食源假单胞菌群体感应信号分子的研究

从市售鲜鱼中分离的3株革兰氏阴性菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为假单胞菌属,该菌是一种导致食品腐败的重要腐败细菌。N-酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)是革兰氏阴性菌群体感应(QS)系统中一类重要的信号分子,以密度依赖的方式调控某些生理性状的表达。利用AHLs检测菌株对3株假单胞菌进行检测发现,均产生AHLs类信号分子,且FML05-1和FML05-2至少产生两种AHLs,主要的信号分子是N-3-氧代-辛酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(N- 3-oxo-C_8-HSL)。同时对菌株FML05-2在生长过程中所产生的AHLs的活性变化进行研究,发现AHLs活性在菌体生长至12h时达到最大。首次对食源假单胞菌所产生的AHLs进行了研究,为以干扰腐败细菌群体感应为靶点的食品防腐保鲜策略提供研究基础。     

rpoS基因缺失突变对荧光假单胞菌胁迫耐受性、群体感应及腐败活性的影响

【目的】微生物活动是引起食品腐败的主要原因,研究食品腐败菌的腐败作用调控机制对于保证食品的质量和安全具有重要意义。荧光假单胞菌是一种代表性的食品腐败菌,本文旨在研究RNA聚合酶的选择性sigma因子Rpo S在荧光假单胞菌致腐败过程中的作用。【方法】运用同源重组的方法构建荧光假单胞菌冷藏鱼分离株的rpo S基因缺失突变株,比较野生型和突变株暴露于不同胁迫条件下的存活率;通过液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析野生型和突变株产生高丝氨酸内酯类(AHLs)群体感应信号分子的种类和含量;检测野生型和突变株接种于灭菌三文鱼汁后4°C贮存过程中的菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮的生成量。【结果】成功构建了荧光假单胞菌rpo S基因缺失突变株。rpo S基因的缺失导致荧光假单胞菌对10 mmol/L H2O2和15%乙醇的耐受性显著降低,对150μg/m L结晶紫和175 mmol/L醋酸的耐受性有一定程度增强,不影响其对47°C和20%Na Cl的耐受性。荧光假单胞菌在rpo S基因缺失突变后长链信号分子C_(10)-HSL、C_(12)-HSL和C_(14)-HSL的含量增加。在灭菌三文鱼汁中的腐败活性检测表明rpo S基因缺失可导致荧光假单胞菌挥发性盐基氮的生成量显著降低。【结论】荧光假单胞菌的Rpo S不仅调节细菌对多种胁迫条件的耐受性,还影响AHL群体感应和腐败活性。     

假单胞菌Quorum sensing调控体系

群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)是近来受到广泛关注的一种细菌群体行为调控机制,通过感应一些信号分子如酰基高丝氨酸环内酯(acyl-homoserine lactone,AHL)来判断菌群密度和周围环境变化,假单胞菌中同样也有AHL信号分子,当信号达到一定的浓度阈值时,能启动菌体中相关基因的表达来适应环境中的变化,从而调节菌体的群体行为(如致病性及群体生长调节)。众多报道说明了假单胞菌的群体感应调节系统是由一些全面的调节子所调控的。本文系统介绍了假单胞菌群体感应调控系统,并分析假单胞菌在该系统中复杂的应答反应。     

铜绿假单胞菌产酰化高丝氨酸内酯信号分子抑制剂的生产及分离

目的：通过自体诱导信号分子抑制剂的生产获得部分分离纯化的酰化高丝氨酸内酯（AHL）抑制剂。方法：病原菌铜绿假单胞菌经摇床培养后获得AHL抑制剂,采用溶解度差异性和树脂进行分离纯化。结果：铜绿假单胞菌PAO1不仅分泌自体诱导信号分子,而且在生长的后期还合成一种信号分子抑制剂,该信号分子抑制剂对群体感应中的AHL类信号分子有明显的抑制作用;该抑制剂具有醇溶性和水溶性,采用乙醇溶解可以除去糖类和无机小分子等不溶于醇的物质;大孔吸附树脂不具有吸附抑制剂的能力,但可以除去醇溶性糖类物质;阴离子交换树脂能够吸附信号分子抑制剂,具有较好的分离效率。结论：获得了除去大部分杂质,得到部分分离纯化的AHL抑制剂。     

内生菌Pseudomonas sp. G5 phzIR基因的克隆与表达

假单胞菌菌株G5是分离自香菜(Coriandrum sativumL.)茎内的一株内生菌,经BIOLOG系统分析其底物利用图谱,初步鉴定为桔黄假单胞菌Pseudomonas aurantiaca。大量研究已表明许多革兰氏阴性细菌应用群体感应系统,通过感应扩散性小信号分子―乙酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl homoserine lactones,AHLs),以种群密度依赖的方式调控基因表达,控制植物相关细菌的多种表型。本研究组合应用AHLs检测菌株Chromobacterium violaceum CV026和薄层层析分析,初步检测出菌株G5可产生几种可检测水平的AHLs信号分子,其中以N-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone(C6-HSL,HHL)为主,迁移率Rf值为0.4。进一步克隆和测序了该菌株中由PhzI和PhzR组成的群体感应quorumsensing系统的编码基因phzIR,并在大肠杆菌中异源表达了AHLs信号分子合成酶基因phzI。序列和系统进化分析表明它们与假单胞菌属其他的phzIR基因有高度同源性和进化上的保守性。     

肉类腐败性假单胞菌群体感应信号分子的研究

【目的】研究两株假单胞菌的标准菌株荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)在纯培养条件下所释放的AHLs类信号分子种类、量和变化规律。【方法】利用乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂萃取菌种纯培养液的AHLs类信号分子, 检测手段利用HPLC-MS-MS。【结果】荧光假单胞菌释放信号分子的种类为: C4-HSL、C6-HSL、C8-HSL、3-oxo-C10-HSL、3-oxo-C12-HSL、3-oxo-C14-HSL。铜绿假单胞菌释放信号分子的种类为: C4-HSL、C6-HSL、C8-HSL、C10-SL、C12-HSL、C14-HSL、3-oxo-C8-HSL、3-oxo-C10-HSL、3-oxo-C12-HSL、3-oxo-C14-HSL。【结论】两株菌所释放各类信号分子的量均随时间变化, 当菌落数达到109?1010时信号分子的量达到峰值, 两株菌所释放各类信号分子含量差异较大。     

基于群体感应的海鲈鱼源杀鲑气单胞菌CS12与水产特定腐败菌的共培养

杀鲑气单胞菌在水产品致腐、致病等方面存在潜在危害,为探究其危害机制及可能的控制方法,笔者基于群体感应系统对杀鲑气单胞菌自身生长、产信号分子能力以及与水产品常见特定腐败菌共培养情况进行了研究。结果表明:从腐败海鲈鱼中分离鉴定得到一株杀鲑气单胞菌CS12,与杀鲑气单胞菌B52的16S r DNA序列相似度达99%;该菌株不耐酸,p H≤5. 0不生长;能够诱导紫色杆菌CV026产紫色且紫圈扩散明显,气质检测分泌信号分子主要为C6-HSL;比较各单菌及共培养的情况发现,杀鲑气单胞菌CS12与不同腐败菌共培养时在不同生长时期表现出不同的生长特征;与荧光假单胞菌PF03共培养时存在群体感应抑制现象,产信号分子能力明显减弱。表明杀鲑气单胞菌CS12与荧光假单胞菌PF03共培养产生了较好的群体感应抑制效果。     

荧光假单胞菌2P24中gidA基因对PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统的影响

【目的】荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)2P24中PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统是调控生物膜形成与植物根部定殖能力的重要元件,同时该系统也受到多种上游因子的调控。利用遗传学方法研究P.fluorescens 2P24中gidA基因对群体感应系统的调控作用。【方法】将群体感应信号合成基因pcoI的转录报告质粒p970km-pcoIp转入菌株2P24和gidA基因突变体中以检测gidA对pcoI基因表达的影响,并利用报告菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pZLR4)测定菌株2P24及其衍生菌的信号N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯(AHL)产量。【结果】gidA基因突变后pcoI基因的转录表达和AHL产量与野生型2P24相比显著降低。gidA基因突变体的游动能力没有受到明显的影响,但生物膜的形成显著低于野生型和互补菌株。小麦根部定殖实验表明,温室条件下gidA突变菌株在灭菌土和自然土中对小麦根尖和根围的定殖量较野生型和互补菌显著减少。此外,突变gidA基因并不影响菌株在LB培养基中的生长,但以葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、甘油、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、木糖或山梨醇为唯一碳源时,gidA突变体的生长受到明显的抑制。【结论】GidA对假单胞菌2P24中的PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统、生物膜形成、定殖和碳源利用具有显著的正调控作用。     

细菌群体感应信号分子N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯的检测

群体感应是细菌生长到一定密度时相互感应,并进行基因表达及调控产生的独特、多样的群体行为现象。N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHL)类化合物是革兰阴性菌群体感应中最重要的一类信号分子,调控许多生理特性基因的表达。快速、简便、有效地检测细菌能否产生AHL或产生何种信号分子,成为深入研究和了解细菌群体感应的重要手段。我们就细菌群体感应信号分子AHL检测的基本原理和方法及国内外研究进展进行了总结。     

细菌群体感应信号分子——酰基高丝氨酸内酯的检测

革兰氏阴性菌根据信号分子N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)的浓度可以监测周围环境中自身或其他细菌的数量变化,当信号分子达到一定浓度阈值时,能启动相关基因的表达来适应环境的变化,这一调控系统被称为细菌的群体感应(quorumsensing,QS)系统。快速简便而有效地检测细菌是否以及产生何种信号分子成为深入研究和了解细菌群体感应的重要手段。现对信号分子AHLs敏感的用于检测不同的信号分子AHLs的微生物传感菌进行综述,并对其检测能力进行了讨论。     

凡纳滨对虾优势腐败菌鉴定及其群体感应现象

为了鉴定凡纳滨对虾的优势腐败菌并研究其是否存在以N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯类化合物(AHLs)介导的群体感应系统,采用16S rRNA序列鉴定凡纳滨对虾的优势腐败菌,并采用紫色杆菌CV026对优势腐败菌的AHLs活性进行检测.结果发现凡纳滨对虾优势腐败菌菌株1(Aci-1)和菌株2 (Aci-2)均为不动杆菌属,均存在以AHLs为信号分子的群体感应系统.添加外源信号分子AHLs能促进Aci-1菌株生物膜的形成,且呈浓度依赖性.在一定的贮藏范围内,凡纳滨对虾腐败菌信号分子AHLs浓度与细菌总数、挥发性盐基氮含量存在正相关性,其相关系数r分别为0.846 6和0.986 7,分别在P＜0.05与P＜0.01水平上显著,结论是凡纳滨对虾优势腐败菌不动杆菌菌株存在以AHLs介导的群体感应系统,且与凡纳滨对虾的腐败密切相关.     

青岛近海沉积物生物被膜中密度感应及密度感应淬灭细菌多样性

【背景】细菌密度感应(Quorum sensing,QS)是指细菌利用分泌的信号分子进行相互交流的现象,而密度感应淬灭(Quorumquenching,QQ)是指通过干扰信号分子的产生、释放、积累或应答从而阻抑密度感应通路。【目的】探究青岛近海沉积物生物被膜中密度感应和密度感应淬灭细菌的多样性。【方法】采用海水培养基2216E从青岛近海沉积物生物被膜中分离获取可培养细菌,采用平板交互划线和高通量筛选的方法分别筛选具有密度感应和密度感应淬灭的菌株。【结果】共分离获得83株共54种具有密度感应和密度感应淬灭的细菌,分属于四大细菌门类:变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门。其中,38株(45.8%)可以产生酰基高丝氨酸内酯(Acyl-homoserine lactone,AHL)类信号分子,它们分属于变形菌门(37株,15种)和拟杆菌门(1株,1种),优势属为弧菌属和鲁杰氏菌属;能够降解AHL类信号分子的有57株(68.7%),在变形菌门(41株,23种)、拟杆菌门(14株,10种)、厚壁菌门(5株,5种)以及放线菌门(1株,1种)中均有分布。【结论】在青岛近海沉积物生物被膜可培养细菌中,具有密度感应和密度感应淬灭现象的菌株具有很高的丰度和多样性,为后续生态学意义的研究与海洋微生物的开发提供了参考。     

Unusual long-chain N-acyl homoserine lactone production by and presence of quorum quenching activity in bacterial isolates from diseased tilapia fish

Growth-dependent cell-cell communication termed quorum sensing is a key regulatory system in bacteria for controlling gene expression including virulence factors. In this study five potential bacterial pathogens including Bacillus sp. W2.2, Klebsiella sp. W4.2, Pseudomonas sp. W3 and W3.1 and Serratia sp. W2.3 were isolated from diseased Tilapia fish in Malaysia, supplied by the leading global fish supplier. Proteolytic activity assays confirmed that with the exception of Klebsiella sp. W4.2, all isolates showed distinct proteolytic activity. Furthermore Bacillus sp. W2.2 and Pseudomonas sp. strains W3 and W3.1 also displayed haemolytic activity. By using high resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we revealed the presence of unusually long-chain N-(3-oxohexadecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C16-HSL) from Pseudomonas sp. W3.1 and N-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) from Serratia sp. W2.3, respectively. Interestingly, Pseudomonas sp. W3.1 also produced a wide range of Pseudomonas quinolone signalling (PQS) molecules. Pseudomonas sp. W3 did not show any quorum sensing properties but possessed quorum quenching activity that inactivated AHLs. This study is the first documentation that shows unusual long-chain AHLs production in Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from diseased fish and the latter also produce a wide range of PQS molecules.     

Biofilm formation and cell-to-cell signalling in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a food processing environment

AIMS: To investigate the biofilm-forming capacity and the production of quorum signals in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a food production environment, and the possible correlation between both phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty-eight Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from equipment and working surfaces in a raw vegetable processing line, and tested for biofilm-forming capacity using an in vitro microplate assay. All isolates showed significantly higher biofilm-forming capacity than Escherichia coli laboratory strain DH5alpha, which was included as a negative control, and differed up to 56-fold in relative biofilm-forming capacity. Various assays based on reporter bacteria were used to detect quorum signals produced by the isolates. Twenty-six isolates produced autoinducer-2, five isolates produced N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), and none produced the Pseudomonas quinolone signal. CONCLUSIONS: No correlation was found between in vitro biofilm-forming capacity and production of quorum signalling molecules among the 68 strains isolated from the raw vegetable processing line. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Several recent studies have shown a role of AHL-based quorum sensing in biofilm formation of specific Gram-negative bacterial strains. The current work shows that production of AHL and other quorum signals is not widespread in Gram-negative isolates from a raw vegetable processing line, and is not a general requirement for biofilm formation, at least in vitro.     

Identification of N-acyl homoserine lactones produced by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 cultured in complex and synthetic media

The endophytic diazotrophic Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 was originally isolated from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). The biological nitrogen fixation, phytohormones secretion, solubilization of mineral nutrients and phytopathogen antagonism allow its classification as a plant growth-promoting bacterium. The recent genomic sequence of PAL5 unveiled the presence of a quorum sensing (QS) system. QS are regulatory mechanisms that, through the production of signal molecules or autoinducers, permit a microbial population the regulation of the physiology in a coordinated manner. The most studied autoinducers in gram-negative bacteria are the N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). The usage of biosensor strains evidenced the presence of AHL-like molecules in cultures of G. diazotrophicus PAL5 grown in complex and synthetic media. Analysis of AHLs performed by LC-APCI-MS permitted the identification of eight different signal molecules, including C6-, C8-, C10-, C12- and C14-HSL. Mass spectra confirmed that this diazotrophic strain also synthesizes autoinducers with carbonyl substitutions in the acyl chain. No differences in the profile of AHLs could be determined under both culture conditions. However, although the level of short-chain AHLs was not affected, a decrease of 30% in the production of long-chain AHLs could be measured in synthetic medium.     

A probable aculeacin A acylase from the Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 is N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylase with quorum-quenching activity

Background  

The infection and virulence functions of diverse plant and animal pathogens that possess quorum sensing systems are regulated by N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) acting as signal molecules. AHL-acylase is a quorum quenching enzyme and degrades AHLs by removing the fatty acid side chain from the homoserine lactone ring of AHLs. This blocks AHL accumulation and pathogenic phenotypes in quorum sensing bacteria.     

N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL) deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from an intensive care unit

Acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) are self-generated diffusible signal molecules that mediate population density dependent gene expression (quorum sensing) in a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, and several virulence genes of human pathogens are known to be controlled by AHLs. In this study, strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from intensive care patients, were screened for AHL production by using AHL responsive indicator strains of Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1. Positive reactions were recorded for all 50 isolates of P. aeruginosa and 10 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii with Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1. Surprisingly, most P. aeruginosa isolates gave negative results with C. violaceum CV026 in contrast to previous reports. This suggests that the new isolates of P. aeruginosa either failed to make short chain AHLs or the level of the signal molecule is very low.     

细菌群体感应及其在食品变质中的作用

食品相关细菌引起的生物被膜形成和食品变质是食品工业中的重大问题。研究表明细菌群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)与被膜形成、食品腐败变质密切相关。重点对细菌产生的各种QS信号分子及其在被膜形成的作用和被膜在食品工业中的重要性做了介绍。QS信号分子与食品变质密切相关,故对QS抑制剂作为新型食品防腐剂以延长储存期限及加强食品安全的前景进行了概述。