from the extract of mycelium of Corollospora lacera. Two other known compounds (5-hydroxymethylfuran-2-carbaldehyde and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of mycelium of Monodictys pelagica. The phthalate was reported in the literature as a metabolite isolated from the fungi, but in our study it was proven to be an artifact of the culturing and (or) extraction procedures rather than a true fungal metabolite.     

连续5年无菌体液标本中分离真菌的鉴定及药敏分析

目的回顾性调查2002-2006年华西医院住院患者无菌体液标本真菌培养的情况,分析真菌菌种及其耐药特点,为临床诊断、治疗提供参考。方法标本接种沙堡弱培养基进行分离培养,采用科马嘉念珠菌显色培养基（CHRO-Ma-gar）和API-20CAUX鉴定系统结合形态学进行菌种鉴定,使用念珠菌药敏试条（ATB-Fungus 2）对2006年来自血液标本中的真菌进行药敏试验。结果2002-2006年间检出的阳性样本数依次为7株、22株、39株、32株及57株;血液来源73株,清洁中段尿来源59株,是主要样本来源;分离真菌以白念珠菌和热带念珠菌为主,占70%以上;2006年血培养中共分离出16株念珠菌,体外药敏情况详见文中。结论临床无菌体液标本中真菌的检出率有逐年上升的趋势;菌株以白念珠菌和热带念珠菌为主,同时近平滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、马尔尼菲青霉菌等菌株也有出现;样本来源以血液、清洁中段尿为主;体外药敏总体耐药率低,但是逐渐出现了对氟康唑耐药的白念珠菌和热带念珠菌,应引起高度重视。