高密度脂蛋白对脂肪细胞腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶的调节作用

高密度脂蛋白(HDL)保护血管的主要活性成分载脂蛋白AⅠ和磷酸鞘氨醇1的细胞表面受体皆存在于脂肪组织,而参与HDL重构的脂质转运蛋白亦在脂肪组织高表达,提示HDL可以通过上述成分调节脂肪细胞能量代谢.相关分子机制研究发现,健康人体内和重组的HDL颗粒皆可活化脂肪细胞腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMPK),并抑制脂肪酸氧化,而体外和体内实验均证明HDL可能通过其主要活性成分的多个受体途径协调激活AMPK活性,从而参与调节脂肪细胞能量代谢.期待HDL对脂肪细胞AMPK的调节作用研究能为防治脂肪代谢异常所致肥胖性疾患提供新的治疗靶点.     

LKB1-AMPKα-SIRT1信号通路在奶牛脂肪组织脂代谢中的调控作用

奶牛脂肪细胞体积和数目的不断增加会导致脂肪组织脂代谢的紊乱,引起一系列相关慢性疾病如Ⅱ型糖尿病、酮病、脂肪肝、高脂血症等的发生,LKB1-AMPKα-SIRT1信号通路在奶牛脂肪组织脂代谢中起着重要的调控作用。单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是比较保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,在调节能量代谢中起着枢纽作用。肝激酶B1(LKB1)属于一种丝氨酸激酶,是AMPKα的上游激酶,可参与细胞内能量代谢等多种生物活动。沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)是一种NAD+依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,可通过去乙酰化LKB1增加AMPKα的活性。就LKB1-AMPKα-SIRT1信号转导通路在奶牛脂肪组织脂代谢紊乱中的调控机制作一综述,旨在为下一步研究奶牛脂代谢相关信号通路调控机理提供依据。     

脂肪细胞Npy4r促进高脂饮食诱导肥胖

脂肪组织的神经支配与调节在能量代谢稳态的维持中发挥重要作用。神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y, NPY)及其脂肪细胞受体信号通路促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖,其中NPY受体1(NPY receptor Y1,NPY1R)与受体2(NPY2R)是主要的NPY外周受体。NPY受体4(NPY4R)也在脂肪组织表达,然而尚不清楚其是否参与肥胖的发生发展机制。本研究建立了NPY及其受体的免疫荧光成像技术和脂肪细胞回复性表达Npy4r小鼠。根据对不同部位脂肪组织的荧光显微术观察,发现NPY在肩胛间棕色脂肪和皮下脂肪的围绕血管区域以点状形式表达,NPY系统的各受体在脂肪组织的空间分布上具有明显的组织特异性：NPY1R在棕色脂肪、主动脉周围脂肪和性腺脂肪较为富集,NPY2R在棕色脂肪和主动脉周围脂肪较为富集,NPY4R在棕色脂肪与性腺脂肪较为富集。继而通过比较脂肪细胞回复性表达Npy4r小鼠与全身Npy4r基因静默小鼠在高脂喂食下的体重与糖代谢,发现脂肪细胞Npy4r促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖(P <0.0001)。本研究明确了NPY及其受体NPY1R、 NPY2R和NPY4R在不同部位脂肪组织的蛋...     

瘦蛋白介导的AMPK信号转导途径

瘦蛋白(leptin)介导的腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)信号转导途径在脂肪代谢的调节中起重要作用。瘦蛋白与其受体结合使AMPK信号转导途径激活,最终激活肉碱脂酰转移酶-1,通过促进脂肪酸氧化而参与脂肪代谢的调节。本文主要介绍近年来关于瘦蛋白介导的AMPK信号转导途径的组成、活性调节及其作用机制的最新研究进展。     

肥胖状态下脂肪组织线粒体功能紊乱与运动调控

线粒体在包括脂肪组织在内的新陈代谢器官中扮演重要角色。脂肪组织包括白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue, WAT)和棕色脂肪组织(brown adipose tissue, BAT),这两种组织功能相反。白色脂肪组织储存多余的能量,棕色脂肪组织则通过线粒体进行非颤栗性产热来消耗能量。在受到寒冷时、β-肾上腺素能受体激动剂或运动刺激时,白色脂肪组织棕色化形成形态与功能类似棕色脂肪细胞的米色脂肪细胞。在脂肪细胞中,线粒体调节脂肪细胞分化、脂质稳态、支链氨基酸代谢、产热作用以及白色脂肪组织棕色化,因此高活性的线粒体对于脂肪细胞的功能至关重要。研究表明,脂肪组织线粒体功能障碍与肥胖和2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病高度相关。肥胖时线粒体功能紊乱,表现为线粒体生物合成和活性降低、活性氧产生过量以及自噬增加,从而对脂肪组织功能产生不利影响。因此,调节脂肪组织线粒体功能的干预措施将有助于治疗肥胖。研究发现,运动是预防和改善肥胖的重要方法,通过增加线粒体生物合成和活性,改善脂肪组织氧化应激并抑制自噬,从而促进机体代谢。本文深入探讨了脂肪组织线粒体的功能、线粒体紊乱的表现形式以及运动的调控效应,将加深对运动减肥的理解与认识,同时为肥胖症的治疗提供新的方向和思路。     

前列腺素E_2受体EP4与脂肪生成及代谢

脂肪是身体的储能器官,能量以脂滴的形式储存在脂肪细胞中,脂肪组织的功能稳态是机体维持正常代谢活动的基础。前列腺素E_2 (prostaglandin E_2, PGE_2)是体内重要的脂质活性分子,广泛表达于机体组织中,参与血压、糖脂代谢、炎症等众多生理过程的调节。大量证据表明PGE_2合成酶及其受体在白色脂肪组织中大量表达,提示PGE_2参与脂肪代谢的调节。PGE_2发挥生物学功能,需要通过其G蛋白耦联受体EP1～4介导,其中EP4受体亚型在脂肪生成及代谢中发挥了重要作用,EP4受体的激活可以抑制前脂肪细胞的分化,EP4受体的缺失促进脂质分解。本文将综述EP4受体与脂肪发生及代谢的关系,并提出EP4受体有可能成为肥胖及相关代谢疾病新的治疗靶点。     

AMPK对线粒体功能的调节

5’单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶（AMP—activated protein kinase,AMPK）是细胞的能量感受器,调节细胞能量代谢,在正常细胞和癌细胞中均发挥重要的生物功能,它的激活有助于纠正代谢紊乱,使细胞代谢趋向生理平衡。在细胞应急反应中,细胞感受到能量危机,ATP浓度下降,AMP浓度上升,细胞内AMP／ATP比例上升,AMPK被激活：而在病理状态下,如代谢综合征、肿瘤等,常伴随能量代谢紊乱和AMPK激活抑制,因此,AMPK被视为治疗代谢性疾病与肿瘤的潜在作用靶点。然而,AMPK对能量代谢的调节与线粒体的功能密不可分,线粒体作为细胞的能量工厂,在健康与疾病中也发挥着重要的作用。越来越多的研究表明,线粒体能影响AMPK的活性,同时AMPK也通过多方面对线粒体进行调节,线粒体相关疾病与AMPK的调节有着密切的关系。该文主要针对AMPK是如何对线粒体的合成、线粒体自噬、内源性凋亡及线粒体相关疾病等方面进行综述。     

AMPK:细胞能量中枢

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPactivated proteinkinase,AMPK)是真核细胞中高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,以异源三聚体的形式广泛存在于真核生物体内,是细胞的能量感受器,在能量代谢调控中起极其重要的作用。肝激酶B1(LKB1)、Ca2+/CaM-依赖蛋白激酶激酶β(CaMKKβ)、AMP/ATP或ADP/ATP比值升高以及诸如运动肌肉收缩等生理刺激均可以激活AMPK,进而调节细胞的能量代谢网络,提高其应对内外环境变化的能力,从而维持细胞水平乃至整个机体的稳定状态。活化的AMPK可以增强分解代谢,抑制合成代谢,上调ATP水平,参与细胞糖代谢、脂肪代谢、蛋白质代谢等能量代谢过程,增加细胞能量储备,应对能量缺乏。同时活化的AMPK参与细胞的生长、增殖、凋亡、自噬等基本生物学过程。AMPK是研究肥胖,糖尿病等能量代谢性疾病的核心。肿瘤细胞存在特殊的能量代谢方式,其发生,生长,转移与能量代谢失衡密切相关。AMPK与肿瘤细胞异常的能量代谢相关,为肿瘤发生、发展机制研究提供新的策略。本文主要探讨AMPK的结构、激活机制、参与的物质能量代谢和细胞的基本生物学过程以及与肿瘤发生的关联。     

AMPK信号通路与衰老

单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶AMPK(AMP-activated kinase,AMPK)是一种高度保守的细胞能量代谢调控器,在调节细胞的生长、增殖、存活及调节机体能量代谢中起着重要的作用。AMPK参与调节一系列衰老相关信号通路如SIRT1、CRTC-1等。研究AMPK与衰老相关信号通路的关系,对于揭示衰老及衰老相关疾病的发生机制具有重要意义,并为研发以AMPK信号通路为靶点的抗衰老及衰老相关疾病的治疗药物提供新策略。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.