Utilization of shrimp industry waste in the formulation of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) feed

A rapid expansion of fisheries is demanding an adequate supply of efficient, nutritious and inexpensive fish feed, because feed contributes highly to the cost of fish production. Shrimp head, a waste product from the shrimp export industry qualifies as an economical, abundant and good quality protein source for fish feeds. In the present work, shrimp head silage powder, which contained approximately 40% protein, was used as a substitute for fish flour. Four feeds, in the form of pellets, were prepared by substituting shrimp head silage for fish flour at 0%, 33.3%, 66.6% and 100% dietary levels. Other ingredients such as corn, soy, bovine blood, cassava and corn cob flours, soy oil, vitamin premix, salt, and other components also were used in the formulation. A commercial fish feed was used as the control. The proximate composition of these feeds did not differ significantly at p>0.05, except for the protein content of the control feed, which was about 30.6% versus 35.4-36.9% protein in the other diets. No significant differences (p>0.05 level) in weight and length of juveniles fed with the different feeds during a period of 60 days were observed. In all cases, an excellent correlation (0.9950-0.9996) between weight and length of juveniles was observed. No significant difference in growth of juveniles fed on R1, R2, R3, or R4, or the control feed, was observed. Similarly, the proximate analyses of the flesh of juveniles did not present significant differences (p>0.05). The result of the study indicates that the shrimp head silage could replace fish flour as an ingredient in tilapia feed with economic advantages and without sacrificing the quality of the feed.     

Effects of Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, immune gene expression and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

We studied the effect of two probiotic Bacillus subtilis strains on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immune gene expression and disease resistance of juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A mixture of two probiotic strains, L10 and G1 in equal proportions, was administered at two different doses 10(5) (BM5) and 10(8)?(BM8)?CFU?g(-1) feed to shrimp for eight weeks. In comparison to untreated control group, final weight, weight gain and digestive enzyme activity were significantly greater in shrimp fed BM5 and BM8 diets. Significant differences for specific growth rate (SGR) and survival were recorded in shrimp fed BM8 diet as compared with the control; however, no significant differences were recorded for food conversion ratio (FCR) among all the experimental groups. Eight weeks after the start of the feeding period, shrimp were challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in shrimp survival between probiotic and control groups. Cumulative mortality of the control group was 63.3%, whereas cumulative mortality of the shrimp that had been given probiotics was 20.0% with BM8 and 33.3% with BM5. Subsequently, real-time PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of prophenoloxidase (proPO), peroxinectin (PE), lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) and serine protein (SP). The expression of all immune-related genes studied was significantly up-regulated (P?相似文献   

海水和淡化水养殖凡纳滨对虾饲料蛋白需求量的比较研究

本研究从生长、饲料利用和体成分等指标综合评价饲料蛋白质含量对凡纳滨对虾的影响。研究发现,在海水养殖环境下,饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、蛋白效率和虾体粗蛋白含量均有显著性影响(p<0.05)。摄食饲料蛋白含量38%的海养凡纳滨对虾有较高的存活率、增重率以及最高的特定生长率。饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加而减小,虾体粗蛋白含量随饲料蛋白水平升高而增加,而蛋白含量38%和41%实验组饵料系数和虾体粗蛋白含量均没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。淡化水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率随饲料蛋白水平的增加而提高,而增重率和特定生长率均在饲料蛋白含量35%实验组最高,饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加先减小后增大,蛋白含量35%实验组饵料系数显著小于其他实验组。海水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率、末体重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均高于淡水养殖的对虾。对虾虾体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均随盐度升高而升高,而虾体水分随着盐度的升高而降低。     

Bacterial clearance rate and a new differential hemocyte staining method to assess immunostimulant activity in shrimp

New methods were developed to assess immunostimulant efficacy in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Test shrimp were fed with 2 or 4 % yeast extract (YE)-coated feed while controls were fed non-coated feed. After 4 wk of feeding, individual shrimp were assessed for total hemocyte counts (THC), the number of granular hemocytes (GH) and rate of bacterial clearance. For hemocyte counts, formalin-fixed hemolymph was stained with 1.2 % Rose Bengal in 50 % ethanol for 20 min at room temperature. Some of this mixture was used for THC with a hemocytometer while some was smeared on a microscope slide and left to dry before counterstaining with hematoxylin for GH counts. By this technique, high quality smears were obtained for accurate differential counts. Bacterial clearance assays were used to assess the sum effect of humoral and cellular defense mechanisms. Vibrio harveyi was injected intramuscularly at 1 x 10(8) cells per shrimp and hemolymph was collected in anticoagulant at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min post-injection for quadruplicate drop counts (20 microl) on TCBS agar. Total hemocyte counts for shrimp fed with 4 % YE were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those for shrimp fed with non-coated feed. The percentage of granular cells and the rates of bacterial clearance for the YE-fed shrimp were higher than those for shrimp fed the control diet. These 2 methods provide a simple and rapid comparison of shrimp groups for differences in anti-bacterial defense capacity.     

南移刺参摄食三种沉积物饵料下的生长和能量收支比较

为研究不同沉积物对南移刺参的影响,测定了南移刺参对三种不同沉积物(海区沉积物、对虾养殖池沉积物、人工配制沉积物)的摄食,吸收效率和能量收支。结果表明,规格为26.11±1.5g的南移刺参在温度为17±1℃时,不同组别南移刺参对不同种沉积物的摄食率无显著差异(P>0.05),对虾组和人工组南移刺参同化效率和特定生长率显著高于海区组(P<0.05),且对虾组同化效率和特定生长率最高。通过对能量收支方程的探究,各组别代谢能无显著差异(P>0.05),对虾组南移刺参生长能显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),其能量收支方程为:100C=12.35G+34.91F+8.05U+44.69R。研究表明,特定养殖条件下,用虾塘沉积物喂食南移刺参时,刺参摄食能量较多的分配至生长,生长速率较快,利用虾塘沉积物作为饵料是一种可取模式。     

Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effect of partial or total dietary substitution of fishmeal (FM) by vegetal protein sources on growth and feed efficiency was carried out in on-growing gilthead sea bream (mean initial weight 131 g). The Control diet (FM 100) contained FM as the primary protein source, while in Diets FM 25 and FM 0 the FM protein was replaced at 75% and 100%, respectively, by a vegetable protein mixture consisting of wheat gluten, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and crystalline amino acids. Diets FM 25 and FM 0 also contained krill meal at 47 g/kg in order to improve palatability. At the end of the trial (after 158 d), fish survival was above 90%. Final weight and the specific growth rate were statistically lower in fish fed the Control diet (361 g and 0.64%/d), compared with 390–396 g and 0.69–0.70%/d after feeding vegetal diets. No significant differences were found regarding feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The digestibility of protein and amino acids (determined with chromium oxide as indicator) was similar in all diets. The blood parameters were not significantly affected by treatments. The activity of trypsin and pepsin was significantly reduced after feeding Diet FM 0. In the distal intestine, the villi length in fish fed Diet FM 25 was significantly longer and the intestine of the fish fed the FM 100 diet showed a smaller number of goblet cells. In conclusion, a total FM substitution by a vegetal mix supplemented with synthetic amino acids in on-growing sea bream is feasible.     

A protein-free diet alters small intestinal architecture and digestive enzyme activities in rats

The consequences of feeding a protein-free (PF) diet, as compared to casein, on gut characteristics were studied in slightly energy-restricted rats fed similar amounts of feed for 10 d. The weight and pH of fresh digesta in the stomach were lower (P = 0.045 and P = 0.016). However, the weight of fresh digesta in the other segments and gut tissue weight were not significantly affected by the diet (P > 0.05). Small intestinal crypt depth, width and area were reduced by 13, 23 and 37%, respectively (P = 0.011, P = 0.004 and P = 0.001), and villus width tended to be smaller (P = 0.057), with the PF diet. Villus height to crypt depth ratio was also lower with the PF diet in the duodenum and ileum, respectively (P < 0.05). Finally, the specific activities of alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N were reduced by 36 to 38% at different sites of the small intestine in the rats fed the PF diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, chronic consumption of a protein-free diet altered the intestinal villus-crypt architecture and enzyme activities in rats.     

Enhanced survival of shrimp, Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus from white spot syndrome disease after oral administration of recombinant VP28 expressed in Brevibacillus brevis

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) disease is a major threat to shrimp culture worldwide. Here, we assessed the efficacy of the oral administration of purified recombinant VP28, an envelope protein of WSSV, expressed in a Gram-positive bacterium, Brevibacillus brevis, in providing protection in shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, upon challenge with WSSV. Juvenile shrimp (2-3g in body weight) fed with pellets containing purified recombinant VP28 (50mug/shrimp) for 2weeks showed significantly higher survival rates than control groups when challenged with the virus at 3days after the last day of feeding. However, when shrimp were challenged 2weeks after the last day of feeding, survival rates decreased (33.4% and 24.93%, respectively). Survival rate was dose-dependent, increasing from 60.7 to 80.3% as the dose increased from 1 to 50mug/shrimp. At a dose of 50mug/shrimp, the recombinant protein provided protection as soon as 1day after feeding (72.5% survival). Similar results were obtained with larger-sized shrimp. These results show that recombinant VP28 expressed in a Gram-positive bacterium is a potential oral vaccine against WSSV.     

水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆幼鱼消化率的影响

设计5组等氮等脂等能的饲料, 在室内流水系统进行68d的养殖实验, 探讨高植物蛋白饲料中添加不同分子量水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus L.（16.050.03） g幼鱼消化能力的影响。分别在高植物蛋白饲料中添加5.4%超滤水解鱼蛋白（UF）、5.5%未经超滤水解鱼蛋白（FPH）、5.5%超滤截留水解鱼蛋白（RF）, 其均占饲料蛋白的10%, 以及不添加水解蛋白（PP）, 以上各组鱼粉含量均为18%, 对照组（FM）鱼粉含量为67.5%。研究结果表明, FM组的大菱鲆特定生长率与UF、FPH及PP组无显著差异（P0.05）; 饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率在FM组与UF组无显著差异（P0.05）, 但显著高于FPH、RF及PP组（P0.05）; 饲料干物质和蛋白质消化率在UF、FPH及RF组显著高于PP组（P0.05）, 但显著低于FM组（P0.05）, 在UF组显著高于FPH和RF组（P0.05）; 不同处理对饲料氨基酸和牛磺酸的消化率均产生显著影响（P0.05）, 趋势为FM组最高, 其次为UF组, PP组最低; 半胱氨酸和牛磺酸的消化率在添加水解鱼蛋白的3组（UF、FPH和RF组）和不添加水解鱼蛋白的2组（FM和PP组）呈相反的趋势。上述结果表明, 在高植物蛋白饲料中添加低分子量水解鱼蛋白（UF）, 大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和饲料利用有升高的趋势, 但UF、FPH以及RF都显著提高了大菱鲆对饲料干物质、蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率, 且UF效果优于FPH和RF。此外, 添加不同分子量水解鱼蛋白都降低了牛磺酸的消化率。       

中国对虾维生素营养的研究:Ⅰ.维生素A对中国对虾生长及视觉器官的影响

本文研究维生素Ａ对中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）生长及视觉器官的影响,获得如下结果：１．体长 ４ｃｍ、体重１ｇ小虾对饲料中ＶＡ的最适添加量为 １８,０００ ＩＵ／１００ｇ饲料,体长８ｃｍ,体重７ｇ大虾对饲料 中ＶＡ的最适添加量为１２,０００ ＩＵ／１００ｇ饲料,在ＶＡ最适添加量下,对虾增长、增重最快,饲料系数最 低。２．中国对虾的视网膜电图在暗适应条件下有ｂ、ｃ、ｄ三波,在白、蓝、黄三种光照刺激下,只有Ａ３组 （１２,０００ＩＵ／１００ｇ饲料）其视网膜电位达最高值,即ｂ波振幅达２．４５ｍＶ,ｄ波振幅达３．７ｍＶ,表明ＶＡ 在最适添加量下,视觉反应灵敏,视觉功能正常; ３．ＶＡ最适添加量的 Ａ３组对虾眼组织完整、无畸变, 而ＶＡ含量过高或不足各组,其小眼、视网膜、髓体、Ｘ－器官等都有不同程度的畸变、不完整、干瘪等现 象,表明ＶＡ投喂量不当时,会引起视觉器官的发育障碍或病变。     

Dietary copper requirement of juvenile grass shrimp,Penaeus monodon,and effects on non-specific immune responses

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary copper (Cu) requirement and its effect on the non-specific immune responses of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with seven levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 160 mg Cu kg diet(-1) of supplemental Cu were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.29 +/- 0.004 g). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. The rearing water contained 1.53 microg Cu 1(-1). Shrimp fed diets supplemented with 10 and 20 mg Cu kg diet(-1) had significantly (P < 0.01) greater weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the unsupplemented control diet and diets supplemented with > or = 40 mg Cu kg diet(-1). Whole body Cu concentration in shrimp generally increased as dietary Cu supplementation increased. Total haemocyte count (THC) was higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 10-30 mg Cu kg diet(-1) than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet and diets supplemented with > or = 40 mg Cu kg diet(-1). Intracellular superoxide anion (O2-) production ratios were significantly higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 10-30 mg Cu kg diet(-1) than shrimp fed the diet supplemented with 160 mg Cu kg diet(-1). Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain percent, FE and by linear regression of the whole-body Cu retention of shrimp indicated that the adequate dietary Cu concentration in growing P. monodon is about 15-21 mg Cu kg diet (-1). The immune indicators suggest that an adequate dietary Cu concentration for non-specific immune responses in P. monodon is about 10-30 mg Cu kg diet(-1).     

Studies on the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide gel extracted from Durio zibethinus in Penaeus monodon shrimp against Vibrio harveyi and WSSV

Oral administration of polysaccharide gel (PG) in shrimp diets revealed immunostimulating potential and disease resistance in Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp). PG from the fruit-rind of Durio zibethinus has been characterized to be a pectic polysaccharide with immunomodulating and antibacterial activities. PG inhibited growth of the shrimp bacterial pathogen, Vibrio harveyi 1526, by agar diffusion and broth microdilution tests. Clear inhibition zones on agar plates were observed at the lowest PG concentration of 3.1 mg/ml, where minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for PG were 6.3 and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. Each group of juvenile shrimps, initial mean body weight 0.29 ± 0.04 g, was housed in a closed-recirculating treated water system and was fed with PG-supplemented diets containing 1, 2 and 3% PG or shrimp basal diet in the control group for 8 and 12 weeks. PG-supplemented diets did not contribute to the overall growth of black tiger shrimp. The immune response was evaluated by analysis of prophenoloxidase activity and total hemocyte count in the shrimp fed PG-supplemented diets for 12 weeks. Prophenoloxidase activity in shrimp fed the 1, 2 and 3% PG-supplemented diet and total hemocyte count in shrimp fed the 1 and 2% PG-supplemented diet were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control group. The percent survival was higher in groups fed the 1–3% PG-supplemented diets in challenge tests with either white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or the bacterium V. harveyi 1526 than that of the control group. Relative percent survival (RPS) values in groups fed the 2% PG-supplemented diet showed the highest RPS value for disease resistance of 100% (at Day 6) and 36% (at Day 4) in treated shrimp against viral and bacterial infection, respectively. Mortality of PG-supplemented diets in treated shrimps against WSSV infection was also found to be much lower (P < 0.05) than that of the control group.     

The effects of surimi and pelleted diets on the laboratory survival, growth, and feeding rate of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L.

The effects of feeding a prepared surimi diet (fish-based) and a prepared pelleted diet (shrimpbased) on the survival, growth and feeding rate of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. were evaluated during a 45-day experiment. One hundred and twenty juveniles of laboratory cultured cuttlefish (74.5 ± 12.36 g) were divided into three treatments and were fed thawed shrimp (control), pellets or surimi. Survival rates on these diets were 95.0%, 67.5% and 22.5%, respectively. Preliminary data indicated that the low survival of cuttlefish fed surimi may have been caused by low levels of copper in their blood (131 vs 244 μg/ml) since copper is required for their respiratory blood pigment, hemocyanin. Instantaneous growth rates were 2.71 % body weight BW/day for cuttlefish fed raw shrimp, 0.33% BW/day for cuttlefish fed pellets, and 0.54% BW/day for cuttlefish fed surimi. The feeding rate of cuttlefish fed shrimp was high (6–8% BW/day). The feeding rate on pellets increased with time (from < 1 to 3% BW/day) but never reached the level for raw shrimp. The feeding rate on surimi increased to equal the rate for raw shrimp during days 1–30 (8 to 9% BW/day) and thereafter decreased (<4% BW/day). In conclusion, there was a major distinction between the palatability of a prepared diet and the ability of that diet to support growth. Surimi was highly palatable but resulted in poor survival, suggesting low nutritional quality. In contrast, pellets were less palatable but produced maintenance growth. Development of practical surimi diets will require supplementation of the surimi with soluble micro- and macronutrients.     

The immunostimulatory effects of hot-water extract of Gelidium amansii via immersion, injection and dietary administrations on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus

The total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, and respiratory burst were examined when white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were immersed in seawater (34 per thousand) containing hot-water extract of red alga Gelidium amansii at 200, 400 and 600 mg l(-1), injected with hot-water extract at 4 and 6 microg g(-1) shrimp, and fed diets containing hot-water extract at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg(-1). These parameters increased significantly when shrimp were immersed in seawater containing hot-water extract at 400 and 600 mg l(-1) after 1h, when shrimp were injected with hot-water extract at 6 microg g(-1) shrimp after one day, and when shrimp were fed diets containing hot-water extract at 1.0 and 2.0 g kg(-1) after 14 days. Phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency were significantly higher for the shrimp that were fed diets containing hot-water extract at 1.0 and 2.0 g kg(-1) than those of shrimp that were fed diets containing hot-water extract at 0 and 0.5 g kg(-1) after 14 and 28 days. In a separate experiment, L. vannamei which had received hot-water extract via injection, or fed diets containing hot-water extract, were challenged after 3h or 28 days with V. alginolyticus at 2 x 10(6) cfu shrimp(-1) and 1 x 10(6) cfu shrimp(-1), respectively, and then placed in seawater. The survival of shrimp that were injected with hot-water extract at 6 microg g(-1) was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 1 day, and the survival of shrimp fed diets containing hot-water extract at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg(-1) increased significantly after 3 days as well as at the end of the experiment (6 days after the challenge), respectively. It was concluded that L. vannamei that were immersed in hot-water extract at 400 mg l(-1), injected with hot-water extract at 6 microg g(-1) shrimp, and fed hot-water extract of G. amansii at 2.0 g kg(-1) or less showed increased immune ability as well as resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.     

Increase of dietary vitamin C improves haemocyte respiratory burst response and growth of juvenile grass shrimp,Penaeus monodon,fed with high dietary copper

Effects of dietary vitamin C (l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg, C2MP-Mg) on growth, tissue copper (Cu) accumulation, and haemocyte superoxide anion production of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, fed with either adequate or high (8 x adequate) dietary Cu were studied. Three experimental diets were used: basal diet supplemented with adequate levels of both C2MP-Mg (40 mg kg diet(-1)) and Cu (20mg kg diet(-1)) (NC-NCu); basal diet supplemented with adequate C2MP-Mg and high Cu (8 x adequate) (NC-HCu); and basal diet supplemented with high C2MP-Mg (5 x adequate) and high Cu (HC-HCu). These were each fed to triplicate groups of shrimp (mean initial weight: 0.29+/-0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Highest (P< 0.01) weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed in shrimp fed NC-NCu diet, intermediate in shrimp fed HC-HCu diet, and lowest in shrimp fed NC-HCu diet. Cu concentrations in hepatopancreas, muscle and haemolymph were highest in shrimp fed NC-HCu diet, followed by shrimp fed HC-HCu diet, and lowest for shrimp fed NC-NCu diet. Survival, total haemocyte count (THC) and intracellular superoxide anion (O-2) production were higher in shrimp fed NC-NCu diet than shrimp fed NC-HCu diet, whereas hepatosomatic index (HSI) was higher in shrimp fed NC-HCu diet than shrimp fed NC-NCu diet. However, all these parameters were similar in shrimp fed NC-NCu diet and shrimp fed HC-HCu diet. These data suggest that increase of dietary vitamin C improved haemocyte respiratory burst response and growth and prevented tissue Cu accumulation in P. monodon fed with high dietary Cu.     

Effect of methyl parathion on the susceptibility of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to experimental vibriosis

Following increasing calls for environmental safety over the past 2 decades, persistent pesticides are being replaced by more rapidly degradable products. However, even these pesticides can affect non-target species, and may be associated with slow growth and increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. In this study, juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (also named Penaeus vannamei) were challenged by intramuscular injection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus after 4 d prior exposure to methyl parathion in feed pellets at 0.080 microg g(-1). The bacterial injection control group consisted of shrimp fed pellets containing the methyl parathion-carrier solvent acetonitrile. Three additional control groups comprised 2 sterile saline-injection groups fed pellets containing methyl parathion or acetonitrile prior to injection, and 1 uninjected group fed normal pellets. Cumulative mortalities were recorded on the 4th and 8th days, and the presence of histological lesions was recorded on the 8th day. Cumulative mortalities were significantly higher in the group exposed to methyl parathion and bacteria on Day 8. Histological lesions, typical of vibriosis, were significantly associated with the injection of V. parahaemolyticus. The study provides strong experimental evidence that prior exposure to methyl parathion can increase the severity of Vibrio infections.     

Resistance of phenolic-treated oil palm stem plywood against subterranean termites and white rot decay

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of phenolic resin in protecting oil palm stem (OPS) plywood against both subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus) and white rot fungi (Pycnoporous sanguineus). Specially cooked, Low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LMW PF) resin was used to treat the OPS veneer whilst commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to bond the phenolic-treated veneer. OPS plywood were produced using two types of lay-up (100% outer veneer type and 100% inner veneer type) with adhesive spread rate of 200 g/m². The results show that treatment of OPS veneer with LMW PF has significantly enhanced the resistance of OPS plywood against both termites and white rot fungi. In the termites resistance test, the percentage of weight loss for untreated samples were 19.2% (outer veneer) and 23.9% (inner veneer), while for phenolic treated samples were only 10.7% and 15.8%, respectively. The phenolic treatment was able to enhance the resistance towards termites by 38% and towards white rot fungi by 62%. The study has shown LMW PF resin can be used to protect OPS plywood from termites and white rot fungi.     

Effect of Dietary Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Fatty Acid Composition of Pigs' Adipose Tissues

In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs six different dietary fats were added to a conventional diet (control - C) to study the effects of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of backfat and kidney fat at similar amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1:7% pork fat - PF, 4.95% olive oil - OO, 3.17% soybean oil - SO) or a constant amount of 5% of processed fats (Exp. 2: partially hydrogenated fat - SAT, fractionated pork fats: olein - OLE, stearin - STE). Compared with the control, PUFA were only slightly increased in backfat of pigs fed PF, OLE, STE or OO, although dietary PUFA intake was up to 70% higher. With SO PUFA were significantly increased in adipose tissues, predominantly at the expense of MUFA. Consequently, a non-linear relationship was found between PUFA intake and proportion in backfat. MUFA were incorporated at the expense of SFA, therefore, adipose tissues of OO fed animals were lowest in SFA. Despite comparable amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1), the degree of unsaturation measured as fat score (sum of double bonds) was in the order SO > OO > PF > C. In contrast, the proportion of SFA was C > PF = SO > OO. Regarding the decisive role of SFA for fat consistency it may be concluded that MUFA should also be considered in feeding recommendations for pigs. Furthermore, in case of a high dietary supply of MUFA, a simple index of double bonds might not be sufficiently conclusive to judge pig fat quality.