早期服用二甲双胍对妊娠肥胖患者妊娠糖尿病的预防作用及对胎儿体重的影响

目的:探讨早期服用二甲双胍对妊娠肥胖患者妊娠糖尿病的预防作用及对胎儿体重影响。方法:选取我院收治的54例妊娠肥胖患者,参照随机数字表法分成两组,每组27例。对照组患者给予运动方案治疗,无药物干预;研究组患者在对照组基础上给予二甲双胍。分别于生产前后检测患者血清空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后两小时血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、胰岛素(INS)以及C肽水平,并比较产后妊娠糖尿病患病率及胎儿体重。结果:生产后,研究组妊娠糖尿病患病率及胎儿异常发生率较对照组明显降低(P0.05);与生产前比较,研究组FBG、2hPG、HbA1C、血清INS以及C肽水平无明显差异(P0.05),对照组FBG、2hPG、HbA1C、血清INS以及C肽水平显著升高(P0.05)。两组不良反应的发生率比较差异无明显意义(P0.05)。结论:早期服用二甲双胍能有效预防妊娠肥胖患者发生妊娠糖尿病,可保持胎儿体重正常增长。     

胰岛素泵可降低糖尿病患儿血清的HMGB1水平

为了探讨胰岛素泵治疗对儿童糖尿病患者血清人高迁移率族蛋白B1 (human high mobility group protein B1, HMGB1)水平的影响,本研究选择1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM)患儿64例,随机分为胰岛素泵治疗组(观察组)和多次注射胰岛素治疗组(对照组),比较两组糖尿病患儿的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)以及餐后2 h血糖(2 h FBG)、血糖达标时间以及胰岛素用量以及治疗前后的糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、C肽和HMGB1水平。结果显示,与对照组比较,观察组的FBG以及2h FBG、血糖达标时间以及胰岛素用量均明显低于对照组,差异均存在统计学意义(p0.05)。与对照组糖尿病患儿治疗后的结果比较,观察组的HbA1c水平明显降低,C肽含量明显升高,差异均存在统计学意义(p0.05)。本研究还发现与对照组糖尿病患儿治疗后的结果比较,观察组治疗后的HMGB1水平明显降低,差异均存在统计学意义(p0.05)。本研究研究结论初步表明,胰岛素泵治疗对儿童糖尿病的改善作用可能与其降低HMGB1水平有关。     

血必净注射液联合静脉胰岛素泵入治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的效果及对氧化应激反应的影响

目的:探讨血必净注射液联合静脉胰岛素泵入治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的效果及对氧化应激反应的影响。方法:选择2016年8月至2018年8月我院收治的糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者80例,根据随机数表法分为观察组(n=41)和对照组(n=39)。对照组给予胰岛素泵治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上采用血必净注射液治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前后单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后血糖(PBG)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(TAC)水平的变化及临床症状改善时间。结果:治疗后,两组单核细胞趋化蛋白水平均较治疗前显著下降,且观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,观察组MDA低于对照组,SOD、TAC水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组血糖达标、尿酮体转阴、PH恢复时间及胰岛素用量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:血必净注射液联合胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者的效果显著明显优于单用血必净治疗,可能与其有效提高机体的抗氧化能力有关。     

平衡针灸治疗成人肥胖型糖耐量减低的临床观察

目的:探讨平衡针干预成人肥胖型糖耐量减低(IGT)的疗效。方法:选取成人肥胖型糖耐量减低患者320例,采用随机、双盲法将患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组各160例患者。对照组采用控制饮食与运动干预治疗方法,治疗组则需要在控制饮食与运动干预治疗的基础上采用平衡针针刺降糖穴、降脂穴治疗,治疗6个月后观察两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(PBG)、甘油三脂(TG)、身体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的水平。以及治疗后糖尿病(DM)发生率和IGT逆转率。结果:治疗组转为DM者为6.2%,对照组为30.6%;治疗组IGT转为糖耐量正常(NGT)为46.9%,对照组为15.6%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);治疗后,两组患者的PBG、FBG、TG、BMI、腰围均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗后对照组比较,治疗组FBG、PBG、TG、BMI、LDL-C、CHO、腹围水平均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:平衡针可以改善血糖、血脂,能减轻体重,治疗腹型肥胖,对成人肥胖型糖耐量减低的干预有助于逆转为正常糖耐量,降低糖尿病的发病率。     

珍芪降糖胶囊联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效研究

目的:探讨珍芪降糖胶囊联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法:选取2016年6月-2017年10月延安大学附属医院收取的2型糖尿病患者98例,依据治疗方式不同分为对照组(n=49例)和观察组(n=49例)。对照组在常规治疗基础上结合二甲双胍治疗,观察组在对照组基础上结合珍芪降糖胶囊治疗,对比观察两组临床疗效、治疗前后血糖血脂指标、免疫功能的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,延安大学附属医院观察组临床总有效率明显优于对照组(91.84%%vs.71.43%,P0.05);两组患者的空腹血糖(Fasting Plasma Glucose,FPG)、2 h餐后血糖(2 h Postprandial Blood Glucose,2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(Glycated Hemoglobin,HbA1c)、三酰甘油(Three Acyl Glycerin,TG)、总胆固醇(Total Cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、CD8~+水平均明显低于治疗前,而HDL-C、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平明显高于治疗前,同组内治疗前后对比差异均有显著性(P0.05);且治疗后观察组FPG、2hPBG、Hb A1c、TG、TC、LDL-C、CD8~+水平明显低于对照组,HDL-C、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+明显高于对照组,组间治疗后对比差异均有显著性(P0.05)。两组患者在治疗期间均未出现相关不良反应。结论:珍芪降糖胶囊联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效明显优于单用二甲双胍治疗,其可明显改善患者血糖血脂水平及免疫功能,且安全性高。     

糖尿病健康教育在糖尿病治疗中的效果分析

目的:为了提高糖尿病患者的糖尿病知识水平,从而增加患者对治疗的依从性。方法:对住院患者进行糖尿病教育,用同一份试卷分别于教育前后做出评估,并比较患者教育6个月前后的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBs)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG),并记录体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比。结果:(1)教育6个月后,患者参加教育后的自觉运动、控制饮食和糖尿病知识水平较教育前明显提高,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。(2)教育6个月后,体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比,空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBs)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:糖尿病教育对于预防和治疗糖尿病有非常重要的意义,患者参加教育后对治疗的依从性较教育前明显提高。     

红花黄色素联合贝那普利对早期糖尿病肾病患者肾功能的影响

目的:探讨红花黄色素联合贝那普利对早期糖尿病肾病患者肾功能的影响。方法:选择2014年1月至2014年8月我院收治的120例早期糖尿病肾病患者为研究对象,并根据随机数字法,将其分为对照组(贝那普利治疗)和观察组(红花黄色素联合贝那普利治疗),每组各60例患者,观察和比较治疗前后两组患者中医证候变化情况、临床疗效以及血清胱抑素C(Cys C)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1C)水平的变化情况。结果:与治疗前相比,两组治疗后的中医症候总积分、FBG、2h PG、Hb A1C、Cys C、Hcy、Scr、BUN水平均明显降低(P0.05);且观察组治疗后的中医症候总积分、FBG、2h PG、Hb A1C、Cys C、Hcy、Scr、BUN水平均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组治疗的总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:红花黄色素联合贝那普利治疗能够较好地改善早期糖尿病肾病患者的肾功能,值得临床推广。     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血脂血糖水平的影响

目的:探讨短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血脂血糖代谢的影响。方法:选取76例2型糖尿病患者,按给药方式不同分为两组,对照组(38例)给予门冬胰岛素常规治疗,观察组(38例)给予胰岛素泵强化治疗,依据两组治疗前后的血糖、血脂指标变化及治疗前、治疗后1周、2周的ADL量表评分评价短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血脂血糖代谢的影响。结果:治疗后,两组患者的空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平均较治疗前显著降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平均明显升高,且观察组FPG、Hb Alc、TC、TG、LDL-C水平均明显低于对照组,HDL-C水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后1周、2周,两组ADL评分均较治疗前明显提高,且观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:短期胰岛素泵强化治疗能显著改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖血脂代谢紊乱,并提高患者的日常生活能力。     

卡托普利联合坎地沙坦对糖尿病肾病患者的疗效及对血浆ET、D-D、Hcy、ADM、FIB水平的影响

目的:研究卡托普利联合坎地沙坦治疗糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效及对血浆内皮素(Endothelin,ET)、D-二聚体(D-Dimer,D-D)、同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy)、肾上腺髓质素(Adrenal medulla,ADM)、纤维蛋白原(Fibrinogen,FIB)的影响。方法:选择2016年1月至2017年8月在我院治疗的糖尿病肾病患者72例,根据不同的治疗方法分为观察组和对照组。对照组采用卡托普利治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联用坎地沙坦治疗,观察和比较两组患者的临床治疗效果,治疗前后ET、D-D、Hcy、ADM、FIB水平、肾功能及空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2小时血糖浓度(2 hours Plas ma Glucose,2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hemoglobin A1c,HbA1C)水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率为88.89%,明显高于对照组69.44%(P0.05);观察组血浆ET、D-D、Hcy、ADM、FIB、FPG、2hPG、HbA1C水平、24 h尿总蛋白及尿白蛋白排泄率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:卡托普利联合坎地沙坦治疗糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效明显优于单用卡托普利治疗,可助于降糖、降压并有效保护患者肾脏功能。     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗糖尿病的临床疗效观察

目的 观察比较短期应用胰岛素泵连续皮下输注(CSII)和多次皮下胰岛素注射治疗(MSII)糖尿病患者的疗效.方法 156例糖尿病患者随机分为CSII组和MSII组,分析比较两组血糖控制达标所需时间、胰岛素量及低血糖的发生率.结果 CSII组血糖达标所需时间、胰岛索量、低血糖发生率明显低于MSII组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 短期胰岛索泵强化治疗能较好模拟胰岛素分泌的生理节律,更快、更有效地控制高血糖,明显缩短血糖达标所需时间,减少血糖波动和低血糖的发生.     

Insulin adjustment by a diabetes nurse educator improves glucose control in insulin-requiring diabetic patients: a randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients taking insulin often have suboptimal glucose control, and standard methods of health care delivery are ineffective in improving such control. This study was undertaken to determine if insulin adjustment according to advice provided by telephone by a diabetes nurse educator could lead to better glucose control, as indicated by level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective randomized trial involving 46 insulin-requiring diabetic patients who had poor glucose control (HbA1c of 0.085 or more). Eligible patients were those already taking insulin and receiving endocrinologist-directed care through a diabetes centre and whose most recent HbA1c level was 0.085 or higher. The patients were randomly assigned to receive standard care or to have regular telephone contact with a diabetes nurse educator for advice about adjustment of insulin therapy. RESULTS: At baseline there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of HbA1c level (mean [and standard deviation] for standard-care group 0.094 [0.008] and for intervention group 0.096 [0.010]), age, sex, type or duration of diabetes, duration of insulin therapy or complications. After 6 months, the mean HbA1c level in the standard-care group was 0.089 (0.010), which was not significantly different from the mean level at baseline. However, the mean HbA1c level in the intervention group had fallen to 0.078 (0.008), which was significantly lower than both the level at baseline for that group (p < 0.001) and the level for the standard-care group at 6 months (p < 0.01). INTERPRETATION: Insulin adjustment according to advice from a diabetes nurse educator is an effective method of improving glucose control in insulin-requiring diabetic patients.     

Safety and efficacy of adeno-associated viral vector-mediated insulin gene transfer via portal vein to the livers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrating the efficacy of insulin gene therapy have mostly involved use of adenoviral vectors or naked DNA to deliver the insulin gene. However, this procedure may not guarantee long-term insulin production. To improve the performance, we prepared recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) harboring the gene encoding a furin-modified human insulin under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter [rAAV-hPPI(F12)]. METHODS: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were used as a diabetic animal model. The levels of blood glucose, insulin, and HbA1c were measured to test the effect. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed to test the capability of blood glucose disposal. Immunohistochemical staining and Northern blot analyses were performed to survey the expression pattern of the therapeutic insulin gene. RESULTS: STZ-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats infused via the portal vein with rAAV-hPPI(F12) produced human insulin and after a 6-h fast were normoglycemic for over 90 days post-treatment, whereas diabetic rats treated with recombinant adenoviral vector harboring the hPPI(F12) gene [rAV-hPPI(F12)] were normoglycemic only for days 3 to 13 post-treatment. Insulin mRNA was detected mainly in the liver of the rAAV-hPPI(F12)-treated diabetic rats. The glucose tolerance capability of the rAAV-hPPI(F12)-treated diabetic rats was comparable to that of non-diabetic rats, even without injection of recombinant insulin. Furthermore, blood HbA1c concentrations in rAAV-hPPI(F12)-treated diabetic rats were reduced to almost the normal level. Importantly, studies of rAV or rAAV vector-dependent side effects on the targeted liver strongly suggested that only rAAV treatment caused no side effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that our rAAV-mediated in vivo insulin gene therapy provides safer maintenance of the insulin gene expression required for long-term and thus more effective blood glycemic control.     

Inpatient Management of Diabets Mellitus Among Noncritically Ill Patients at the University Hospital of Puerto Rico

ObjectiveTo describe the state of glycemic control in noncritically ill diabetic patients admitted to the Puerto Rico University Hospital and adherence to current standard of care guidelines for the treatment of diabetes.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients admitted to a general medicine ward with diabetes mellitus as a secondary diagnosis. Clinical data for the first 5 days and the last 24 hours of hospitalization were analyzed.ResultsA total of 147 noncritically ill diabetic patients were evaluated. The rates of hyperglycemia (blood glucose ≥ 180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 70 mg/dL) were 56.7 and 2.8%, respectively. Nearly 60% of patients were hyperglycemic during the first 24 hours of hospitalization (mean random blood glucose, 226.5 mg/dL), and 54.2% were hyperglycemic during the last 24 hours of hospitalization (mean random blood glucose, 196.51 mg/dL). The mean random last glucose value before discharge was 189.6 mg/dL. Most patients were treated with subcutaneous insulin, with basal insulin alone (60%) used as the most common regimen. The proportion of patients classified as uncontrolled receiving basal-bolus therapy increased from 54.3% on day 1 to 60% on day 5, with 40% continuing to receive only basal insulin. Most of the uncontrolled patients had their insulin dose increased (70.1%); however, a substantial proportion had no change (23.7%) or even a decrease (6.2%) in their insulin dose.ConclusionThe management of hospitalized diabetic patients is suboptimal, probably due to clinical inertia, manifested by absence of appropriate modification of insulin regimen and intensification of dose in uncontrolled diabetic patients. A comprehensive educational diabetes management program, along with standardized insulin orders, should be implemented to improve the care of these patients. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:452-460)     

2 型糖尿病患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子-21 水平的变化及意义

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子-21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF-21)水平变化以及观察短期胰岛素强化治疗对FGF-21水平的影响。方法:选择我院2013年1月至2015年1月收治的T2DM患者64例,其中初诊T2DM患者32例(T2DM组),T2DM合并大血管病变患者32例(合并大血管病变组),并选择同期体检健康者30例(对照组)。采用酶联免疫法测定三组血浆FGF-21水平以及胰岛素强化治疗前后的变化,分析血浆FGF-21水平与体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血脂、血糖、空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS)和糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1C)等水平的关系。结果:T2DM组及T2DM合并大血管病变组患者空腹血浆FGF-21水平明显高于对照组(P0.05),T2DM合并大血管病变组患者空腹血浆FGF-21水平明显高于T2DM组和对照组(P0.05)。空腹血浆FGF-21水平与T2DM患者FPG、Hb A1C水平呈明显正相关,WHR、舒张压、Hb A1C是影响血浆FGF-21水平的独立相关因素。经胰岛素强化治疗后,血浆FGF-21水平较治疗前明显下降(P0.05)。结论:T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平明显升高,可能参与了T2DM及其大血管病变的发生和发展,胰岛素强化治疗可明显降低T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平,血浆FGF-21可能作为T2DM病情和疗效评估的参考指标。     

Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients

Because chronic L-arginine supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in nonobese type 2 diabetic patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a long-term oral L-arginine therapy on adipose fat mass (FM) and muscle free-fat mass (FFM) distribution, daily glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and adipokine release in obese type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance who were treated with a combined period of hypocaloric diet and exercise training. Thirty-three type 2 diabetic patients participated in a hypocaloric diet plus an exercise training program for 21 days. Furthermore, they were divided into two groups in randomized order: the first group was also treated with L-arginine (8.3 g/day), and the second group was treated with placebo. Although in the placebo group body weight, waist circumference, daily glucose profiles, fructosamine, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment index significantly decreased, L-arginine supplementation further decreased FM (P < 0.05) and waist circumference (P < 0.0001), preserving FFM (P < 0.03), and improved mean daily glucose profiles (P < 0.0001) and fructosamine (P < 0.03). Moreover, change in area under the curve of cGMP (second messenger of nitric oxide; P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (index of antioxidant capacity; P < 0.01), and adiponectin levels (P < 0.02) increased, whereas basal endothelin-1 levels (P < 0.01) and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (P < 0.05) decreased in the L-arginine group. Long-term oral L-arginine treatment resulted in an additive effect compared with a diet and exercise training program alone on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, it improved endothelial function, oxidative stress, and adipokine release in obese type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance.     

Treatment of Severe Diabetes Mellitus by Insulin Infusion

A new and simple form of insulin therapy for diabetic hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis has been developed using a continuous intravenous infusion of insulin at a rate of 2·4 U/hr to maintain serum insulin concentration at physiological levels. This rate raises the mean serum insulin to 83 μU/ml and has a therapeutic effect which is not augmented by higher infusion rates. The response to such low doses of insulin indicates a need for a reappraisal of currently held theories about insulin resistance in diabetic ketoacidosis. In 11 diabetic patients with a mean plasma glucose of 514 mg/100 ml this therapy produced continuous falls in plasma glucose at a mean rate of 75 mg/100 ml/hr, and 10 out of 11 patients recovered within eight hours. This form of therapy is simple to institute, not complicated by hypoglycaemia, and avoids the confusion and empiricism of previously described forms of therapy.     

Glucose and insulin improve cardiac efficiency and postischemic functional recovery in perfused hearts from type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice

Hearts from type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice demonstrate altered substrate utilization with high rates of fatty acid oxidation, decreased functional recovery following ischemia, and reduced cardiac efficiency. Although db/db mice show overall insulin resistance in vivo, we recently reported that insulin induces a marked shift toward glucose oxidation in isolated perfused db/db hearts. We hypothesize that such a shift in metabolism should improve cardiac efficiency and consequently increase functional recovery following low-flow ischemia. Hearts from db/db and nondiabetic (db/+) mice were perfused with 0.7 mM palmitate plus either 5 mM glucose (G), 5 mM glucose and 300 microU/ml insulin (GI), or 33 mM glucose and 900 microU/ml insulin (HGHI). Substrate oxidation and postischemic recovery were only moderately affected by GI and HGHI in db/+ hearts. In contrast, GI and particularly HGHI markedly increased glucose oxidation and improved postischemic functional recovery in db/db hearts. Cardiac efficiency was significantly improved in db/db, but not in db/+ hearts, in the presence of HGHI. In conclusion, insulin and glucose normalize cardiac metabolism, restore efficiency, and improve postischemic recovery in type 2 diabetic mouse hearts. These findings may in part explain the beneficial effect of glucose-insulin-potassium therapy in diabetic patients with cardiac complications.     

Myocardial Infarction and Carbohydrate Metabolism Relating to Diabetes Mellitus

Fifteen non-obese males with acute myocardial infarction and no diabetic history were evaluated for diabetes. During infarction, results of oral glucose tolerance tests were “diabetic” or “probably diabetic” in 10 of the 15 patients (67 percent). The plasma immuno-reactive insulin response in 12 patients (80 percent) was of a pattern observed in patients with maturity-onset diabetes. Six months after infarction, follow-up glucose tolerance tests in 12 surviving patients were diabetic or probably diabetic in three cases (25 percent). In seven of twelve patients (58 percent) had delay in the peaking of the plasma insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test, a phenomenon that is observed in patients with maturity-onset diabetes.Glucose tolerance tests were abnormal in one of fourteen control subjects (7 percent). There was a delayed plasma insulin response to an oral glucose test in two of fourteen controls (14 percent).Patients with myocardial infarction have an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.     

Chromium picolinate supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats

Chromium picolinate (CrP) supplementation has been studied as a potential therapy of insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities. There have been some reports involving chromium supplementation in patients with diabetes, but the results are varied. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of CrP on insulin sensitivity and body weight in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rats. We supplemented normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and GK diabetic rats with supplemental CrP, 100 mg/kg/day once a day for 4 weeks. In the normal SD rats, the mean body weight of the control group increased by 50.5%, whereas that of the CrP-treated group increased by 65.9% (P < 0.05 vs control). Similarly, in the diabetic GK rats, CrP supplementation showed increased weight gain compared to the control group (133.4% vs 119.6% of the baseline weight, P < 0.01). Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) [ip injection of glucose; 2 g/kg] and insulin sensitivity tests [SQ injection of insulin (5 U/kg) plus ip injection of glucose (30 min after insulin injection)] were conducted. During insulin sensitivity tests at the end of treatment, the glucose levels were significantly lower in CrP-treated rats compared with the control rats (AUC_0→120; 113.1 ± 32.0 vs 170.5 ± 49.0 mg-min/mL, P < 0.05). During GTTs, the glucose levels and insulin concentrations in the CrP-treated rats were not different from those in the control rats.

The results of these studies suggest that CrP supplementation in GK diabetic rats leads to increase of weight gain and improvement of insulin sensitivity. This raises the possibility that CrP supplementation can be considered to improve carbohydrate metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting blood glucose.

Changes in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism were studied in young and aged subjects, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and patients with NIDDM by means of the glucose clamp technique. The diabetic group includes obese and non-obese patients treated without insulin and non-obese patients treated with insulin. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) was decreased in aged subjects (5.8 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min) compared with young controls (7.4 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min). In patients with IGT, it was further decreased to 3.6 +/- 0.5 mg/kg/min, which was comparable to the rate in NIDDM without insulin treatment (3.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min). There were no differences in the GDR between obese (3.0 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min) and non-obese (3.4 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/min) diabetic patients. In insulin-treated diabetic patients, GDR ranged widely, but the mean value was partially normalized (5.2 +/- 0.9 mg/kg/min). In the diabetic group, no correlation was observed between fasting blood glucose and GDR. These results suggest that in the course of developing NIDDM, a decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake precedes a rise in fasting blood glucose. Thus, as previously reported for Caucasian NIDDM patients, resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake may be one of the basic defects in Japanese patients with NIDDM. The degree of glycemia, however, is not directly related to the magnitude of the defect in insulin action.