HDL蛋白质组分临床研究新进展

高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平与冠心病风险呈负相关,低HDL-C水平增加心血管疾病风险,是心血管疾病的独立危险因素.然而升高HDL-C水平的药物治疗并没有明显的临床获益,没有起到降低心血管疾病风险的预期效果,因此高密度脂蛋白(HDL)功能比HDL-C水平更好地预测心血管事件的发生.HDL是蛋白质含量最高的脂蛋白,由于蛋白质组学技术的进步,越来越多的HDL蛋白质成分被发现,除了传统的载脂蛋白、酶类,还包括脂质转移蛋白、急性期反应蛋白、补体成分、蛋白酶抑制剂,HDL的功能也从脂质转运扩展到感染免疫、急性期反应、补体激活、离子结合等,不仅参与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展,在终末期肾病、糖尿病等高心血管风险疾病中也发挥重要作用.本文就HDL蛋白质成分、功能及在冠心病和高心血管风险疾病中的作用做一综述.     

高密度脂蛋白的水平与功能

传统观念在发生变化,胆固醇长期被认为是损伤心血管系统的重要危害因素,需要控制摄入,但最近这个观念被修改。过往认为高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)可保护心血管,但通过升高血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平来降低心血管事件的发生率并没有得到理想的效果。遗传学研究发现影响HDL-C水平的基因座的单核苷酸多态性与冠心病的风险无明显相关性。与HDL功能和活性密切相关分子的遗传变异对心血管疾病的意义更大,并且多种表观遗传分子参与HDL功能的调控,与HDL-C水平相比,HDL的功能可能更关键。冠心病、糖尿病、慢性肾病、类风湿性关节炎和心脏外科手术等疾病状态下HDL中的多种成分发生改变,其胆固醇逆向转运、抗炎、抗氧化、内皮保护等正常功能受到不同程度的损害,导致其正常心血管保护作用丧失,甚至损害心血管。因此,探究疾病状态下HDL对心血管损伤的具体机制有利于心血管疾病的防治。     

失功能性HDL研究进展

高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平与动脉粥样硬化呈负相关,HDL被认为具有抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)作用。但急性期反应、慢性炎症及一些代谢性疾病中,HDL组成成分变化及其功能基团的病理性修饰可造成HDL失功能化,失功能性HDL中蛋白质、脂类、酶类发生特征性改变,具有促动脉粥样硬化作用。随着研究深入,人们逐步认识到HDL的功能比HDL-C水平更重要。microRNAs与失功能性HDL具有相关性,还参与心血管系统及代谢系统疾病的发生发展,HDL受到包括microRNAs在内的一系列信号分子调控。本文主要综述失功能性HDL的结构、特征以及与动脉粥样硬化、microRNAs之间的关系,为动脉粥样硬化防治提供新的思路和方法。     

高密度脂蛋白组成成分对心血管疾病的影响北大核心CSCD

高密度脂蛋白(HDL)是由脂质和蛋白质及其所携带的调节因子组成的复合体,具有抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)和抗炎症反应等多种功能。近年来,HDL组成成分对AS发病过程的调节机制受到广泛关注和研究。在AS发病过程中,HDL中的对氧磷酶(PON)可抑制低密度脂蛋白的氧化。HDL中载脂蛋白A-I(Apo A-I)的结构和功能改变,载脂蛋白A-II(Apo A-II)对apo A-I空间构象的调节,血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)与apo A-I的拮抗作用,载脂蛋白M(Apo M)和HDL-miR-223表达减少,以及HDL-miR-92a和HDL-miR-24表达增多均会削弱HDL的抗AS能力。本文主要综述HDL组成成分对心血管疾病(CVD)发生发展的影响,以期为HDL在AS相关疾病中的作用提供新思路,为CVD的治疗提供新方法。     

高密度脂蛋白组成成分对心血管疾病的影响

高密度脂蛋白(HDL)是由脂质和蛋白质及其所携带的调节因子组成的复合体,具有抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)和抗炎症反应等多种功能。近年来,HDL组成成分对AS发病过程的调节机制受到广泛关注和研究。在AS发病过程中,HDL中的对氧磷酶(PON)可抑制低密度脂蛋白的氧化。HDL中载脂蛋白A-I(Apo A-I)的结构和功能改变,载脂蛋白A-II(Apo A-II)对apo A-I空间构象的调节,血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)与apo A-I的拮抗作用,载脂蛋白M(Apo M)和HDL-miR-223表达减少,以及HDL-miR-92a和HDL-miR-24表达增多均会削弱HDL的抗AS能力。本文主要综述HDL组成成分对心血管疾病(CVD)发生发展的影响,以期为HDL在AS相关疾病中的作用提供新思路,为CVD的治疗提供新方法。     

HDL转运的miR-223调控内皮细胞ICAM-1的表达

<正>众所周知,血浆中高密度脂蛋白HDL的浓度与心血管疾病发生的风险负相关。对HDL心血管保护功能研究最多的是它在胆固醇逆向转运中的作用。此外,HDL还有抑制多种细胞免疫炎症的作用,比如HDL可以抑制内皮细胞的激活和粘附分子的表达。HDL具有异质性,由若干结构和功能各异的颗粒亚群组成,成分复杂,包括脂蛋白、磷脂、小RNA(miR)等。这导致目前关于HDL心血管保护作用的机制了解不是很多。本文作者研究了HDL的各个组分对于内皮细胞基因表达谱和miR     

异常修饰后高密度脂蛋白组分的改变对其功能的影响

高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)是由载脂蛋白、脂质和多种功能蛋白所组成的结构复杂的多功能复合物。正常人血浆中的HDL主要通过胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)发挥抗动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)作用,除此之外,HDL还有修复内皮细胞、抗炎、抗氧化和抗凋亡等作用。在全身炎症或代谢性疾病中,HDL组分被异常修饰,使其成分和功能发生改变,进而转变为功能失调HDL。功能失调HDL在成分和功能上均发生了改变:成分上载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ(apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ,apo A-Ⅰ)、对氧磷酶(paraoxonase,PON)和血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase,PAF-AH)等减少,而血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A,SAA)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和氧化脂质等增加;功能上不仅失去了抗AS、抗炎、抗氧化等作用,反而具有促炎作用,可见盲目升高血浆HDL-C的含量并不一定能达到预期效果。因此了解异常修饰后HDL成分和功能的改变对深入了解功能失调HDL的致病机制具有重要的指导意义。     

HDL亚类和功能的研究进展

高密度脂蛋白(HDL)是一种高度异质型脂蛋白,具有抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)作用。HDL因其密度、颗粒大小、电荷和组成成分不同,可分为不同的亚类,且功能各异。近年来研究发现,在糖尿病、冠心病等疾病情况下,HDL结构和功能发生改变,成为失功能性HDL,具有导致动脉粥样硬化的作用。本文就HDL的亚类、HDL的功能和失功能性HDL进行综述。     

基于高密度脂蛋白代谢与重塑的抗动脉粥样硬化研究及相关药物

动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）是一种主要因血脂代谢紊乱引发的慢性炎症性血管疾病,以血管内膜下巨噬细胞和血管平滑肌细胞过度蓄脂泡沫化为主要病理特征。高密度脂蛋白（high-density lipoprotein,HDL）通过胆固醇逆向转运（reverse cholesterol transport,RCT）将外周细胞中的胆固醇运输到肝脏然后经胆汁排出体外,从而改善血脂水平和细胞的过度蓄脂,被认为是HDL抗AS的基础。然而,大量流行病学证据表明,虽然血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平与心血管风险呈负相关,但仅仅提高HDL-C水平的治疗策略不一定能增加临床效益。因此,学术界认识到HDL水平不足以反映其RCT能力,而更多取决于HDL功能。本文综述了参与调节HDL功能的各种分子对HDL代谢与重塑过程的影响,以及针对上述过程的相关药物研究进展,为更全面评价HDL的抗AS作用提供理论参考。     

高密度脂蛋白抗动脉粥样硬化的新机制:调节造血干/祖细胞的功能

高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)血浆水平与动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)性心血管疾病呈负相关,成为抗AS的重要靶点和热点.然而,近年来多个临床试验未能证明升高血浆HDL的水平对心血管的保护作用,使得人们开始重新审视HDL抗AS功能生物学特性的复杂性.近5年来的研究发现,HDL可通过对造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)和内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)功能的调节发挥抗AS的作用,本文就这一新机制进行综述,期待为HDL迄今尚不完全清楚的复杂心血管保护机制提供研究思路.     

Composition and lipid spatial distribution of HDL particles in subjects with low and high HDL-cholesterol

A low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, despite the reported key role of apolipo-proteins, specifically, apoA-I, in HDL metabolism, lipid molecular composition of HDL particles in subjects with high and low HDL-C levels is currently unknown. Here lipidomics was used to study HDL derived from well-characterized high and low HDL-C subjects. Low HDL-C subjects had elevated triacylglycerols and diminished lysophosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins. Using information about the lipid composition of HDL particles in these two groups, we reconstituted HDL particles in silico by performing large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. In addition to confirming the measured change in particle size, we found that the changes in lipid composition also induced specific spatial distributions of lipids within the HDL particles, including a higher amount of triacylglycerols at the surface of HDL particles in low HDL-C subjects. Our findings have important implications for understanding HDL metabolism and function. For the first time we demonstrate the power of combining molecular profiling of lipoproteins with dynamic modeling of lipoprotein structure.     

Compound heterozygosity at the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase-1 (SMPD1) gene is associated with low HDL cholesterol

Type A and B forms of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are lipid storage disorders caused by deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) and the resulting accumulation of sphingomyelin in tissues. In the present study, we investigated two family members who had been diagnosed with Type B NPD and who had a severe decrease in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The proband (a 48-year-old male) had an HDL-C of 0.30 mmol/l (12 mg/dl) and his sister had values of 0.45 mmol/l (17 mg/dl) with severe premature coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypertriglyceridemia was found in both cases. aSMase activity measured in skin fibroblasts appeared markedly depressed. The SMPD1 gene, coding for aSMase, was sequenced in affected subjects and all family members. Compound heterozygosity (DeltaR608 and R441X) was identified in both affected patients. Carriers of the DeltaR608 mutation tended to have moderately to severe decreased HDL-C levels, whereas carriers of the R441X mutation, although present only in young subjects (<20 years of age) had normal HDL-C levels. To investigate the cause of the low HDL-C level in these patients, we studied apoA-I-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux in fibroblasts. Unlike patients with Tangier disease, cholesterol efflux was found to be normal under the experimental conditions used in the present study. On the other hand, we observed a significant increase in the free cholesterol:esterified cholesterol ratio in HDL fraction from these patients and a decrease in endogenous lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, as determined by the fractional esterification rate. Taken together, these results suggest that (1) compound heterozygosity at the SMPD1 gene causes a severe decrease in aSMase activity and in HDL-C and increases the risk of CAD, (2) this lipoprotein abnormality is not attributable to defective cellular cholesterol efflux, (3) abnormal HDL composition might cause a decrease in LCAT activity and a lack of HDL maturation.     

The action of ovarian hormones in cardiovascular disease

The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CAD) differs between men and women, in part because of differences in risk factors and hormones. This sexual dimorphism means a lower incidence in atherosclerotic diseases in premenopausal women, which subsequently rises in postmenopausal women to eventually equal that of men. These observations point towards estrogen and progesterone playing a lifetime protective role against CAD in women. As exogenous estrogen and estrogen plus progesterone preparations produce significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and significant increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, this should in theory lower the risk of CAD. However, results from oral contraceptive (OC) use and combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have suggested that hormone replacement regimes do not provide cardiovascular protection. In fact, depending on the preparation and the presence or absence of genetic risk factors, an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke have been observed. Interestingly, in the majority of studies the increase in risk was highest in the first year, after which an increase in risk was not observed, and in some studies a lower risk of CAD was evident after four or five years of exogenous hormone administration. While the debate continues about the merits of HRT, and several good reviews exist on the statistics of CAD in relation to exogenous hormones, we have decided to review the literature to piece together the physiological actions of estrogen and progesterone preparations on the individual mechanistic components leading to CAD; namely, the altered endothelium and the haemostatic balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. We present possible mechanisms for how HRT and OCs protect against MI in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors but increase the incidence of MI in their presence. We also speculate on the roles played by hormones on the short- and long-term risks of cardiovascular disease.     

Thematic Review Series: High Density Lipoprotein Structure,Function, and Metabolism: Proteomic diversity of high density lipoproteins: our emerging understanding of its importance in lipid transport and beyond

Recent applications of mass spectrometry technology have dramatically increased our understanding of the proteomic diversity of high density lipoproteins (HDL). Depending on the method of HDL isolation, upwards of 85 proteins have been identified, and the list continues to grow. In addition to proteins consistent with traditionally accepted roles in lipid transport, HDL carries surprising constituents, such as members of the complement pathway, protease inhibitors involved in hemostasis, acute-phase response proteins, immune function mediators, and even metal-binding proteins. This compositional diversity fits well with hundreds of studies demonstrating a wide functional pleiotrophy, including roles in lipid transport, oxidation, inflammation, hemostasis, and immunity. This review summarizes the progression of our understanding of HDL proteomic complexity and points out key experimental observations that reinforce the functional diversity of HDL. The possibility of specific HDL subspecies with distinct functions, the evidence supporting this concept, and some of the best examples of experimentally defined HDL subspecies are also discussed. Finally, key challenges facing the field are highlighted, particularly the need to identify and define the function of HDL subspecies to better inform attempts to pharmacologically manipulate HDL for the benefit of cardiovascular disease and possibly other maladies.     

Hepatic lipase: a marker for cardiovascular disease risk and response to therapy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hepatic lipase plays a key role in the metabolism of pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic lipoproteins affecting their plasma level as well as their physico-chemical properties. However, controversial evidence exists concerning whether hepatic lipase is pro or anti-atherogenic. The goal of this review is to summarize recent evidence that connects the enzyme to cardiovascular disease. The potential impact of genetic determinants of hepatic lipase activity in modulating both the development of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis will be discussed based on hepatic lipase proposed roles in lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS: Twenty to 30% of individual variation of hepatic lipase activity is accounted for by the presence of a common polymorphism in the promoter region (-514 C to T) of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC). This polymorphism, via its impact on hepatic lipase synthesis and activity, appears to contribute to (1) individual susceptibility to cardiovascular disease: the presence of the T allele (low hepatic lipase activity) may carry a marginally increased risk of atherosclerosis; (2) carotid plaque composition and individual susceptibility to cerebrovascular events: the presence of the C allele (high hepatic lipase activity) is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness and abundance of macrophages in the carotid plaque (unstable plaque); and (3) response of cardiovascular disease patients to lipid-lowering therapy: patients with the CC genotype have the greatest clinical benefit from intensive lipid-lowering therapy. SUMMARY: Convincing evidence shows that hepatic lipase plays a key role in remnant lipoprotein catabolism as well as in remodeling of LDL and HDL particles. The anti or pro-atherogenic role of hepatic lipase is likely to be modulated by the concurrent presence of other lipid abnormalities (i.e. increased LDL cholesterol levels) as well as by the genetic regulation of other enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Characterization of patients by their LIPC genotype will contribute to a better definition of individual risk of coronary and cerebrovascular events, specifically in patients with qualitative (small, atherogenic LDL and low HDL2 cholesterol) rather than quantitative lipid abnormalities for whom the routine lipid profile may underestimate the risk of coronary and cerebrovascular disease.     

Oxidized lipoprotein lipids and atherosclerosis

Plasma lipoproteins contain variable amounts of lipid oxidation products (LOP), which are known to impair normal physiological functions and stimulate atherosclerotic processes. Recent evidence indicates that plasma lipoproteins are active carriers of LOP, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) directing transport toward peripheral tissues, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) being active in the reverse transport. It has been proposed that the lipoprotein-specific transport of LOP could play a role in atherosclerosis-related effects of LDL and HDL. This article gives an overview of the present knowledge of lipoprotein LOP transport and its association with the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Evidence of the significance of lipoprotein LOP transport comes mainly from studies of physiological oxidative stress and is supported by studies of the functionality apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic peptides. A large body of data has accumulated indicating that lipoprotein LOP transport is connected to the risk of atherosclerosis. While high levels of LOP carried by LDL are indicative of elevated risk, high LOP level in HDL appears to associate with protection. If confirmed, the proposed lipoprotein LOP transport function would affect conception of the etiology of atherosclerosis, but would not conflict current views of the pathophysiological mechanisms. It could open new perspectives, such as the dietary origin of LOP, and the protective function of HDL in clearance of LOP. Focusing on LOP could give additional tools especially for prevention and diagnosis, but would not radically change the management of atherosclerosis and CVD.     

Aggressive lipid management for cardiovascular prevention: evidence from clinical trials

Epidemiologic evidence shows that elevated serum cholesterol, specifically low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Moreover, large-scale intervention trials demonstrate that treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), the most effective drug class for lowering LDL-C, significantly reduces the risk of CHD events. Unfortunately, only a moderate percentage of hypercholesterolemic patients are achieving LDL-C targets specified by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), in part because clinicians are not effectively titrating medications as needed to achieve LDL-C goals. Recent evidence suggests that more aggressive LDL-C lowering may provide greater clinical benefit, even in individuals with moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that statins have cardioprotective effects in many high-risk individuals, including those with baseline LDL-C <100 mg/dl. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was recognized by the NCEP-Adult Treatment Panel II (ATP II) as a negative risk factor for CHD. The NCEP-ATP III guidelines have also reaffirmed the importance of HDL-C by increasing the low HDL-C designation from <35 to <40 mg/dl as a major risk factor for CHD. Similarly, triglyceride control will play a larger role in dyslipidemia management. As more clinicians effectively treat adverse lipid and lipoprotein cardiovascular risk factors, patients will likely benefit from reductions in cardiovascular events.     

HDL proteome in hemodialysis patients: a quantitative nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach

Aside from a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, qualitative abnormalities of HDL can contribute to an increase in cardiovascular (CV) risk in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD). Dysfunctional HDL leads to an alteration of reverse cholesterol transport and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HDL. In this study, a quantitative proteomics approach, based on iTRAQ labeling and nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, was used to generate detailed data on HDL-associated proteins. The HDL composition was compared between seven chronic HD patients and a pool of seven healthy controls. To confirm the proteomics results, specific biochemical assays were then performed in triplicate in the 14 samples as well as 46 sex-matched independent chronic HD patients and healthy volunteers. Of the 122 proteins identified in the HDL fraction, 40 were differentially expressed between the healthy volunteers and the HD patients. These proteins are involved in many HDL functions, including lipid metabolism, the acute inflammatory response, complement activation, the regulation of lipoprotein oxidation, and metal cation homeostasis. Among the identified proteins, apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein C-III were significantly increased in the HDL fraction of HD patients whereas serotransferrin was decreased. In this study, we identified new markers of potential relevance to the pathways linked to HDL dysfunction in HD. Proteomic analysis of the HDL fraction provides an efficient method to identify new and uncharacterized candidate biomarkers of CV risk in HD patients.     

Testosterone administration to men increases hepatic lipase activity and decreases HDL and LDL size in 3 wk

Testosterone administration to men is known to decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the subclasses HDL(2) and HDL(3). It also might increase the number of small, dense, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) particles in hypogonadal men. The decrease in HDL-C and in LDL-C size is potentially mediated by hepatic lipase activity, which hydrolyzes lipoprotein phospholipids and triacylglycerol. To determine how HDL-C and LDL-C particles are affected by testosterone administration to eugonadal men, testosterone was administered as a supraphysiological dose (600 mg/wk) for 3 wk to elderly, obese, eugonadal men before elective hip or knee surgery, and lipids were measured by routine methods and by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Hepatic lipase activity increased >60% above baseline levels, and HDL-C, HDL(2), and HDL(3) significantly declined in 3 wk. In addition, the LDL-C peak particle density and the amount of LDL-C significantly increased. Testosterone is therefore a potent stimulator of hepatic lipase activity, decreasing HDL-C, HDL(2), and HDL(3) as well as increasing LDL particle density changes, all associated with increased cardiovascular risk.