Croatian Wines from Native Grape Varieties Have Higher Distinct Phenolic (Nutraceutic) Profiles than Wines from Non‐Native Varieties with the Same Geographic Origin

Croatian wines made from native (Plavac mali and Teran) and non‐native grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot), all grown in Croatian coastal regions, were investigated. Analyses included measurements of antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and concentrations of non‐colored phenolic compounds, chosen based on their known nutraceutical properties. Plavac mali wines were distinguished by higher antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and catechin concentrations but lower flavonol concentrations. Teran wines had higher hydroxytyrosol, myricetin and resveratrol concentrations. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines had higher flavonol concentrations (except myricetin). Canonical analysis was successful in discriminating Plavac mali from Teran wines, and both varieties were separated from non‐native varieties. The results indicate distinct genetic potentials of studied varieties and enable wine authentication based on the investigated bioactive compounds.     

南亚热带酿酒葡萄品种(系)引种研究

1998～1999年,对8804、真芳德(Zinfandel)、梅尔诺(Merlot Noir)、赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)等4个欧亚种优良酿酒葡萄品种(系)在我国南亚热带季风气候下的栽培适应性做了初步观察.结果表明,8804具有较强的抗病性和早期丰产性;真芳德早期丰产性突出,但抗真菌病害能力较差;梅尔诺和赤霞珠早期丰产性较差,抗病性一般,能获得较好的成熟度.     

不同品种葡萄抗霜霉病特性与叶片POD、PPO活性关系的研究

在霜霉病盛发期,对8804、梅尔诺、品丽珠3个葡萄品种(系)叶片中的PPO和POD活性变化进行了测定.结果显示,8804的PPO和POD活性较大,并保持相当长时间的高活性值,而梅尔诺、品丽珠叶片中PPO和POD活性较小;8804的PPO酶活性变化范围高于其它2个品种,但POD酶活性变化范围却低于后者.葡萄叶片中PPO和POD活性与葡萄霜霉病抗性之间存在一定的相关性,且不同抗感品种间PPO和POD酶活性存在极显著差异.研究结果表明,8804较梅尔诺、品丽珠对霜霉病具有较强的抗性.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of Chilean red wines against Helicobacter pylori

The antibacterial activity of sixteen Chilean red wines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Merlot, Cabernet Organic and Pinot Noir), and the active extracts of two randomly selected wines were assayed for their antibacterial activity on six strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated from gastric biopsies. The active fraction of the wines was obtained by dichloromethane extraction, and the antibacterial activity of the wines and extracts was evaluated by an agar diffusion method. All the red wines studied showed some antibacterial activity on the six strains of H. pylori, although the strains were heterogeneous in their susceptibility to each particular wine. The active fraction of the two wines selected also showed good activity against the strains tested. The main active compound was identified as resveratrol. The results presented indicate that Chilean red wines have antibacterial activity against H. pylori, which depends mainly on the presence of resveratrol.     

Influence of Planococcus ficus on Aspergillus section Nigri and ochratoxin A incidence in vineyards from Argentina

Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Planococcus ficus infection in red wine grapes on Aspergillus section Nigri and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination. Methods and Results: During 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 vintages, Merlot, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties divided into two categories of grape samples (undamaged and damaged by P. ficus) were evaluated. Regardless of the grape variety and the harvest season evaluated, Aspergillus section Nigri incidence and the mean OTA concentration in damaged berries were significantly higher than that in the undamaged ones (P < 0·05; P < 0·001). The Merlot variety showed the highest level of black aspergilli contamination in damaged grapes during the 2006/2007 vintage (53·5% of infection), whereas Malbec presented the highest incidence during the 2008/2009 vintage (57·6% of infection). The Cabernet Sauvignon variety showed the highest OTA levels, ranging from 0·1 to 140 μg kg^?1. Conclusions: The presence of P. ficus in vineyards increased the risk of OTA occurrence in grapes, suggesting the need to implement insect control at preharvest stage to reduce the entry of OTA in the wine production chain. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study is the first report on the influence of P. ficus on the potential risk of OTA contamination in grapes.     

2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine in grape berries and its dependence on genotype

2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (MIBP) contributes a bell pepper aroma to many grape cultivars and has a reported aroma threshold of ～2 ng L(-1) in water. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) develop a procedure using headspace solid phase micro-extraction combined with GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME-GC-MS-SIM) for analysis of MIBP in grape berries, and (2) determine the location of MIBP biosynthesis in grapevines by approach grafting clusters of Vitis vinifera L. cvs Cabernet Sauvignon and Muscat blanc onto each other. The soluble solids and pH of the grape juice/homogenate matrix from different grape berry developmental stages influenced the method precision; therefore, quantification via the method of standard addition was used. Using our developed method, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of MIBP were 0.1 ng L(-1) and 2 ng L(-1), respectively, measured in a model juice and non-MIBP containing Chardonnay juice. Spiked recoveries averaged between 91% and 112% in Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot noir homogenates and the overall relative standard deviation was less than 10%. The method was used to analyze MIBP in 29 grape cultivars and in fruit from clusters grafted to Cabernet Sauvignon or Muscat vines. Quantifiable levels were found only in Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc and Semillon, providing information on the genetic connection for the occurrence of MIBP in grapes. No MIBP was detected in the berries of Muscat blanc clusters grafted onto Cabernet Sauvignon vines when sampled at fruit maturity. MIBP was detected in all berries of Cabernet Sauvignon regardless the graft configuration. The data indicate that MIBP or its precursors originate in the berry and its formation depends upon grape genotype.     

四个酿酒葡萄品种组培快繁体系的初建

为了提高酿酒葡（Vitis vinifera）苗木繁殖速度及苗木品质,以‘赤霞珠’、‘西拉’、‘霞多丽’和‘美乐’4／p品种为试材,研究无菌外植体建立、启动培养、增殖培养和驯化移栽环节的关键技术,初步建立酿酒葡萄组培快繁体系。结果表明,以半木质化茎段为外植体接种成活率高,在培养基MS＋IBA0．2mg·L-1＋6．BA1．0mg·L-1＋KT0．5mg·L-1上启动培养外植体单芽萌发率最高,以培养基1／2MS＋IBA0．2mg·L-1＋KT1．0mg·L-1增殖培养兼生根诱导,组培苗生长健壮,繁殖率高。增殖培养6代后,‘赤霞珠’、‘西拉’、‘霞多丽’和‘美乐’分别由12株葡萄苗扩繁为l383株、1095株、744株和100株。组培苗驯化培养3周后移栽至营养钵,4个品种成活率均在72％以上。此组培快繁体系基本适用于4个酿酒葡萄品种,可应用于科学研究及工业化大规模生产。     

A Leafhopper-Transmissible DNA Virus with Novel Evolutionary Lineage in the Family Geminiviridae Implicated in Grapevine Redleaf Disease by Next-Generation Sequencing

A graft-transmissible disease displaying red veins, red blotches and total reddening of leaves in red-berried wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars was observed in commercial vineyards. Next-generation sequencing technology was used to identify etiological agent(s) associated with this emerging disease, designated as grapevine redleaf disease (GRD). High quality RNA extracted from leaves of grape cultivars Merlot and Cabernet Franc with and without GRD symptoms was used to prepare cDNA libraries. Assembly of highly informative sequence reads generated from Illumina sequencing of cDNA libraries, followed by bioinformatic analyses of sequence contigs resulted in specific identification of taxonomically disparate viruses and viroids in samples with and without GRD symptoms. A single-stranded DNA virus, tentatively named Grapevine redleaf-associated virus (GRLaV), and Grapevine fanleaf virus were detected only in grapevines showing GRD symptoms. In contrast, Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, Hop stunt viroid, Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1, Citrus exocortis viroid and Citrus exocortis Yucatan viroid were present in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic grapevines. GRLaV was transmitted by the Virginia creeper leafhopper (Erythroneura ziczac Walsh) from grapevine-to-grapevine under greenhouse conditions. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses indicated that GRLaV, almost identical to recently reported Grapevine Cabernet Franc-associated virus from New York and Grapevine red blotch-associated virus from California, represents an evolutionarily distinct lineage in the family Geminiviridae with genome characteristics distinct from other leafhopper-transmitted geminiviruses. GRD significantly reduced fruit yield and affected berry quality parameters demonstrating negative impacts of the disease. Higher quantities of carbohydrates were present in symptomatic leaves suggesting their possible role in the expression of redleaf symptoms.     

Rootstock control of scion response to water stress in grapevine

Rootstocks play a major role in grapevine tolerance to water stress by controlling and adjusting the water supply to shoot transpiration demand. This study aimed to characterize the influence of rootstock genotypes in the adaptive response of scions to water limiting conditions. The effect of rootstock genotype (140Ru and SO4) was observed in the different availability of water provided to the scions (Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Merlot, Syrah), while scions influenced stomatal control of water transpiration. Implication on the cell-to-cell component of plant water transport in both rootstock and scion impacted on embolisms formation in roots and on hydraulics of leaves. The main conclusion of the present study was that rootstock and scion genotypes are able to confer to the plant traits of drought adaptability influencing respectively the capacity of water extraction from the soil and the sensitivity of the stomatal control.     

Does natural larval parasitism of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) vary between years, generation, density of the host and vine cultivar?

Populations of European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller and its larval parasitoids were studied for two consecutive years on an experimental insecticide-free vineyard in France planted with adjacent plots of five grape cultivars (Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Sauvignon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sémillon) using a natural L. botrana population during the first year, and a natural population supplemented with artificially inoculated individuals during the second year. Levels of natural populations of larval parasitoids were measured by their parasitism rate. The ichneumonid Campoplex capitator Aubert was the most common species collected from L. botrana larvae. Its incidence was higher during the spring compared to summer. The overall parasitism rate found on the experimental vineyard varied from 23% in 2000 to 53% in 2001, and was mainly due to C. capitator. Parasitism was not affected by the grape cultivar on which the host developed but was positively correlated with the host density, per bunch or per stock, suggesting that among the five grape cultivars tested, C. capitator females probably do not discriminate between hosts feeding on different grape cultivars, but rather the densities of L. botrana larvae.     

河西走廊不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄果实品质评价

为了确定河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄核心品质指标,建立‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质综合评价模型。从张掖、武威、嘉峪关3个酿酒葡萄主产市的代表性果园采集6份‘赤霞珠’葡萄样品进行品质测定,通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重并建立‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型。结果表明:(1)不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质指标存在明显差异性,张掖市国风葡萄酒庄园的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果糖、蔗糖、草酸、柠檬酸含量均高于其他地区,且可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、总酚、苹果酸含量在各产地中也均保持在最高水平。(2)相关性分析发现,葡萄果实葡萄糖含量与可溶性固形物含量、果糖与可溶性糖含量之间呈极显著正相关,固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关关系。(3)综合主成分分析、聚类分析和相关性分析结果,确定维生素C(Vc)、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,应用层次分析法建立了‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型为Y=0.0960×Vc含量+0.1611×单宁含量+0.2771×果糖含量+0.4568×固酸比(各指标含量均经过标准化处理)。研究发现,河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实品质最佳产地是张掖市,果实Vc、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄的核心品质指标,以其建立的评价模型可用于‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质的综合评价。     

基于温度-伤害度关系分析酿酒葡萄根系及芽抗寒性

采用差热分析系统(DTA)对8个主栽酿酒葡萄品种的芽和根系进行低温放热分析(LTE),建立各品种芽、根系韧皮部及木质部的温度-伤害度(LT-I)回归方程,评估不同品种的根系及芽抗寒性.结果表明： 8个品种的根系韧皮部伤害度50%的温度从高到低为马瑟兰>品丽珠>赤霞珠>小芒森>霞多丽>蛇龙珠>贵人香>熊岳白;不同品种木质部伤害度50%的温度从高到低为马瑟兰>霞多丽>赤霞珠>小芒森>品丽珠>蛇龙珠>贵人香>熊岳白;芽伤害度50%的温度从高到低为赤霞珠>小芒森>蛇龙珠>品丽珠>霞多丽>贵人香>马瑟兰>熊岳白.利用模糊隶属函数值法综合评价根系及芽的抗寒性,马瑟兰根系的抗寒性最差,熊岳白根系的抗寒性最好;赤霞珠、品丽珠、小芒森和蛇龙珠芽的抗寒性最差,贵人香和熊岳白芽的抗寒性最好.     

Effect of low doses of gamma irradiation on in vitro growth of grapevine

Shoot tips and single node explants of two rootstocks (R.99 and 3309) and two varieties (‘Helwani’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’) of grapevine cultured on DSD1 media for a period of 60 days, were irradiated with 0, 2, 5 and 7 Gy doses of gamma irradiation. Shoot length of ‘Helwani’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’ was increased by 7 Gy irradiation. The 5 Gy dose increased the number of roots in plants of the two rootstocks and ‘Helwani’. Root length of ‘Helwani’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’ at the 2 and 7 Gy doses were significantly higher than those of the non-irradiated control. A similar effect was noticed on R.99 rootstock subjected to 5 Gy. Five Gy also increased the dry weight of the R.99 rootstock, whereas 2 and 7 Gy had a similar effect on ‘Helwani’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’. Number of leaves of plants exposed to 5 and 7 Gy was increased when compared with the non-irradiated control. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Alternaria sp. MG1, a resveratrol-producing fungus: isolation, identification, and optimal cultivation conditions for resveratrol production

Due to its potential in preventing or slowing the occurrence of many diseases, resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) has attracted great research interest. The objective of this study was to identify microorganisms from selected plants that produce resveratrol and to optimize the conditions for resveratrol production. Endophytes from Merlot wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot), wild Vitis (Vitis quinquangularis Rehd.), and Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.) were isolated, and their abilities to produce resveratrol were evaluated. A total of 65 isolates were obtained and 21 produced resveratrol (6-123?μg/L) in liquid culture. The resveratrol-producing isolates belonged to seven genera, Botryosphaeria, Penicillium, Cephalosporium, Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Mucor, and Alternaria. The resveratrol-producing capability decreased or was completely lost in most isolates after three rounds of subculture. It was found that only the strain Alternaria sp. MG1 (isolated from cob of Merlot using GA1 medium) had stable and high resveratrol-producing capability in all subcultures. During liquid cultivation of Alternaria sp. MG1 in potato dextrose medium, the synthesis of resveratrol began on the first day, increased to peak levels on day 7, and then decreased sharply thereafter. Cell growth increased during cultivation and reached a stable and high level of biomass after 5?days. The best fermentation conditions for resveratrol production in liquid cultures of Alternaria sp. MG1 were an inoculum size of 6?%, a medium volume of 125?mL in a 250-mL flask, a rotation speed of 101?rpm, and a temperature of 27?°C.     

根瘤蚜侵染对不同抗性葡萄品种根系超微结构的影响

【目的】探讨不同抗性葡萄品种对葡萄根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira vitifolia Fitch侵染后的组织结构响应。【方法】以砧木140Ru (Vitis rupestris×V. berlandieri)和栽培品种赤霞珠Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon离体三级根及140Ru盆栽苗为试材接种根瘤蚜卵, 接种两周后取刺吸位点组织作超薄切片并观察超微结构变化, 取盆栽140Ru不同时期根结测定多酚含量。【结果】超微结构显示, 砧木140Ru根系周皮层最外层细胞壁的厚度（1 031.25 nm）及周皮层细胞层数（6～7层）显著高于赤霞珠品种的周皮层细胞厚度（543.75 nm）及层数（3～4层）, 140Ru根系韧皮部酚类物质含量比赤霞珠高出35％; 侵染后, 砧木140Ru周皮层细胞第3层以内的细胞壁加厚并积聚大量的多酚类物质, 140Ru葡萄新根被根瘤蚜侵染后多酚含量呈升高趋势, 在接种20 d时是对照的2.4倍; 赤霞珠粗根被根瘤蚜侵染后薄壁细胞中细胞质变浓, 出现大量淀粉粒, 线粒体及内质网数量增多。【结论】砧木140Ru的周皮层组织结构较赤霞珠不利于根瘤蚜口针穿刺, 被根瘤蚜侵染后发生了不利于根瘤蚜侵染取食的变化。     

Performance of several models for predicting budburst date of grapevine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

The budburst stage is a key phenological stage for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), with large site and cultivar variability. The objective of the present work was to provide a reliable agro-meteorological model for simulating grapevine budburst occurrence all over France. The study was conducted using data from ten cultivars of grapevine (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chasselas, Chardonnay, Grenache, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Sauvignon, Syrah, Ugni Blanc) and five locations (Bordeaux, Colmar, Angers, Montpellier, Epernay). First, we tested two commonly used models that do not take into account dormancy: growing degree days with a base temperature of 10°C (GDD₁₀), and Riou’s model (RIOU). The errors of predictions of these models ranged between 9 and 21 days. Second, a new model (BRIN) was studied relying on well-known formalisms for orchard trees and taking into account the dormancy period. The BRIN model showed better performance in predicting budburst date than previous grapevine models. Analysis of the components of BRIN formalisms (calculation of dormancy, use of hourly temperatures, base temperature) explained the better performances obtained with the BRIN model. Base temperature was the main driver, while dormancy period was not significant in simulating budburst date. For each cultivar, we provide the parameter estimates that showed the best performance for both the BRIN model and the GDD model with a base temperature of 5°C.     

Design of a low-cost culture medium based in whey permeate for biomass production of enological Lactobacillus plantarum strains

The production of malolactic starter cultures requires the obtention of suitably large biomass at low-cost. In this work it was possible to obtain a good amount of biomass, at laboratory scale, of two enological strains of Lb. plantarum, by formulating a culture medium based on whey permeate (WP), a by-product of the cheese industry usually disposed as waste, when this was supplemented with yeast extract (Y), salts (S) and Tween 80 (T) (WPYST). Bacteria grown in WPYST medium exhibited good tolerance to stress conditions of synthetic wine (pH 3.5, ethanol 13% vol/vol). However, when WPYST was added with 8% vol/vol ethanol, cultures inoculated in synthetic wine, showed a lower viability and capacity to consume L-malic acid than when they were cultured in WPYST without ethanol. Subsequently, strains grown in WPYST were inoculated in sterile wine samples (final stage of alcoholic fermentation) of the red varietals Merlot and Pinot noir, and incubated at laboratory scale. Cultures from WPYST, inoculated in Pinot noir wine, showed a better performance than bacteria grown in MRS broth, and exhibited a consumption of L-malic acid higher than 90%. However, cultures from WPYST or from MRS broth, inoculated in sterile Merlot wine, showed a lower survival. This study allowed the formulation of a low-cost culture medium, based on a by-product of the food industry, which showed to be adequate for the growth of two enological strains of Lb. plantarum, suggesting their potentiality for application in the elaboration of malolactic starter cultures.     

Preference and performance responses of California grape phylloxera to different Vitis rootstocks

Laboratory experiments on host preference and performance were simultaneously conducted with Cabernet Sauvignon, AXR#1, and 5C Vitis rootstocks for the California biotypes A and B grape phylloxera. Preference bioassays recorded over a 3-day period indicated that phylloxera exhibit differential host choice. AXR#1 is antixenotic to biotype A, and 5C is antixenotic to both phylloxera biotypes. Preferences observed with biotype B for Cabernet Sauvignon and AXR#1 were not statistically different, whereas biotype A had shown a significant preference for Cabernet Sauvignon. On 5C the preferences scored were significantly lower than on either of the other two rootstocks, and there was no significant difference beetween biotypes. Performance bioassays recorded over a 29-day period indicated that survival, development, and reproduction of both biotypes were affected by Vitis rootstock. Both biotypes were unable to survive or develop on 5C suggesting the presence of antibiotic resistance in 5C against these phylloxera biotypes. The antibiotic effects observed with AXR#1 against biotype A were expressed as significant reductions in survival, development, and reproduction. Performance of biotype B on AXR#1 was similar to its performance on Cabernet Sauvignon. For both AXR#1 and 5C rootstocks and both phylloxera biotypes A and B the antibiotic mechanism was considerably stronger than the antixenotic mechanism. This research indicated that host preference and performance are positively correlated in grape phylloxera with the rootstocks and phylloxera biotypes tested.